China’s modern bet365 bonus code 2023 has been constructed for more than 100 years，Experienced the complex process from "seven subjects" to 14 major categories，The overall trend is from learning from the West to the coexistence of "middle school" and "Western learning"、Integration of Chinese and Western knowledge、Develop and improve on the basis of integration to establish China’s independent bet365 bonus code 2023。The bet365 bonus code 2023 of Chinese philosophy and social sciences, both in terms of construction and classification，Always innovate and improve according to social needs，Timely adjustments include major categories、First-level discipline、Discipline setting of secondary disciplines and research directions，Thus promoting the in-depth development of academic division of labor，And promote the construction of China’s independent bet365 bonus code 2023。

　The construction process of China’s modern bet365 bonus code 2023

Subject classification is a logical division of existing knowledge，Facilitate academic division of labor and collaborative research，At the same time, it can also guide and promote the development of disciplines，Open up new areas of knowledge，Construct a complete bet365 bonus code 2023，Serving social development and progress。Therefore，We especially need to summarize、Research and Planning。There was no concept of “science” in the modern sense in ancient China，Therefore, there is no "discipline" in the modern sense。Accordingly，There was a bet365 bonus code 2023 in ancient China but there was no logical classification of the bet365 bonus code 2023。Chinese education was classified into “Six Arts” as early as the Zhou Dynasty，That is, "ritual", "music", "shooting", "imperial", "book" and "number"，But this is just an aristocratic education system。The classification of knowledge systems in ancient China that is closest to the modern sense is book classification。The so-called "Seven Strategies" emerged during the Qin and Han Dynasties，That is, "Ji Lue", "Six Arts Lue", "Zhuzi Lue", "Poetry Lue", "Military Shu Lue", "Shu Shu Lue", "Fang Ji Lue", etc.。After the Tang Dynasty, the classification of Chinese books gradually became "Four Parts"，Mature and perfected by the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Thus becoming a unique bet365 bonus code 2023 classification in ancient China。In this sense，The ancient Chinese bet365 bonus code 2023 is essentially reflected through book classification。The advantage is that it is simple and clear，The disadvantage is that it is essentially a knowledge summary。The meaning is mainly bibliographic，Academic division of labor and discipline planning rather than knowledge production。

After modern times，China begins to gradually learn knowledge from the West，Western natural science、Humanities and social sciences as well as thought and culture enter China through translation，China’s knowledge composition has undergone tremendous changes，The new bet365 bonus code 2023 classification is put on the agenda。Intellectuals at that time proposed various knowledge classification methods，But in fact, the dichotomy between "Middle School" and "Western Learning" is prevalent，Later, he tended to accept Western classification methods。1902，Zhang Baixi presided over the formulation of the "Imperial School Charter" (also known as the "Renyin School System")，The first draft of the academic system；1903，He and Zhang Zhidong revised and formulated the "Zou Ding School Regulations" (also known as the "Guimao Academic System")，Ready to draft。They learn from Japan’s university division method，Divide the bet365 bonus code 2023 into "seven subjects": "Politics is the first subject"，Second in Liberal Arts，Gezhike third，Agriculture Section 4th，Fifth in Technology Department，Business Section Sixth，Seventh Medical Department”，Later, "Confucian classics" was added to "Eight Subjects"。1912，The Ministry of Education of the Republic of China government revised the academic system in the late Qing Dynasty，Abolition of "Economic Studies"，The name of "Seven Subjects" was changed to "Liberal Arts、Science、法科、Business major、Medical、Agricultural Science、Engineering”，"Seven subjects" have been fixed since then。Until 1981，The State Council approved the implementation of the "Interim Implementation Measures for the Degree Regulations of the People's Republic of China"，A total of 10 subject categories have been opened，They are "Philosophy", "Economics", "Law", "Education", "Literature", "History", "Science", "Engineering", "Agriculture" and "Medicine"。1997，The Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council formulated the "Awarding of Doctoral Degrees"、Master's degree and disciplines for training graduate students、Professional Directory》，The academic system has been modified。The new subjects are divided into 12 categories，Added two major categories: "Military Science" and "Management Science"。Added "Art" in the 2011 revision，13 categories；In 2021, "Interdisciplinary" will be added，Currently 14 categories。So，Our country has established a relatively complete bet365 bonus code 2023 classification framework with Chinese characteristics。

　　Classification characteristics of China’s modern bet365 bonus code 2023

Looking back at history we can see，The construction process of China’s modern bet365 bonus code 2023 is an inevitable choice under special historical conditions。The first step is to learn from Western natural science、Classification methods of humanities and social sciences，Promote the modern transformation of Chinese subject classification。The second step is based on learning and reference，Breaking the barriers between Chinese and Western knowledge，Promote knowledge exchange between China and foreign countries，Integrating knowledge、Systematization，Thus establishing a more complete bet365 bonus code 2023 framework，This is also very critical。The third step is to innovate and develop based on the integration of Chinese and Western knowledge，Deeply dig into Chinese traditional knowledge and thought culture，Constructing China’s independent bet365 bonus code 2023，Contribute Chinese wisdom and strength to the enrichment and development of human knowledge。

In classification，Modern China’s system of dividing knowledge into “middle school” and “western learning”，Although the characteristics are distinct、Simple and clear，But more mechanical。In addition to dividing knowledge itself，It is also easy to cause ideological culture、Social crowd、Splits and estrangements in academic research or social industry。Zhang Baixi in the late Qing Dynasty、Zhang Zhidong and others divided university education into "seven subjects"，Mainly based on Western knowledge classification as the basic structure。Under the condition that there was no concept of “science” and no classification of disciplines in ancient China，Learn directly from the West the corresponding classification methods，Making China’s subject classification system complete in a short period of time。This allows China to quickly integrate into the world，And for the future science and technology of China、The development and progress of humanistic society has laid a good foundation。After the formation of the "Seven Subjects" bet365 bonus code 2023，China’s academic research has been adjusted and improved many times according to the needs of the situation in different periods of modern and contemporary times。Especially after more than 30 years of long-term development of New China，By the early 1980s, my country’s academic research had made great progress，Generated a lot of new knowledge。The traditional "seven subjects" classification system can no longer meet practical needs，If some subjects with large differences are no longer suitable to be classified into one subject，Discipline classification needs to be adjusted urgently。1980s and 1990s，Our country has made major adjustments and improvements to the subject setting，China’s more systematic bet365 bonus code 2023 classification has truly been established。Therefore，Learning、Integration and innovation are the basic clues of Chinese academics for more than 100 years，The development process has historical stages，It has its own uniqueness。

　Compared to philosophy and social sciences，Natural sciences by country、Region、There are minor differences in ethnicity, era, etc.，The content has strong versatility，The main difference is in form，For example, language differences。There are also differences in subjects，But the difference is not big，Basically reasonable、Worker、Farm、Medical etc.。But philosophy and social sciences are different，Although it also has certain similarities，But there are obvious countries、Nationality、Politics、Differences in culture, etc.。The uniqueness of the classification of China’s bet365 bonus code 2023，Mainly reflected in philosophy and social sciences。For example，The United States has a category of "Integrated Arts and Sciences"，Germany has seven major categories of language and literature alone，China only has one major category: "literature" (liberal arts)，“Literature” in the narrow sense is included in “liberal arts”。You can see this by comparing Chinese and foreign subject classifications，China’s current bet365 bonus code 2023 is consistent with the classification of knowledge systems in other countries and regions around the world，It has its own peculiarities。In philosophy and social sciences，China’s particularity is mainly reflected in: First, it attaches great importance to the inheritance of ancient Chinese knowledge；The second is to actively learn and learn from Western traditions、Modern subject knowledge，And remain open and accepting of emerging Western disciplines；The third is to build independent innovation、Discipline system with Chinese characteristics，Thus it is different from the philosophy and social science subject systems in other countries and regions in the world。Visible，The current classification of China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 is Chinese in nature、Three major characteristics of cosmopolitanism and openness。

　　Continuously promote the innovative development of China’s bet365 bonus code 2023

The classification of China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 needs to keep pace with the times，Make subject development planning and leadership，Promote sustainable development of disciplines through subject setting。

1st，Adjust subject settings，Improving the classification of bet365 bonus code 2023 systems。There are currently four main standards for subject classification in China: One is the "National Standard Subject Classification"，Proposed by China Institute of Standardization，China Institute of Standardization、Drafted by the Planning and Finance Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Published by the former General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Standardization Administration；The second is the National Social Science Fund subject classification standard、National Natural Science Foundation of China Discipline Classification Standard；The third is the classification of "undergraduate majors in ordinary colleges and universities"，Developed by the Higher Education Department of the Ministry of Education；The fourth is a master's degree、Classification standards for first-level disciplines for doctoral degrees，Developed by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council，Generally known as the “State Council Discipline Classification”。These four standards have their own pertinence。Any subject includes major categories、First-level discipline、Second-level subject，There is a historical process for its formation。With the development of the times，Some disciplines will develop and grow，Some disciplines will shrink and decline。For example，Architecture currently belongs to the "engineering" category，But it’s actually intersectional，It is a synthesis of architectural technology, garden art and aesthetics，Whether it should be classified as an interdisciplinary subject or even become a major category deserves discussion。"Seven Branches" Classification Period，“Literature” is actually equivalent to the humanities，Later Philosophy、Pedagogy、History、The four major categories of art are separated from it，In fact, it can be divided further。For example，“Chinese Classical Studies” can also be called “Chinese Classical Studies”，Consider listing it as an independent category，This is conducive to the comprehensive study of Chinese classics，It is also conducive to returning to the "comprehensive" nature of Chinese classical。The discipline of Marxism is currently scattered in philosophy、In law and other disciplines，Can it be set as a major category like the original "Classics"？Also，Is it possible to add subjects related to the national economy and people’s livelihood，Including major categories、First-level discipline、Second-level disciplines and research directions。For example，Journalism and Communication is currently classified under "Literature"，Can it be an independent category？These are worthy of consideration and discussion by the academic community。

Second，Perfect subject classification，Promote disciplines to serve society。Although Chinese philosophy and social science knowledge is systematic，Strict classification logic，But due to various historical and practical reasons，The development is actually unbalanced。Some disciplines have a long history，Develop and prosper，Thriving，Large research team，Belongs to "big subject"。Although some subjects are very important，But due to insufficient accumulation and insufficient attention，Talent team、Scientific research results and other aspects have been underdeveloped，Belongs to "small subject"。For example, literary research，English literature is obviously a “big subject” in foreign literature，And German Literature、French Literature、Russian Literature、Japanese Literature、Spanish Literature、Arabic literature cannot be compared with English literature。But actually，In terms of literary achievements in history and reality，French Literature、German Literature、Russian literature is not inferior to English literature at all。In Chinese Literature Studies，Ancient Chinese Literature、Modern and contemporary Chinese literature、Literary theory is relatively a “big subject”，Research on modern literature and comparative literature is relatively weak。Within each secondary discipline of Chinese literature，The research direction is also unbalanced。For example，Internal Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literature，Literary history research is the center，Literary criticism and literary criticism research are relatively weak；Pure literary research is the mainstream，Popular literature research is relatively marginal。In terms of social role and significance，Children’s literature is very important，Many related writers、Many works、Many readers，The impact on children’s growth is very obvious。But this "discipline" is a little weak，Appears as a research institution、Platform、Personnel、Little results。There are more than 20 professional journals for adult literature research，There is currently no academic magazine specializing in children’s literature in China。Therefore，We need more people to study children’s literature、More people engage in literary criticism、More people study popular literature，Continuously improve and improve the discipline of Chinese literature，Promote the development of these disciplines。Anyway，We urgently need to formulate a policy with Chinese characteristics、Scientific and standardized、Discipline classification and planning that will have a greater role in promoting the development of disciplines，And strive to promote the construction of China’s independent bet365 bonus code 2023。

　　(The author is a professor at the bet365 bonus code 2023 of Humanities, Zhejiang Normal University)