Before modern matches were introduced to China，People generally use fire sickles to make fire，Use the fire knife to strike the flint to ignite the tinder。Since modern times，Matches introduced to China，Gradually becoming the main fire starter。The earliest record of matches being introduced into China is found in the Tianjin Customs report in 1865，The modern Chinese Bet365 lotto review industry began with the Qiaoming Bet365 lotto review Factory founded in 1879 by overseas Chinese businessman Wei Shengxuan in Foshan, Guangdong。

Before the outbreak of World War I，China’s Bet365 lotto review industry overall shows slow growth。35 years，Huashang Bet365 lotto review Factory has opened 70 stores，64 existed in 1913，Total capital is approximately 3.6 million yuan，There are only 5 foreign Bet365 lotto review factories，The total capital is far less than that of Chinese merchants。In the meantime，Domestic matches are mainly imported，Japanese matches account for an absolute majority。

After the outbreak of World War I，Japanese Bet365 lotto review focuses on entering the Southeast Asian and Nanyang Islands markets after the withdrawal of Western powers，Imports to China have been significantly reduced。This market change provides a rare opportunity for the development of Huashang Bet365 lotto review Factory，The accelerated growth of China’s Bet365 lotto review industry continued until 1927，Chinese businessmen opened a total of 113 new Bet365 lotto review factories，Total capital increased by approximately 6.57 million yuan。Foreign manufacturers，Japan accelerates the establishment of factories in China，16 Bet365 lotto review factories were opened from 1915 to 1926。Although Huashang Bet365 lotto review Factory has obvious advantages in terms of total volume，But the vast majority are small and medium-sized enterprises，The production method is mainly manual。

After 1928，China’s Bet365 lotto review industry has maintained rapid growth as a whole，But the industry situation is grim。1931，The National Government increased the Bet365 lotto review tariff rate by more than five times，This has become an important reason why the national Bet365 lotto review industry has once again experienced a growth spurt。75 new factories opened from 1928 to 1937，Total capital increased by approximately 2.19 million yuan。But since 1933，The problem of overcapacity in China’s Bet365 lotto review industry has become increasingly prominent，The national Bet365 lotto review market is limited，Lost the Northeast market again，Product is seriously unsalable，Only 65 Chinese Bet365 lotto review factories were still in operation in 1935。The narrow market has led to intensified competition within the industry，Peer rivalry，Causing disorderly competition。

Not only that，International Bet365 lotto review monopoly - Swedish Bet365 lotto review Company enters the Chinese market from the periphery。The company has squeezed Japan’s market in Southeast Asia and the Nanyang Islands，Gradually controlled Japan’s Bet365 lotto review industry，Attempt to annex Chinese Bet365 lotto review Enterprise，After the failure, he turned to control or acquire Japanese Bet365 lotto review factories in China，At the same time dumping cheap matches into China。After the surge in Bet365 lotto review tariffs in 1931，It will shift its focus to Bet365 lotto review factories in China，Reorganized the former Japanese Suisang Bet365 lotto review Factory in Shanghai into Micron Bet365 lotto review Company。The company has advanced technology，Average annual output 30,000 boxes，Accounts for 30% to 40% of Shanghai’s annual Bet365 lotto review output。The internal and external crises force the reorganization of the Bet365 lotto review industry，Mergers and alliances appeared。

The most typical merger case in China’s Bet365 lotto review industry in modern times is the formation of Greater China Bet365 lotto review Company。Liu Hongsheng, the owner of Hongsheng Bet365 lotto review Factory, has repeatedly proposed mergers within the industry，Plan to start with Yingchang、China、Hongsheng three important enterprises started。Facing a severe industry crisis，The three merged into Great China Bet365 lotto review Co., Ltd. in 1930。Afterwards，The company also merged with Hankou Xiechang、Jiujiang Yusheng and other 5 Bet365 lotto review factories。The emergence of Greater China Bet365 lotto review Company is the result of the merger of powerful companies，This expansion model is rarely seen in other modern national industries，Achieved good operating results。July 1931 to June 1932，46% of Bet365 lotto review sales in Greater China in the Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui regions.2% (other Chinese Bet365 lotto review factories account for 44.2%，9 foreign-invested factories.6%），In 1934, its capital reached 3.65 million yuan。Greater China Bet365 lotto review Company has become the backbone of China’s modern Bet365 lotto review industry。

In addition，Danhua Bet365 lotto review Company, formed by the merger of Beijing Danfeng and Tianjin Huachang, developed to have a capital of 1.2 million yuan in 1931，Is the largest Bet365 lotto review company in North China，Second only to Greater China in scale。Others are mergers of small factories，Such as Huichuan in Guiyang in 1928、Xiechang Bet365 lotto review Factory merged into Huichang Bet365 lotto review Factory，None of them have become large Bet365 lotto review companies。

The merger of Greater China Bet365 lotto review Company has a negative impact on stabilizing market prices，Alleviating vicious competition plays a certain role。However，Greater China Bet365 lotto review Company does not have an absolute advantage。After 1934，The company is no longer able to merge，And small factories are still being built，The slightly stable market returns to chaos，It is imperative to launch a national Bet365 lotto review industry joint organization。

Before national unity，Some areas where Bet365 lotto review factories are concentrated had short-lived regional joint organizations。For example, Sichuan Huayang Marketing Company (1905)、Qiyuan Hall in Guangzhou (1908), etc.，Both of them dispersed with the Qing Dynasty。In the 1930s, China’s Bet365 lotto review industry was in urgent need of the emergence of a national industry federation，To balance production and sales，Restore orderly competition。Liu Hongsheng is the operator of the largest enterprise in the industry，While promoting the conscious alliance of Bet365 lotto review companies，While relying on government support to promote the control of the Bet365 lotto review industry。In fact, the two have different approaches but the same purpose。

April 1935，Liu Hongsheng promotes the All-China Bet365 lotto review Industry Federation，Summon Su、Zhejiang、Anhui、鄂、Huashang Bet365 lotto review Factory in Gansu Province，The joint office of the domestic Bet365 lotto review manufacturing industry was established through negotiation。July of the same year，This organization and Swedish Bet365 lotto review "Meineituan" (abbreviation of Shanghai Meguiar Bet365 lotto review Company and Zhenjiang Inland Trading Company) formed the Bet365 lotto review Production and Marketing Management Committee，Later, in June 1936, the Hankou Bet365 lotto review Cooperation Committee was established as its branch，Specializes in coordinating Bet365 lotto review sales in Hunan and Hubei regions。However，The geographical scope of the "Joint Office" is limited，Insufficient binding force。

Liu Hongsheng is also working hard to promote another broader and more effective joint organization。July 1935，The All-China Bet365 lotto review Traders Federation and the Japan Bet365 lotto review Traders Federation in China signed a "Consent Agreement on Bet365 lotto review Control"，The All-China Bet365 lotto review Production and Marketing Association was formally established in March 1936。The organization was approved by the Ministry of Industry of the National Government，According to the regulations, this is "self-relief of the domestic Bet365 lotto review industry"，A management agency that jointly manages the production and sales of matches nationwide"。February 1937，The Shanghai branch of "Union Co., Ltd." and "Meinei Tuan" reached an agreement on the production-to-sales ratio of various factories in Central China，Formation of Sales Regulation Committee。To this point，The alliance of modern Chinese Bet365 lotto review industry is generally formed，The characteristics of overlapping organizations and multiple agreements reflect the complex contradictory relationships between Chinese manufacturers within the industry and between Chinese and foreign manufacturers。

The mergers and combinations of China’s Bet365 lotto review industry in modern times mainly occurred in the 1930s。Mergers consolidate and enhance the power of the national Bet365 lotto review industry，The internal and external alliance of the Bet365 lotto review industry is only possible。The general formation of the joint situation，Limited production and sales，Negotiated selling price、Implementation of regulations such as closure of small factories，Alleviates the dilemma of overcapacity to a certain extent，Controlled disorderly competition，Relevant restrictions on foreign manufacturers also reduce the pressure on national matches，China’s Bet365 lotto review industry as a whole tends to develop healthily。

(Author’s affiliation: School of Social Development and Public Administration, Suzhou University of Science and Technology)