From Augustus, the head of state system was opened until the Hadrian period，Rome uses the Mediterranean as the "inner lake" in Southern Europe、The political entities established in vast areas such as West Asia and North Africa have maintained the rule of nearly a half century。During this period，Roman society stable、Economic and cultural prosperity、The territory of the territory is constantly expanding，The development of the empire reaches extremely prosperous，History called "Pax Romana" (Pax Romana)。Rome under the Golden Governance also has a strategic adjustment of strategic adjustment during the reign of Emperor Hudliang。From the perspective of external aspects，Rome took the initiative to abandon the military tradition that continues the "Imperium Sine Fine" for several centuries，Inside the empire, through unprecedented inspection methods，Divine to improve the governance of Italy and the provinces。

117 AD，After many years of battle，The territory of the Roman Empire reaches the apex in history。But one year later，With the new king Hadeliang ascended the throne，Rome not only did the three new oriental province Armenia、Mesopotamian and Assyrian evacuation，The expansion operation in farther regions also stops。At the same time，Strive to maintain a friendly relationship between Pattia and Roman Affiliated Kingdoms。Traditional views tend to transform this "non -advanced" policy to attribute to the imperial economy and military difficulty to support the expansion bet365 live casino games war。but，Some scholars believe that Hudliang's policy adjustment is not a subversion to tradition but inheritance。other，Investigation from the personal characteristics of the emperor's personal character and the Roman transportation mode，In recent years, it has gradually attracted the attention of academic circles。

This breakthrough reform has a significant impact on the old strategic decisions of the empire，The most obvious manifestation is the termination of the military expansion tradition that runs through Rome。Starting from the 8th century BC Roman City，Conquer to the outside world has grown up a projectile from a projectile on the banks of the Taibo River to the hegemony of the Mediterranean World，Just as Virgil claimed by Virgil in "Enias" borrowed the mouth of the King Jupitet，Romans' rule "no scope or time limit，The Empire has no boundaries "，The concept of opening the territory of Kaijiang is deeply rooted in the Romans' cultural genes，The contribution to the expansion of the border has also become a criterion for judgment when the Roman Social Evaluation rulers are foolish。Therefore，In the first 100 years of the Roman Empire，The ruler of the past generations will be considered as an important mission and the highest honor for their own governance。But from the first "Victoria Love War"，The expansion operation that lasted for nearly 600 years has been closed at the door of the war at Hadeliang、Disassembly Marsa School Theater and other ritual declarations ushered in the end。

The transformation of military policy has also caused the relationship between the emperor and the veteran class to deteriorate。Under the early political system of the empire，Pontifex Maximus、Maius Imperium Bet365 lotto review Proconsulare and Tribunicia Potestas, although the power of the "Princeps Senatus" is judged，But before Darkry first，The so -called "Princeps Civitatis) is not an autocratic" Dominus "。and the power of the Senate after the 1st century AD, although it is very weakened than the Republic period，But the emperor and important officials are still appointed in form，The influence of the Senate's influence on public opinion cannot be underestimated。Therefore，Hudliang at the beginning of the throne，It shows respect for the authority of the Senate，and through economic assistance to draw the old -fashioned nobles who are trapped in difficulties，I hope to maintain a friendly relationship with the Senate。

Although a large amount of land、The inflow of slave and wealth makes the Roman Treasury fill in，Rome abolition of property tax (Tributum) from 167 BC and no longer levy fixed taxes from Roman citizens in Italy，But the noble class represented by the Senate is the biggest beneficiary group of Roman's foreign conquest activities。Latifundia (Latifundia) economic and provincial taxes that are prosperous in Kaijiang have created a wealthy class，In the early years of the Empire, Augustus even needed to issue laws to advocate simple ancient style，This restricts the increasingly extravagant enjoyment atmosphere in society。The stop of military expansion also means that the way to obtain torrential products is cut off，Even if Hudliang's precedent from Macedonia through the precedent of Cato Licinianus of Gato Lee，But obviously did not get the recognition of the Empire veterans，Just as the author of "Hadeliang Biography" does not conceal the disgust to readers，"Everything he does makes everyone Bet365 lotto review feel uncomfortable"，and the veterans who were not sentenced in the "Four Governance" incident made Hadrian "more resentment"。

Corresponding to the adjustment of foreign military strategy is the inspection and provincial governance of Hadri in all parts of the empire。Different from the way of processing government affairs in the center of the imperial capital cities，In the more than 20 years that Hadri ruled for more than 20 years，Half of which is spent on the journey of inspections，Except Aquitania、Luxtania、Crete、Silanni and Cosite，Emperor's footprints are almost all over the entire empire。An innovation of this management method，allowing the ruler to deal with the problems existing in various regions and the contradictions that need to be resolved in more targeted and efficiently。

The western region of the Mediterranean was conquered earlier by Rome and was significantly affected by Latin culture，Therefore, there is no complex cultural conflict and religious contradictions，The hidden dangers affecting the rule of the empire mainly come from the so -called "barbarians" invasion，Hadeliang's governance is mainly focused on improving administrative efficiency and strengthening boundary defense。Italy is the traditional jurisdiction of the Roman Senate，Hudliang divides it into four new administrative units，Each district is directly managed by the emperor sent by the emperor to the jurisdiction level，Further strengthen the central government's control of Italy。"EXERCITUS"、"Discplin. Aug.) and other coin inscriptions and related records involved in military reforms in the handed down literature，Restore Hardor in Britain、Details of the activity Bet365 app download of the military discipline and the construction of permanent defense work in the frontier regions such as the Germanic and African regions。Although the praise of the "RESTITUTOR" on the coins from various places，Hudliang has widely participated in local public construction by granting "Beneficium"，But there are still differences in the governance measures of Rome in the western border provinces。Emperor Expedition (Exped. Aug.) on the British coin implies that a large number of foreign troops have been recruited by the emperor to the local strengthening of the border。In the Germanic area，Rome's reconstruction activities are mainly reflected in the replacement of natural landmarks as the new border of the empire。"Lex Hadriana" (Lex Hadriana)、Affirmation in the right to use and inheritance，Give grain、olive、The preferential measures of grape planting on tax rates all indicate，Stimulate agricultural production in the border area of ​​North Africa、Encourage military reclamation and wasteland development，It seems to be the focus of the inspection and governance of Hadeliang Northern Africa。

Cappadoti、Darcia、The "Military Training" of the "Military Training" in the circulation of "Military Training" circulating in the Missia and other places indicates，Military reforms similar to the western border areas，Also existing in the Eastern Frontier Bank of the Empire。Eastern Mediterranean is deeply affected by Greek culture、The area of ​​Jewish culture influence is more firmly integrated into the empire rule system，It is another important reform content in the Emperor's East Inspection。During the inspection of Greek，Hudliang tried to promote the pro -Greek bet365 Play online games policy，Realized Rome's intervention and control of Greek affairs，greatly promoted the obedience and cooperation of the local urban elite to Roman rule authority，The "Roman identity" of the Greeks is also gradually germinating in this situation。In the inspection of Jewish provinces，Hudliang forbids for cutting、Building Greek Temple and Latin colonies、An attempt to promote the Greek lifestyle finally led to the third Jewish uprising，But the problem of the Jewish national rebellion that has troubled Rome for two centuries is under the strong control of bloody suppression and revenge laws in the subsequent，Objectively relieve。Egypt as the traditional granary of the empire，Reform of Land and Tax rates issued by Hadeliang in Egypt in early 118 AD，to a large extent improved the economic dilemma caused by the localist expedition，maintained the stability of Egyptian grain production。

Military strategic adjustment and provincial inspection and governance are the most distinctive changes in the Hadrian period，Rome abandon military expansion tradition，Pay attention to the peace strategy of defense，Create a relatively stable external environment for Rome's concentrated energy to deal with the internal problems of the empire。The highest decision maker of the empire passed the inspection method，Efficient governance of Italy and provinces，Consolidate border defense、Facking the place contradiction、Removal Army Discipline、Development of frontier reclamation measures，Quickly calming Tura True Foreign War in the last year、The chaotic situation of frequent civil strife，Make the prosperity of "Roman Peace" continued to maintain and develop in Hadeliang。

bet365 Play online games (This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "The Inspection of Emperor Hardor and the Study Research on the Frontier Governance of the Roman Empire" (19CSS010) phased results)

(Author: School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University; School of History, Renmin University of China)