The historical process of human beings from barbarism to civilization is not completed in gentle breeze and drizzle，But accompanied by "You Qian Bingyue，The conquest and annexation of "Like Fire" ("Poetry·Shang Song")。In this process，Social conflicts are intensifying，Prehistoric ancestors in order to strengthen the defense of the settlement，Start building earth or stone walls around the settlement，This formed the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of prehistoric times。The original meaning of "bet365 bonus code louisiana" refers to the wall surrounding the settlement，is a defensive facility that enhances the security of the settlement。Later，People call settlements with walls and attached defense facilities "bet365 bonus code louisiana"。Prehistoric ancient cities appeared with the origin of civilization，With the continuous improvement of the level of civilization，The defense system of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana is becoming increasingly complex and perfect。It can be said，The ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana is a witness to the progress of human civilization，The construction of its defense is closely related to the process of civilization。

　The origin of civilization and the emergence of ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana defense

The middle and late Yangshao period (4200 BC-2800 BC) is an important stage in the origin of Chinese civilization。In the Central Plains、Internal archeology and culture groups in western Liaoning and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，Patriarchy is gradually established，Society begins to divide，Religious worship has a strong color，Improvement of production technology，Settlements gradually differentiate and form hierarchies。Viewed from the outside，Each archaeological and cultural group has a tendency to expand outward，Especially the prehistoric culture in the Central Plains region exerted pressure and expansion most significantly。In the Central Plains，Yangshao Culture Miaodigou type develops rapidly，Strongly expanding to all directions。Professor Han Jianye of the School of History at Renmin University of China thinks，It expands northward to northern Shaanxi、North Shanxi、Northwestern Hebei and central and southern Inner Mongolia，Expanding westward to the Guanzhong region、Southern Ningxia、The area in eastern Gansu and eastern Qinghai，To Central and South Henan、Northern Hubei、The areas east of the Taihang Mountains and the northeast also have a greater influence (Han Jianye: "Early China—The Formation and Development of the Chinese Cultural Circle"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2015 Edition，Page 83-92)。Human bones unearthed from Jiangzhai Phase II Cemetery，The physical characteristics are closest to those of the Miaodigou Formation of Henan Province，The relationship with the Banpo Formation in Guanzhong is the most distant (Xi’an Banpo Museum、Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology、Lintong County Museum: "Jiangzhai—Excavation Report of Neolithic Relics"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 1988 Edition，Volume 2，Page 489)。Archaeologist Yan Wenming thinks，This is the result of the invasion of Jiangzhai by tribes from the east (Yan Wenming: "Important Results of Prehistoric Settlement Archeology—Review of Jiangzhai"，"Cultural Relics" Issue 12, 1990)。This is an ironclad evidence of the outward expansion of the Miaodigou type。Outside the Central Plains，The Hongshan Culture in western Liaoning went south to the Hetao area and went north to influence the Hulunbuir Grassland，The Dawenkou culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River expanded to the surrounding areas，The Songze Culture and Liangzhu Culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River expanded to South China and the southeastern coastal areas。The expansion of archaeological cultural groups will definitely cause fierce conflicts between various groups or groups，This caused various groups to overhaul the bet365 bonus code louisiana and build defense facilities。

Around 4000 BC，Prehistoric ancient cities begin to appear。The earliest prehistoric bet365 bonus code louisiana site discovered by archaeology is the Daxi Cultural Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in Chengtoushan, Li County, Hunan。The bet365 bonus code louisiana site has a circular rammed earth wall，There is a trench outside。One door on each side of the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall，The doorway is located at a relatively high ground。The later Qujialing Cultural Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in Yinxiang bet365 bonus code louisiana, Jingzhou, Hubei，There are also roughly circular walls and trenches，The bet365 bonus code louisiana gate is also located on higher ground。The defensive color of these two bet365 bonus code louisiana sites is very obvious。3500 BC-2800 BC，The number of prehistoric cities increases，Their defensive construction has also become more prominent。Take Zhengzhou Xishan Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana as an example，Except for building walls，Also surrounded by a double trench。The bet365 bonus code louisiana wall is built using planforms，The construction method is more advanced than the ramming of prehistoric bet365 bonus code louisiana walls such as Chengtoushan，The wall is stronger。The bet365 bonus code louisiana gate has attached defense facilities，Like the north wall bet365 bonus code louisiana gate，Build a fortification platform on each side of the doorway；Build a horizontal door wall in the middle outside the doorway。bet365 bonus code louisiana towers and gate walls are new auxiliary defense facilities，They and the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall form a semi-closed defensive space，Enhanced the defensive capabilities of the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate to a certain extent。

The expansion and conflicts between archaeological and cultural groups in the Yangshao period have been relatively intense and frequent，This led to various groups beginning to strengthen settlement defense and build a settlement defense system。But the defense facilities of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana during this period were still relatively simple。With the arrival of the Longshan era，Social conflicts and mergers between groups become more intense，The pressure on settlement defense has doubled。Build a more complete defense system，Becoming the primary task of defense construction of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in the Longshan period。

　The formation of civilization and the strengthening of ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana defense

Around 2800 BC，Chinese civilization has entered its formative period。The central plains region plays an increasingly prominent role in the origin and formation of Chinese civilization，With cultural and military advantages，Extremely strong expansion abroad。There are also expansions and collisions between other origin areas of Chinese civilization。Central and southern Inner Mongolia during the Rulongshan Period，The expansion and conflict between archaeological cultures are very intense。The Laohushan culture in Daihai area moves southward，The cultural changes that caused the Linfen Basin，It has also had a profound impact on the culture of its surrounding areas (Han Jianye: "The Expansion and External Impact of Laohushan Culture"，"Central Plains Cultural Relics" 2007 Issue 1)。The Yongxing store culture in Qantao area is influenced by people from Shaanxi、The strong influence of the archaeological culture of the same period in Shanxi and northern Hebei areas (Wei Jian: "On Yongxingdian Culture"，"Cultural Relics" Issue 9, 2000)。

The external expansion and mergers of various archaeological and cultural groups in the Longshan period，Making armed conflicts more intense and frequent，Forcing people to pay more attention to the defense capabilities of settlements。Therefore，A large number of prehistoric cities with walls and various ancillary defense facilities emerged。Take the Xiata Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of Yongxingdian Culture as an example，The bet365 bonus code louisiana has a double wall，There are horse faces and corner tower buildings equidistantly distributed on the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall，There is an urn at the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate。The entire bet365 bonus code louisiana was “built according to the terrain and ravines，Use the Yellow River、Gully、The bet365 bonus code louisiana wall forms a complete defense system” (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology: “Brief Report on the Excavation of the bet365 bonus code louisiana Wall in Xiatashi bet365 bonus code louisiana, Qingshuihe County”，"Grassland Cultural Relics" 2018 Issue 1)。Large-scale construction of cities and their defense systems，Directly related to war conflicts，But only national organizations that have entered the civilized stage can afford such large-scale projects。Fundamentally，The improvement of the defense system of prehistoric ancient cities is the product of the process of social civilization。

　Construction of the defense system of prehistoric ancient cities

The defense of ancient cities in the Longshan period shows characteristics of diversity and convergence。Diversity refers to the defense of a single bet365 bonus code louisiana，Not only relying on natural geographical advantages，Build a tall and strong bet365 bonus code louisiana wall，We also tried to build various ancillary defense facilities on the bet365 bonus code louisiana walls and bet365 bonus code louisiana gates according to local conditions，Build a strong and effective defense system。Convergence refers to the defense of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in the Longshan period after diversified exploration，A convergent defense concept has gradually formed，That is, building an urn and other ancillary defense facilities at the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate，To create a closed or semi-closed defensive space；Build corner platforms and horse faces on the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall that protrude outside the wall to expand the defensive vision and range，Thus while relying on the natural geographical advantages，Form a barbican bet365 bonus code louisiana、An integrated defense system that organically combines corner platforms and horse faces。

The diversity of ancillary defense facilities in prehistoric ancient cities is mainly reflected in the bet365 bonus code louisiana gates。Ashan Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana and Shenmujia Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in Baotou bet365 bonus code louisiana, Inner Mongolia built their doorways into a slope style with high inside and low outside。Pingliangtai Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana, Huaiyang, Henan、Laohushan Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana in Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia, etc.，Build guard rooms inside or outside the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate。Black Ma Banshi bet365 bonus code louisiana, Yongxing County, Inner Mongolia、Zoumaling Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana, Shishou bet365 bonus code louisiana, Hubei Province, etc. are building piers at the doorway。Mangcheng Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana, Dujiangyan, Sichuan、Chongzhou Shuanghe Ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana and others built double bet365 bonus code louisiana walls。In the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of Xiata in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia, a relatively mature urn bet365 bonus code louisiana was built outside the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate。

The above-mentioned ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana gate defense facilities are all relatively simple single-type defense structures。Some prehistoric cities built multiple defense facilities at the same bet365 bonus code louisiana gate，Constructing a relatively complex combined defense facility。The ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of Ziya in Zhangqiu bet365 bonus code louisiana, Shandong Province built the doorway into a slope style，And built a guardhouse。The ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of Xibaiyu in Yongxing County, Inner Mongolia is outside the slope doorway，A horizontal door wall was added，Or add short longitudinal walls perpendicular to the walls on both sides of the bet365 bonus code louisiana gate。The doorway of the mid-term bet365 bonus code louisiana site of Dantulongshan Culture in Rizhao, Shandong is in the shape of a trumpet，Additional guard room。The gate of the outer bet365 bonus code louisiana of Shipaposhan in Jiaxian County, Shaanxi Province is a trumpet-shaped doorway、Combination of ramp channel and barbican。The north gate of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana of Zhaizita in Zhungar Banner, Inner Mongolia is a double bet365 bonus code louisiana wall、Combined type of longitudinal short wall and pier。The east gate of the outer bet365 bonus code louisiana of Shimao Stone bet365 bonus code louisiana in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province is connected by Wengcheng、Stone-clad rammed earth mound、Composed of guard room, etc.，There are horse faces and corner platforms built on the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall，Having formed a relatively complete defense system。Looking at the whole，Constructing a closed or semi-closed defensive space at the gate of a prehistoric bet365 bonus code louisiana，And the horse face on the bet365 bonus code louisiana wall、Corner platforms and other defense facilities are combined into a three-dimensional and integrated defense system，It is a common trend in the development of ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana defense。

Between 4000 BC and 2000 BC，Prehistoric settlements began to differentiate and form hierarchies，A walled prehistoric bet365 bonus code louisiana appears。These different levels of settlements also have different defense structures。The central settlement (or bet365 bonus code louisiana) is the highest level settlement，It is also the most defensive，The most complete defense system。The defense of small and medium-sized settlements is generally relatively simple。But，The battles between archaeological and cultural groups created a number of small and medium-sized prehistoric cities with relatively complete defense facilities，Such as the Shicheng Group in the Hetao area。The formation of these prehistoric ancient cities and their associated defense facilities，Closely related to the class differentiation and military expansion brought about by the origin of Chinese civilization。Prehistoric ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana defense relied solely on bet365 bonus code louisiana walls、Measures such as trenches and reinforced doorways，To the building corner、Ma Mianhe builds a closed or semi-closed bet365 bonus code louisiana gate defense system，Can be regarded as a product of the civilization process，It can also be regarded as a boosting force for the formation of civilization。Only if the defense of prehistoric ancient cities is included in the process of Chinese civilization，In order to better reveal the historical reasons and social significance of the emergence and development of prehistoric ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana defense。

(Author’s unit: College of History and Culture, Qufu Normal University)