The historical process of human beings from brutal to civilization is not done in harmony and drizzle，Instead, accompanied by "there is pious，Ruhu Lie "(" Poetry · Shang Song ") of the recruitment and merger。In this process，Social conflicts are increasing，Prehistoric ancestors in order to enhance the defense of the settlement，Start building soil or stone walls around the settlement，Thus an ancient city of prehistoric era。The original meaning of the "city" refers to the wall around the settlement，It is a defense facility that enhances settlement safety。Later，People call the settlement with a fence and its affiliated defense facilities as "city"。The ancient city of prehistoric is the emergence of civilization，With the continuous improvement of civilization，The defense system of the ancient city is also becoming increasingly complicated and perfect。It can be said，Ancient city is a witness of the process of human civilization，Its defensive construction is closely related to the process of civilization。

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In the middle and late stages of the Yangshao era (4200 BC 2800 BC) is an important stage of the origin of Chinese civilization。In Central Plains、Internal archeology and cultural groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，The patriarchal system is gradually established，Social starting differentiation，Religious worship is strong for color，Improvement of production technology，Settings of settlements and formation。Look from the outside，Each archaeological and cultural group has a trend of expanding outward，In particular, the pressure and expansion of the prehistoric culture in the Central Plains region are the most significant。In the Central Plains area，Yangshao Cultural Temple Digolun Type develops rapidly，Expansion to the surroundings bet365 best casino games bet365 live casino games strong。Professor Han Jianye, a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China, believes，It expands north to northern Shaanxi、Jinzhong North、Northwest of Ji and central Inner Mongolia，Expansion west to Guanzhong area、southern Ningxia、Eastern Gansu and East Qinghai area，Southern Yu, South、Hubei、East of Taihang Mountain and the northeast region also has a great impact (Han Jianye: "Early China -the formation and development of the Chinese cultural circle"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2015 edition，pp. 83-92)。Human bone unearthed from Jiangzhai Phase II Cemetery，In terms of physical characteristics, it is closest to the human bone characteristics of Henan Miao Dougou group，and the relationship with the Guanzhong Banpo Group is the most alienated (Xi'an Banpo Museum、Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology、Lintong County Museum: "Jiangzhai -New Stone Times Site Excavation Report"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 1988 edition，The following volume，pp. 489)。Archaeologist Yan Wenming believes，This is the result of the tribal invasion of Jiangzhai in the east (strict civilization: "Emphasized Achievements of Prehistoric Settlement Archeology -Jiangzhai Review"，"Cultural Relics" 1990 Issue 12)。This is an iron certificate expanded outward in the temple gutter。Outside Central Plains，Hongshan Culture in the western Liaoning area south to the river and the north to affect the Hulunbuir grassland，Dawenkou culture in the lower Yellow River expands to surroundings，Songze culture and Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River expand to South China and the coastal areas of the southeast。Expansion of archaeological and cultural groups will definitely cause fierce conflict between groups or people，Therefore, it has triggered the large repair cities and the construction of defensive facilities。

Around 4000 BC，Prehistoric ancient city began to appear。The earliest prehistoric city site currently discovered in archeological discovery is the ancient city of Bet365 app download Bet365 lotto review Daxi Cultural Ancient Culture in Toushan, Chengxian County, Hunan。The site of the city has a circular rammed earth wall，There is a ring outside it。Open one door on all sides of the city wall，The doorway is located in a relatively high terrain。Late age, the ancient city of Qujialing Culture, Yinxiang City, Jingzhou, Hubei，It also built a rough round wall and ring，The gate of the city is also located at a higher place。The defense color of these two cities is obvious。3500 BC，The number of prehistoric ancient cities increased，Its defense construction has become more prominent。Take Zhengzhou Xishan Ancient City as an example，In addition to building a city wall，Also surrounds the dual ring。Urban Wall uses version building，The construction method is more advanced in the prehistoric ancient city walls such as the Tou Mountain of the city，The wall is stronger。Auxiliary defense facilities built in the city gate，As the gate of the north wall，Build a version of the city building on both sides on both sides of the door;。City platform and door protection walls are the newly -appeared defense facilities，They form a semi -closed defense space with the city wall，To a certain extent, the defense ability of the city gate。

The expansion and conflict between the archeology and cultural groups of the Yangshao era have been fierce and frequent，This has led to the group's defense system for strengthening settlement defense and building a settlement。But the ancient city defense facilities in this period are still relatively simple。With the arrival of the Longshan era，Social conflict and mergers between the group are even more intense，Pressure of settlement defense double。Construct a more comprehensive defense system，The primary task of becoming the defense construction of the ancient city of Longshan Times。

　A reinforcement of the formation of civilization and the defense of the ancient city

Around 2800 BC，Chinese civilization entered the formation period。The dominant role of the Central Plains region in the origin and Bet365 lotto review Bet365 lotto review formation of Chinese civilization is increasingly prominent，With cultural and military advantages，A very strong expansion of outward。There are also expansion and collisions between other origin areas of Chinese civilization。As the area of ​​Inner Mongolia in the Longshan era，Expansion and conflict between archaeological culture are very intense。The Tiger Mountain Culture in the Daihai area is strong south，Caused the culture of the Linfen Basin to change hugely，It also has a profound impact on the culture of its surrounding areas (Han Jianye: "Expansion and External Impact of Tiger Mountain Culture"，"Central Plains Cultural Relics" 2007, No. 1)。Yongxing store culture in the front set area is received from Shaanxi、The strong impact of archeological culture in the same period of the same period in Shanxi and northern Hebei (Wei Jian: "Theory of Yongxing Store Culture"，"Cultural Relics", 2000, No. 9)。

The external expansion and mergers of the archeological and cultural groups of the Longshan era，Make the conflict of force more intense and frequently，Forcing people to pay more attention to the defense ability of the settlement。Therefore，A large number of prehistoric cities with a large number of walls and a variety of affiliated defense facilities emerged。Take the ancient city of Xiata with Yongxing Store Culture as an example，Double city walls are built in the city，The distance on the city wall is distributed with horses and corner buildings，Tongcheng built at the gate of the city。The entire city "built according to the terrain and the ditch，Use the Yellow River、Chonggou、A complete defense system formed "(Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region:" Excavation Briefing in the Tower of the Tower of Shima County, Qingshuihe Prefecture "，"Grassland Cultural Relics" 2018 1)。Large -scale construction of cities and its defense system，Direct relationship with the conflict of war，But this large project can only afford it when national organizations entering the stage of civilization。Fundamental bet365 best casino games Bet365 app download speaking，The improvement of the prehistoric ancient city defense system is the product of the process of social civilization。

　Construction of the prehistoric ancient city defense system

The ancient city defense of the Longshan era showed the features of diversity and convergence。Diversity refers to the defense of a single city，Not only rely on natural geographical advantages，Build a tall and sturdy city wall，I also tried to build a variety of affiliated defense facilities on the city wall and the gate，Construct a solid and effective defense system。Convergence refers to the defense of the ancient city of Longshan era after diversified exploration，Gradually formed a defensive concept，That is to build an affiliated defense facility at the city gate，To create a closed or semi -enclosed defense space; the corner and horse noodles that can expand the defense vision outside the city wall，So as to rely on natural geographical advantages，Formation of the city、Integrated defense system of organic combination of corner and horse noodles。

The diversity of defense facilities affiliated to the prehistoric city is mainly reflected at the gate of the city。Anshan Ancient City and Shamujia Ancient City, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, built its doors into the slope of the inside and outside。Henan Huaiyang Pingping Grain Terrace、Ancient City of Liangcheng, Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia，Inside the gateway of the city gate or inner and outer building door guard room。Black Ma Banshi City, Yongxing County, Inner Mongolia、Hubei Shijian City walking Maling Ancient City and other buildings at the doorway at the doorway。Ancient City of Mangcheng, Dujiangyan, Sichuan、Chongzhou Shuanghe Ancient City, etc. build a dual city wall。Xiata Ancient City, Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia, built a relatively mature cricket city outside the city gate。

The above -mentioned ancient city gate defense facilities are relatively simple single type defense construction。Some prehistoric cities build a variety of defensive facilities at the same city gate，Construct a relatively complex combined defense bet365 live casino games Bet365 lotto review facility。Shandong Zhangqiuchengziya Ancient City to build a slope type，and built the door guard room。West Baiyu Ancient City, Yongxing County, Inner Mongolia is outside the slope doorway，Build a horizontal guard wall，or add vertical short walls that intersect vertically on the walls on both sides of the city gate。Shandong Rizhao Dantan Longshan Cultural Mid -term Site of the Culture Site is a speaker shape，outer door guard room。The gate of the city of the outer city of Shizhen Mountain, Jiaxian County, Shaanxi is a horn -shaped doorway、Combination of the slope channel and the city。The North City Gate of the Ancient City of Zhiga Village, Inner Mongolia is a dual city wall、The combination of vertical short wall and pier platform。The east gate of the outer city of Shiwangshi City, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province is from the city、Bao Shi Tingtun Terrace、Monkey Room, etc.，Horse noodles and corner platforms built on the city wall，Forms a relatively complete defense system。From the perspective of overall，Construct a closed or semi -enclosed defense space at the gate of the ancient city of the prehistoric city，Horse noodles with the city wall、Clamps and other defense facilities are combined into a three -body and integrated defense system，It is the common trend of the defense development of the ancient city。

4000 BC between 2000 BC，Prehistoric settlement begins to differentiate and forms level，Prehistoric city with a fence appeared。These different levels of settlements are different in defense construction。Central settlement (or Duyi) is the highest level of settlement，Its defensiveness is also the highest，The most complete defense system。The defense of small and medium -sized settlements is generally simpler。but，The battle between archaeological and cultural groups has caused a group of small and medium -sized prehistoric cities with complete defense facilities，Shicheng Group in the Heji area。The formation of these prehistoric cities and its affiliated defense facilities，Classification and military extension Bet365 app download Bet365 lotto review brought by the origin of Chinese civilization and a close relationship with military expansion。Prehistoric Ancient City Defense is simply relying on the city wall、Ring Tao and Reinforcement Gate Road and other measures，to the Cape Clatform、Horse face and build a closed or semi -closed city gate defense system，It can be regarded as the product of the process of civilization，It can also be regarded as a kind of booster formed by civilization。Only the prehistoric city defense was included in the process of Chinese civilization for inspection，can better reveal the historical reasons and social significance of prehistoric city defense and development。

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Qufu Normal University)