In the past two or three decades，The word "empire" from Latin has become a fashion term in ancient world research，Was used to Asia、Europe、Africa、Different eras in the Americas，Naturally, the two river basins are no exception。The two river basins were established from 2316 BC to 2173 BC.，to Sharkalisharri for the four generations of five generations of monarchy，Generally known as the Sargong dynasty、Akades Dynasty，Sometimes it is also tagged as the Salgan Empire or the Akkad Empire，and often known for the first "Empire" recorded in the history of human history。This label may help modern researchers in the Akkard dynasty to find a little superficial reality correlation，But strictly speaking，The concept of "Empire" in ancient research is a double -edged sword。One aspect，The "Imperial Mission" from ancient times to the present indeed exists in common，Application of the concept of "Empire" helps to find the continuity of ancient and modern politics。On the other hand，"Imperialism" of the modern world means at least the boundary of the power of the empire power as the boundary of the human world，This is not applicable to ancient times。The ancient people's understanding of the human world is not different from modern times，But the "Wuyuan" at the dialogue level has a fully consciousness at the practical level。

Of course，The reason why Akard is particularly valued by empire historians，It may also be related to the facts of the political and cultural facts of an ancient two river basin，That's the king of Akkard's king、Naram-SIN, etc. As a model, as a model in the later generations of the two river basins, it has been passed on for a long time。According to Piotr Steinkeller, the newly published multi -volume "The Oxford World History of Empire"，From the Ur III (UR III) from the Akkad Dynasty to the 2,000 years of Alexander，Rulers in large and small in the two river basins often trace their rule back to Akada，Eventually African Empire Assyria () In particular,。The Assyrian Empire is naturally the empire undoubtedly，Akard as an example of the Assyrian Empire，There are more enough reasons to be called the empire。but but，Mario LIVERANI although there is a considerable bet365 live casino games comprehensive discussion on the "empire reasons" of the Assyrian Empire，It does not agree to refer to Akard as "Empire"。No matter what，The model status of Salgan and Nalanxin can already be expressed，For the two river basins in the later generations，The Akkard dynasty showed some kind of "reason" that was worthy of recognition，This "reason" may not be what the scholars call the "empire reason"，But its meaning must be better than the "world conqueror"、"Marcher Lord" labels are much more rich。

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Literary information that is very subjective than dependence，It mainly explores whether Akad's "empire reasons" meet the specifications at the ideological level，It is better to return to the historical context of the early two river basins to find the "civilized reasons" reflected in the rise of the Akkad dynasty。The so -called "Empire Reasons" and "Civilized Reasons"，All are our intention to borrow the "Reason of State"，The former is a translation of existing usage (literally meaning "Empire Mission")，The latter is our targeted alternative concept，Used to accuse the discussion of civilization history logic covered by discussions on "national reasons" and "empire reasons"。"National Reasons" is the main in modern times by Makia Veli、Hobbes et al. Politigatically carried forward a big political science concept，Ultra -laws in diplomacy and even internal affairs in diplomatic and internal affairs、Super moral measures as a must -accept reality。In fact，The "Civilizing Mission" theory of the colonialist is the same，"National reasons" is also the conceptual tool for the reconstruction of the world in modern Europe and the United States。Although there is only one word difference，"Civilization Mission" is particularly distinguished from what we call "civilized reasons"，There are fundamental differences in the two。

Due to the limitations of archeological data，Also due to the constraints of the theoretical framework，Discussions on the origin of civilization of the early two river basins are basically limited to the Youth Fara River、The river valley area of ​​the bottom of the bottom of the bottom，Generally divided into southern and northern，The rhythm and road of early civilization development in the two regions are different。Research in recent years puts forward a correction on many traditional views with some kind of "southern central theory" color。bet365 Play online games For example，Uruk near the Persian Bay is often considered to be both the history of the civilization of the two river basins and the first city in the history of human civilization。but，Augusta Mcmahon and others emphasized，The northern riverside basin of the four thousand years BC，That is northern Iraq、Northeast Syria、Southeast Turkey，Local origin has appeared、With a certain scale and owning its own hinterland，A variety of population、Space function、Social level and other characteristics cities，The development of cities in the south of the two river basins is parallel，If it is not earlier in time,。

What needs attention is，These early northern cities are in the "Zone of UNCERTAINTY" (Tony James Wilkinson), which are referred to as Tony James Wilkinson，That is, the annual precipitation is between 180-300 mm，is the edge of the dry land agriculture，More sensitive to climate change，The student model has stronger uncertainty。Despite the accumulation of data，Relevant discussions of archeologists are often concentrated in the northern two river basins，The area involved in the "uncertain area" marked by climate indicators is actually much wider。From the Taurus Mountains to Zagros Mountains (Zagros)，This "uncertain zone" is outside the Water Road of the Euphrates and the Dagris River，From the northern coast of the Persian Gulf to Damascus and Jerusalem，Form a connection line that is both virtual and real but has important historical significance。The width of this zone will sometimes fluctuate with climate change，According to the structure of scholars such as Dan Lawrence，BC Four Thousands of AD can be said to be the period with the widest coverage of this "uncertain area"。But by the last 4,000 BC，Due to the large -scale area of ​​Western Asia, it tends to be dry and cold，Early cities that were originally collapsed in the early cities that were originally in the "uncertain zone" in the northern river basin.，and the Plain of the South River Valley benefits from agriculture、Development of fisheries，and some scholars think that it is developed with the most enhanced business opportunities related to the monsoon，Created Uruk, the world's largest city at the time。

That is to say，In the four thousand kinge Western AD, the cultural phenomenon of "Uluk Expansion"，The 1990s was interpreted as a "world system" centered on the two river basins south of the southern river basin，You need to Bet365 app download seek understanding in this long climate context。For the origin of the civilization of the early two river basins，This dimension should at least be superimposed with the evolution of the social system in the Bay Area model in the south。On the whole，Mainly because of the north -south diversion in the living mode formed by climate change, the north -south diversion lasted until the middle of the 3,000 BC，The climate starts to recover during this period，The two river basins in the north began to be urbanized，and the north -south urban countries also have a tendency to integrate with each other in governance models and cultural practice。The turbulence brought by this blending，Although we lack enough understanding of its historical details，The secular kingship that seems to make the northern style be established in the southern region，Instituting the rise of Akad, which starts from the upper reaches of the upper reaches of the bottom of the Dagris River, prepared。According to the information of the early dynasty and late dynasty，Salguon defeated Uluk's Lugalzagesi (LugalzageSi)，The process of opening the unified two river basins。It's just that we have almost nothing to know about the history of the Akkardians.。The capital of the Akkad Dynasty is still difficult to determine，It is generally believed that it should be between the Diegoris River and its tributary Diyala (DIYALA), not far from Samarara。

　　Re -understand the united war of the Akkard dynasty

In addition to the limited number of archeological retention，The literature and materials of the Akkard period include a certain number of clay panel documents and inscriptions，Several of laws and laws that are mainly between officials、Education and other types of literature，Together with the data of the utensils such as a drum，Can provide some fragments about the history of the Akkad dynasty。Based on the inscription documents handed down by the Old Babylonian Period in the real object or the previous Babylonian Period, and the year name of the event in the Akkard Panel document，The King of Akada mainly appears in the image of military conquerors。This is likely to be the effect that the kings of Akkad want to achieve，But often causes today's people to Salgon、Nalan Xin and even the misunderstanding of the entire Akkad dynasty。

Sort by according to Ingo Schrakamp，After defeating Luga Pelzagisi to control Sumel，Salguon has also expected Elam、Syria、The bet365 best casino games upstream area of ​​the Diara River，Its successor Rimush suppresses the rebellious two river basin cities and is likely to successfully control Khuzistan，Manishtushu (Manishtushu) defeated Anshan (Anshan)，Expedition has so far entered the north bank of the Persian Bay，In the north, it goes into Nineveh。Nalanxin period，The rule of the Akkad dynasty entered the heyday，Southeast to today's Iran Plateau，Northwest to Mediterranean，north to southern Türkiye，Northeast to Urartu area，The entire Children's River and the Dagris River Basin and the Toros Mountains to the Zagrose Mountains are included in the rule of the Akkard dynasty，Nalanxin has also become a veritable "Lugal Ki-IB-RA-TIM AR-BA-IM)。Due to successfully suppressing the great rebellion from south to north，Nalanxin was deified in the 25th year of its reign，The inscriptions on Barcelona Statue, 70 kilometers northwest of Moser, recorded this extraordinary incident (Toronto System inscription number: E2.1.4.10)。

How to understand this often looks full of bloody conquest records，There is a lot of controversy among historians。The inscriptions of Salguon have "he let me from Meluhha、Magan (Magan)、Dilmun's vessels stop at the dock of Akkad "(Toronto System Inscription Number: E2.1.1.11)。According to scholar research，Meiluha refers to the Indian River Basin，This period is the source of trading partners in the two river basins and the source of rare goods。According to this kind of information，Some scholars bring Akkard's conquest and control "from Shanghai to the Sea", which is the commercial road from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf and later generations of traffic.，Give it an economic reason。For example，Schttachale made this explanation in principle in "History of Oxford Empire"。Of course this view is good，The conquest of the Akkard dynasty has this motivation that meets expectations。but，Careful reviewing the direction of the King of Akkad can be discovered，Opening and controlling the commercial road may be just half of the story，Because the kings of Akala, especially the Nalanxin period, the military operations for the north and the East "uncertain zone"，It should really be regarded as a united war with peace and stability。At this time, Akard faced the so -called climatic events (4.2 KYA EVENT)，The Akaths who are from the "uncertain area" are active or passive，For peace and survival，Bet365 lotto review Work hard to control the "uncertain zone" that is turbulent.，It becomes an inevitable。

This is Nalanxin's years of fighting，Especially Xiangbei、Expand east，The real reason for the establishment of a wide area dynasty，That is what we call "civilized reasons"。Face "uncertain zone"，Only leap can be peaceful，Civilization is nothing more than peace and prosperity。Understand this，It is not surprising that the two river basins are based on the Akkard dynasty as the model，Without exception, either itself comes from the "uncertain area"，ESHNUNA，Either like Ur's third dynasty，As a heirs, you need to solve the same problems as the Akard dynasty，and after thousands of years, the "Civilized Reasons" of the Akkad Dynasty，Incorporate the entire "uncertain zone" into the same governance range，No accident is the Assyrian Empire that meets these two conditions at the same time。According to the literature record，Gutians from the direction of Zagros (Gutians) invaded large -scale invasion during the Sarah，And Akad lost the influence as the capital，The two river basins can only wait for Ur's third dynasty to try to complete Akkad's career。This historical continuity is based on the same "civilized reasons"，That is, to achieve peace in a way to include "uncertain zone"。

This is actually not so complicated，Unfortunately，Scholars on the extensive characteristics of the governance of the Akkad dynasty and the issues of military colors are generally general，But there is a misunderstanding of the nature of the united war in the Akald dynasty in the Nalanin era。Akad in the heyday is in Sumel and Miri、Tell Brak，It was called nagar at the time)、Gasur and Susa both have garrison。Say without prejudice，These places are within the scope of Akkard's rule，There is no essential difference between each other，It should not deny the fact that the Akkad dynasty establishes the fact that the Akkadian dynasty establishes a wide area country through the extension of its governance.。This view seems to have suspicion of defending bloody conquerors，The conversion of the perspective angle does need more、More systematic research to support，But our question is，If the above -mentioned troops are only understood by the strategic fields such as the two river basins in the south and the "uncertain zone"，The monarchs of the Akkad dynasty and the robbery of the roads and robbery? Maybe in the minds of bet365 best casino games some scholars，There is no difference in them，But this understanding is a bit too thick and dirty。

1916，James Henry Breasted uses the term "fertile crescent"，Description "Extend from the northern coast of Persia to Mesopotamia and Western Iran、southern Nonatolia，The entire area of ​​the entire area along the east coast of the east China Sea to the south of the Sinai Desert，But he did not intentionally understand the "civilized reasons" in the ancient two river basins，Instead, the "fertile new moon zone" is understood as the front line of the northern Yalian people defeated the Southern Snamet people。time to this day，Compared to the "national reasons" and "empire reasons" in historius research without thinking about it，"Reasons for civilization" is still a topic that no one is asking，It makes people feel incredible。In fact，Connect the "uncertain zone" by leaping through the leap through the river valley plain and mountain plateau，to reach a "reasons for civilization" for peace and prosperity，It is the common wisdom of ancient West and ancient East Asia。

(The author is a professor at the Institute of Global Civilization, Shanghai University of Foreign Languages、The "Yangtze River Scholars Award Plan" young scholar)