September 24, 2017，The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Education System and Mechanism"，It is clearly proposed to focus on cultivating support for lifelong development、Key ability to adapt to the requirements of the times，The four key abilities that students need to have are cognitive abilities、Cooperation ability、Innovation ability、Occupational ability。The 21st Century Learning Alliance also proposed the 4C model of the 21st century core literacy，Critical Thinking、Creativity、Communication (Communication) and Collaboration。For children and adolescents，Cooperation is both a key ability in the field of learning，It is also an important way for pro -social interaction and integrating into the group，Not only affects the quality of peer relationship，And affecting the self -development of the individual and physical and mental health。But，Early social psychology research discovery，Without special guidance，People are more inclined to choose competition rather than cooperation，This is worried about the lack of resources、Both trust in others、Seeking a close mentality such as the advantages of society comparison。In other words，Competition is an evolution instinct，Cooperation requires the guidance of the day after tomorrow，So，Cultivation of cooperative ability is the urgent task in the current development of children and adolescents。

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and Lisa、Share and other pro -social behaviors that are simply pointing to others，Cooperation emphasizes two -way attention to the needs of self and others，It is a group or individual for common goals or interests.，Actions that promote some of the results that are both conducive to them and the results of others can be realized。According to the comprehensive model Bet365 app download of Parks，Individual and cultural differences and other variables first affect the tendency of cooperation，Reconstruction of the characteristics of decision -making situation through motivation and decision -making，Eventually affecting the actual cooperation behavior between individuals and others。With the accumulation of the number of cooperation，Individuals who frequently show the willingness and behavior of cooperation are more likely to form a stable cooperation personality。Cooperation behavior not only depends on personal good thoughts or drivers of altruistic motivation，It is also necessary to consider the target positioning of the group、The cooperation intention of the other party、The mutual benefit and win -win and external situation pressure of the two parties。This means that the psychological mechanism behind the cooperation process is more complicated，Therefore, the ability to complete the cooperation is more diverse，Not just the release of goodwill。

Cooperation ability refers to the effective work of individual and different teams、Mutual respect。Individuals show flexibility and active willingness，It can make necessary compromises and concessions for achieving common goals，Responsibility for collective work，Personal contributions made by the team members。From the perspective of development，There is a significant difference in the awareness and understanding of children and adolescents in different ages.。At the child stage or elementary school low grade，Good cooperation is "Two people do things together"，Together is cooperation，Cooperation motivation shows obvious relationship orientation; for senior elementary school children，Good cooperation refers to completing the task through division of labor and cooperation，Cooperation motivation shows obvious task orientation; for younger teenagers，Good cooperation is a reciprocal choice，Depending on whether individuals have a common goal，Contributions to the group，And can benefit from the Communist Party of China，Cooperation motivation Bet365 lotto review shows a relatively obvious fair orientation。Based on different understanding of cooperation，The cooperation showed by individuals in different ages will also be different，So，During the education process，You need to follow the actual cognitive level of children and adolescents，Design -developed cooperation ability goals and cultivation plans。

　　problems existing in the cultivation of previous cooperation

First，Pay attention to the transmission of the concept of cooperation，Cultivation of lack of effective cooperation。In previous cooperation education，Society、Schools and families have always paid more attention to the cultivation of cooperative awareness and concepts，Emphasize the importance of cooperation，These efforts are effective。Multiple research display，The tendency of cooperation between children and adolescents in my country is generally high，The average score is basically above 4 points，Show a positive partial distribution。2015，International Student Evaluation Project (PISA) to Beijing、Shanghai、Jiangsu、A 15 -year -old student of the four provinces and cities in Guangdong，More than 80%of students hold a positive cooperation attitude，But only 6%of students have high cooperation capabilities。Chinese students' cooperation problems solve the average score in 51 countries and economies participating in the project only ranked 20th。These data indicate，Although Chinese teenagers have a strong sense of cooperation，But the performance in actual cooperation is not good，There is still much room for improvement in the past training mode。

2，Structural models that currently lack the dynamic development of children's and adolescent cooperation capabilities。Principles based on development -based continuity and phased，The cooperative ability structure of children and adolescents in different ages should be different，Individuals of each age group have their own behavioral characteristics，This indicates that the difference in cooperation ability not only reflects horizontal differences (quantity)，It should also show structural Bet365 app download differences (quality)。So，The original single model structure and evaluation tool cannot accurately reveal the differences in the development process，and use adult standards to frame and evaluate the level of cooperation in children is not proper。For example，We believe that cooperation should include common goals and cooperation，Insurance in mutual collaboration contains division of labor and cooperation。But，What is division of labor and cooperation? Restrictions on the level of cognitive，Young children may not understand these abstract concepts，I don’t even know if my behavior belongs to division of labor or cooperation，But this does not prevent them from carrying out cooperation in their own definitions。

third，Classroom cooperation learning carried out by most primary and secondary schools often shows superficial and passive tendencies。The 1990s，Introduction of cooperative learning concepts and paradigms in the domestic education community，Advocated to add some elements of cooperation inquiring during the lecture。The direct result of "cooperation" into the classroom is，Primary and secondary school students are not only familiar with the word cooperation，And has more and more opportunities for practical exercise and cooperation。But as the 2017 national primary and secondary school classroom reform wind direction bids annual forum，There are six major pain points in the current cooperation learning: First, the blurring of independent learning，Second is the lack of learning，Third is the excessive cooperation，Fourth is the superficialization of cooperation，Five is the utilitarianization of cooperation，Six is ​​the phenomenon of cooperation。The result of the superficiality is that the form is greater than the content，Break "cooperation" in "sitting together" to discuss the questions raised by the teacher，Short for a few minutes，in -depth interactive learning，Therefore, it seems "more lively、Effective insufficient "。These group cooperation often arranges according to the needs of teachers，Not students bet365 best casino games actively participate，It is difficult to truly mobilize students' vitality。

Fourth，Cooperation education for adolescents should not only stay at the academic level，You need to intervene in a larger social perspective。During the response to the new crown pneumonia epidemic，Each individual is facing a dilemma of the dilemma similar to the dilemma of social public goods similar to one of the classic cooperation experiments，Actually it is also a real social cooperation test。Social dilemma refers to when facing the conflict of personal interests and group interests，Individuals must make a choice between maximizing personal interests and maximizing group interests。short -term，Whether or not others in the group cooperate，Individual selection does not cooperate more than choosing cooperation to get more income，But if everyone choose not to cooperate，Then the interests of the group will be damaged，and the actual income obtained by the ultimate individual will also be reduced。As a community that may face more crisis tests in the future，How to deal with the conflict between the small and the big self，Work together to overcome hard time，It is an important challenge that children and adolescents need to deal with，It is also a valuable opportunity to learn from the perspective of social perspective。

　　The path to enhance the ability of children and adolescents

Cooperation literacy is an individual to better complete the cooperation task、A series of knowledge applied and reflected in realizing team goals、Ability、Collection of character and attitude。As one of the important parts，Improving the ability to cooperate in children and adolescents can consider the following paths。

First，Make full use of the internal and external resources of the school，Training in the ability to infiltrate cooperation in multi -disciplinary teaching and activities。Cooperation learning can not only help students understand each other，and can stimulate students' learning motivation。Cooperation learning is mostly task -oriented，This means different tasks，Cooperative objects and difficulties will Bet365 app download change。If the partnership is shorter，So the positive impact on each member will be relatively short。So，It is recommended to cooperate with each discipline to form a long -term cooperative student companion group，This is realized for the goal of learning tasks、The improvement of the relationship between companion relationships and mental health has continuous positive effects，It can also increase the value of effective cooperation and interaction to the growth of children and adolescents。

Next，Ensure that students' moderate sports activity time，Promoting group sports such as ball or relay。Montak and Honey think，The essence of mental health is the ability to maintain and develop cooperative relationship。Integrated into the social group is both the main goal of the development of children and adolescents，It is also the core indicator of whether the socialization of children and adolescents is measured。Balls and other mass sports can effectively promote active behavior between companions，Improve your companion acceptance，Cooperation in exercise can also bring a lot of benefits to children and adolescents，If promoting moral self -discipline、Overcoming self -centered、Cultivate strategies to solve problems, etc.。

again，Encourage parent -child cooperation and interaction in the family，Make children and adolescents learn and master basic interpersonal communication and collaboration skills。The family environment of the only child and the social atmosphere that advocates competition is not conducive to the cultivation of children's and adolescent cooperation，The lack of partners in the early growth environment is more likely to stimulate and strengthen the child's self -centered tendency。So，Encourage the family to carry out more cooperative parent -child interaction，Playing the game、Stories, etc. provide children with more social skills training。

Last，Encourage children and adolescents to participate in community volunteer activities or services。There are many real social difficulties in social life，For example, donate blood、Tax、Garbage classification、Consciously wearing a Bet365 lotto review mask or home isolation during the epidemic，These behaviors can be converted into public contributions to society，To maximize the interests of society and groups。Encourage children and adolescents should sign up for public welfare activities in the community，Share as a book、Old object exchange、As a community greening volunteer, etc.，Follow the needs of people around，Aware of the important value of group cooperation，Break the cognitive limitations of "personal self" and "private me"，Promote the healthy development of personality。

(Author Unit: Department of Psychology at the School of Education, Shanghai Normal University)