“Pluralism and unity” is an important theoretical innovation in Chinese archeology’s interpretation bet365 sign up offer formation process of Chinese civilization from the perspective of cultural community，Not only will we not dilute our recognition bet365 sign up offer unity of Chinese civilization，And it can more clearly describe the gestation bet365 sign up offer grand political ideal of "grand unification" and the formation of a "civilized" country in the diverse interactions within a vast geographical space。

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　1989，Fei Xiaotong published "The Pluralistic and Unified Pattern of the Chinese Nation"，First proposed the concept of “pluralistic unity”。“Diversity” means that each ethnic group in China has its own history and bet365 sign up offer，One "yuan" each；“One body” refers to the community formed by all ethnic groups due to their indivisible internal connections and common interests - the Chinese nation。The Chinese nation as a conscious entity，It was formed in the struggle with Western powers in modern times；But as a community of “itself”，Its formation can be traced back thousands of years。Meanwhile，The discussion of the origin of Chinese civilization in Chinese archeology has also begun to break away from the shackles of the "Central Plains Center" model、Emphasis on the new stage of diversified development in various regions。Fei Xiaotong’s discussion on the origin of the “free” Chinese nation community，It is based on the latest archaeological results at that time。

　1977，Xia Nai published "Carbon-14 Dating and Chinese Prehistoric Archeology"，Divide China’s Neolithic Age bet365 sign up offer into seven major regions，Laid the foundation for discussion on diversified development。1981，Su Bingqi and Yin Weizhang published "On the Issues of Floristic Types of Archaeological bet365 sign up offer"，Point out: "There was a view in the past，Considering that the Yellow River Basin is the cradle of the Chinese nation，Our country’s national bet365 sign up offer first developed from here，Then expand in all directions；The bet365 sign up offer of other regions is relatively backward，Developed only under its influence。This view is incomplete。”They proposed that Chinese prehistoric bet365 sign up offer can be divided into six major regions，They are all developing with their own characteristics and methods，Becomes the foundation for the future multi-ethnic unified country。

　1987，Yan Wenming published "The Unity and Diversity of Chinese Prehistoric bet365 sign up offer"，Pointed out that some scholars “overemphasized the status and role of prehistoric bet365 sign up offer in the Central Plains”，Creating the misconception that “it seems that only the bet365 sign up offer of the Central Plains region is the representative of ancient Chinese bet365 sign up offer”。The article clearly states that "Chinese prehistoric bet365 sign up offer is diverse"，Each region is one “yuan”，This is "diversity"；Also proposed that "early Chinese civilization did not occur in one area at once，It happened in many areas one after another，It is the result of the interaction and stimulation of many cultural centers in this vast area"。Such common development，That is "unity"。Surrounding areas surround the Central Plains，Form a "double flower" pattern，The Central Plains region is not only a geographical “flower center”，Also a leader in cultural development。Such a centripetal structure ensures the combination of diversity and unity，"Established the Han nationality as the main body、The cornerstone of a unified multi-ethnic country”。

1986，Zhang Guangzhi in the fourth edition of "Archaeology of Ancient China"，Proposed the “China Interaction Circle” model，Recognize the diverse development of various regions，And through close communication，Without central guidance，Form a cultural community。“This prehistoric circle formed the geographical core of China during historical periods，And all regional cultures in this circle played a certain role in the formation of bet365 sign up offer historical civilization unified by the Qin and Han Empires"，Can be called "the original China"。

　2002，The Chinese Civilization Discovery Project begins，Continuing to this day。Multi-agency collaboration on this project、In a large-scale academic project combining multiple disciplines，“Pluralism and unity” have become the standard narrative bet365 sign up offer formation of Chinese civilization，has also gradually been widely used by academic circles。Although there is no specific discussion of this concept，But because its connotation is simple and clear，In practical applications，Generally there is no ambiguity: that is, each region and its diverse cultural traditions are "pluralistic"，The cultural community formed by the interaction of various regions is "one body"。

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Academic circles generally believe that，The characteristics of diversity and unity bet365 sign up offer，From a geographical environment that is both self-contained and diverse and complex。Paleolithic Age，There are obvious differences in the stone tools between northern and southern China，The north is characterized by stone flakes or small stone tools，The "gravel stone tool tradition" formed in the south。About 40,000 years ago，After the clear modern man appeared in China，Differences between north and south still exist。

The relics of the Paleolithic Age are mainly stone tools，Involving the global evolution and migration of human beings。Generally speaking，About the development process of pluralism and unity of Chinese civilization，Let’s start from the transitional stage of the Neolithic and Paleolithic more than 10,000 years ago。During this critical period of the emergence of the agricultural revolution，China has formed a difference between southern rice and northern millet。From then until about 7000 years ago，Multicultural traditions are gradually forming in various places。Divided by main cooking utensils，The Yangtze River Basin is the Fu Cultural Circle，The Huaihe River Basin and the Loess Plateau are the tripod cultural circle，The north and south areas of Yanshan are the cylindrical jar bet365 sign up offer circle。Regional differences within the cultural circle are also obvious。South of Qiantang River，Exquisite pottery from Shangshan bet365 sign up offer，White color is rich in connotations。Gaomiao bet365 sign up offer in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River，The images on pottery are complicated，The theme expressing the Tianji cosmology。Jiahu bet365 sign up offer in the Huaihe River Basin，Developed musical instruments，The worship of turtle spirits appears。Wenrun Jade Artifacts from the Xinglongwa bet365 sign up offer in the Xiliao River Basin，The emergence of worship of the power of insect transformation and emergence。

7000-6000 years ago，The trend of simultaneous development of multiple regions is more clear。The Xiliao River Basin is the Zhaobaogou bet365 sign up offer，The Loess Plateau formed the Yangshao bet365 sign up offer half-slope type，The Hougang Phase I bet365 sign up offer was formed from eastern Henan to northern Hebei，Haidai area belongs to Beixin bet365 sign up offer，The middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the Tangjiagang and other cultures，Ningshao area is Hemudu bet365 sign up offer，The area around Taihu Lake is the Majiabang bet365 sign up offer。Each region has its own style of pottery。Settlement layout，The Xiliao River Basin continues the tradition of rows of houses，Banpo type houses are grouped around a central square，Hemudu bet365 sign up offer is a long row of stilt houses。Funeral customs，Combined burials were prevalent in the late Banpo type，The Majiabang bet365 sign up offer gathers together and buries people together。Art and Faith，The theme of Banpo painted pottery evolved from fish patterns to fish and bird combinations，Hemudu bet365 sign up offer has developed images。Although there have been exchanges between various places，But the integration process throughout the country has not yet begun。

6000-5000 years ago，It is the glorious period of the formation of Chinese civilization。Leap-over social development is common in various places，The formation of many "ancient country" political systems，Like a sky full of stars，Diversified features are particularly prominent。The Hongshan Cultural Society in the Xiliao River Basin and the Lingjiatan Society in Anhui both used a large number of jade articles with special connotations，Strong religious atmosphere，However, Hongshan society has ritual activity centers that are isolated from the secular world, represented by the Niuheliang ruins group。The high-level tombs of the Dawenkou bet365 sign up offer in the Haidai area have luxurious grave goods，But to express secular identity、Prestige、Exquisite pottery, etc. mainly for status and wealth。The Songze bet365 sign up offer in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Daxi Cultural Society in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are similar。Yangshao bet365 sign up offer entered the Miaodigou period，Super large tomb appears、Large settlements and public buildings，But there are few burial objects。Obviously，The social development path chosen by each region has its own characteristics。

What is particularly eye-catching is，While social development is generally occurring in various regions，Communications are becoming increasingly close。The newly emerging upper class of society seeks to obtain rare items and sacred knowledge from distant places、Declare one’s special abilities beyond the local people，Strive to carry out long-distance communication，Form a long-distance communication network connecting major cultural areas。The communication content is mainly about the original view of the universe、Astronomical Calendar、Advanced item production technology、Expression of power、The most advanced cultural essence of the time such as funeral and sacrificial rituals。Such exchanges make each region a community that shares the essence of bet365 sign up offer，That is, the "original China" defined by Zhang Guangzhi，The "pluralistic unity" pattern of Chinese civilization was thus formed。Afterwards，All major events in the formation of Chinese civilization should be interpreted from the perspective of pluralism and unity，Every successful social development practice benefits from multiple interactions，The impact will also be felt everywhere。

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About 5000 years ago，The Liangzhu bet365 sign up offer is booming in the Taihu Lake area，Becoming the first brilliant achievement of “fusion” development in “the original China”。An ancient city with an area of ​​nearly 3 million square meters、The artificially built Mojiao Mountain with an area of ​​300,000 square meters、Fanshan "Royal Tomb"、Jade objects reflecting systematic religious concepts、Large area of ​​rice field remains、Archaeological evidence such as large-scale water conservancy facilities shows that，Liangzhu bet365 sign up offer has completed the construction of the first early country of Chinese civilization。Such an achievement，It is the full "fusion" of the previous Lingjiatan、Results of the social development experience of Hongshan and Songze。Using religion to unite people in a wide area，It continues the path pioneered by Hongshan bet365 sign up offer。Meanwhile，All regions still show a trend of diversified development。The Dawenkou bet365 sign up offer in the Haidai area and the Qujialing-Shijiahe bet365 sign up offer in the Jianghan area continue the development path that focuses on secular power and etiquette，Large-scale crowd movement and social integration occurred in the Loess Plateau，The Yangshao bet365 sign up offer people moved westward to form the Majiayao bet365 sign up offer，Go deeper into the Hexi Corridor，Opened the channel to communicate with the heart of Eurasia。

Around 4300 years ago，The decline of Liangzhu bet365 sign up offer，But it had a profound impact on the development of the "Longshan Era" in the following 500 years。All regions still maintain the trend of diversified development。The Xiaojia Roofing bet365 sign up offer in Jianghan area and the Shimao bet365 sign up offer in northern Shaanxi，Both have inherited a development path centered on religious power。The Longshan bet365 sign up offer in the Haidai area and the eastern Henan area that was baptized by the bet365 sign up offer of the Haidai and Jianghan areas are dominated by secular power，Form a political pattern of "a forest of thousands of nations" with medium-sized city sites as the core。In the southern Shanxi area that matches the activity area of ​​Emperor Yao in ancient historical records，The Taosi bet365 sign up offer appears as a large-scale city site with a palace inside it、Large palace base site、Astronomical Observation Facility、High-level tomb，Marks the emergence of early state government。What is particularly striking is，The Taosi ruins show the characteristics of "fusion" from all directions。Typical pottery from Shandong、Henan、Jianghan、Cultural factors of the Longshan period in the northwest and Guanzhong regions。In the "King" level tomb of Taosi Temple，Deliberately displaying ritual items from different regions。Visible，“Integrating” etiquette from all directions has become an ability deliberately demonstrated by the upper class of Taosi society。This “fusion” strategy beyond Liangzhu society，It shows that the king of Taosi has a broad mind，And deliberately demonstrate its core position among the four parties，Already have a political blueprint for promoting the integration of "the original China"。

About 3800 years ago，Multicultural factors from all over the world meet in the surrounding area of ​​Songshan Mountain。turbulent times，Create a blend of religions from all over the world、Politics、Heroes of economic and military achievements，The political grand plan that King Shi Taosi has formed，Take the Erlitou site in Luoyang Basin as the capital，Completed the construction of the first dynasty of Chinese civilization。The most wonderful relics of Erlitou bet365 sign up offer，includes bronzes、Turquoise inlays and jade, etc.，All related to religious ceremonies，Very different from the social tradition of Longshan around Songshan Mountain。Inscribed hard pottery from the south was discovered at the Erlitou site、Duck-shaped pot and seashells，As well as bronze battle axes and ring-headed knives from the Northwest Territories、Wine vessels from the East、Jade from Jianghan area。The king who occupies the palace in Erlitou “fuses” the political ideals and practices of the four parties in this way，Forging a core bet365 sign up offer for the pluralistic and unified "original China"，With the status of the most powerful cultural center，Exercise politics in a geographical scope that even extends beyond Kyushu、Economic and military means，Get resources、Promote etiquette。The development process of Chinese civilization’s pluralism and unity has thus entered a new stage led by the core。

　"bet365 sign up offer", "main yuan" and "multiple"

"Pluralism and unity" is an important concept in the construction of the discourse system on the origin of Chinese civilization，Has its own clear connotation，There is also solid evidence。But for the use of this concept，The academic community still has doubts，Mainly because I am afraid that the theory of "diversity" will dilute the unity of Chinese civilization。Some scholars advocate the "one yuan" theory，That is, it is believed that all regions in prehistoric China already had the same cosmology at the beginning of the Neolithic Age、Ethics, etc.。But there are two problems with its main evidence。On the one hand，The cultural factors identified as "one yuan" are too broad。So there are pit tombs in most parts of China、Based on placing funerary objects，Argument that there is respect for ancestors everywhere，Or the tradition of "Fazu"，In fact, this is a cultural phenomenon that can be found around the world。On the other hand，Interpret the cultural sharing formed by inheritance and exchange as "one yuan" in various places。The cosmology shown in the images of Gaomiao bet365 sign up offer，It was indeed inherited in the subsequent Hongshan bet365 sign up offer and Lingjiatan relics，But this is hardly evidence that the three cultural traditions are "one yuan"。

If we take Erlitou bet365 sign up offer, the original core bet365 sign up offer of Chinese civilization, as the starting point，The discussion of "monism" or "pluralism" can completely break away from the semantic debate that is far away from the subject，Transformed into a straightforward question，That is, Erlitou bet365 sign up offer and Economy、Politics、Religious and cultural factors，It comes from an early and middle Neolithic bet365 sign up offer that was born as a god like the legendary Yellow Emperor，This is also the result of the development of various regions described by Su Bingqi from self-fission to collision to mutual learning and then to fusion？The above-mentioned diversified development of Chinese prehistoric bet365 sign up offer over thousands of years、Integration strengthening、Description of the formation of core bet365 sign up offer，This question has been answered clearly。

In addition，There are still different understandings of the way "one body" is formed and developed。Some scholars emphasize the leading role of prehistoric bet365 sign up offer in the Central Plains，Is the main root system of Chinese civilization，In the "diversified" development, there needs to be a "main element" at the core，Only to promote the integration process。As we discussed，Archaeology includes the Guanzhong Basin、Southern Shanxi、The "Central Plains" of Henan，Just a geographical area where cultures from all sides gather，It is not a cultural area where a single outstanding cultural tradition originates and continues to grow。“Central Plains bet365 sign up offer”, “Central Plains region civilization process” and “Central Plains rise” are all specious expressions。Different stages in the formation of the pluralistic unity of Chinese civilization，The most successful political practitioners such as Liangzhu and Taosi appeared，Can be called the "pivot" of this period，But there has never been a consistent leader。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Archeology, bet365 sign up offer Academy of Social Sciences)