Recently studied as a professor at the Institute of Qing History, Renmin University of China、The posthumous works of Kong Xiangji (1943-2021), a visiting researcher at the Fairbank Research Center of Harvard University in the United States, "A Study of Kang Youwei's Reform Memorials", "A Brief Exploration bet365 coupon code History bet365 coupon code Late Qing Dynasty", "The Little-known Sino-Japanese Alliance and Others"，I feel that the author strives to interpret the history of China’s late Qing Dynasty from a new perspective，The book is rigorously structured，The text is fresh and lively，New and informative information、Fascinating，Opened up a new way for the study of late Qing history，It has important reference value for late Qing history and historical research。A brief analysis now，Thinking of missing old friends。

　"Archival information is particularly bet365 coupon code"

Kong Xiangji pointed out: "The amount of archival materials preserved in the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty is unmatched by any previous dynasty，It is also unmatched by the early Qing Dynasty”，For the study of late Qing history，“Archival information is particularly important”。During more than forty years of studying the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty，He continues to work in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the "Forbidden City" in Taipei as well as other domestic research institutes、The archives unearthed a large amount of new historical materials；When living abroad，Use yourself to work again、Lecture、Opportunity to do research，Reviewed a large number of scattered and preserved overseas, especially in the United States、Precious historical materials from Germany and Japan on the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty。On this basis，He conducted in-depth research on many issues in the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty、Thinking and continuous exploration，And written into a paper，Contribution to the field of history。

Early in the late 20th century，Kong Xiangji realized it，“Kang Youwei is the core and soul bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898”，Therefore，If you want to have a deeper understanding bet365 coupon code history bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898，We must start by studying Kang Youwei’s thoughts。However，At that time, the domestic even one proposed by Kang Youwei during the reform era was relatively complete、Accurate reform memorials have not yet been published。So Kong Xiangji spent more than ten years，In libraries at home and abroad、Archives、The institute collected various books that Kang Youwei submitted to the Qing court、Archival Memorials and Local Chronicles、Notes and even unpublished letters、Diaries and other precious historical materials，Written and published the book "A Study of Kang Youwei's Reform Memorials" in 1988。This book describes the time when Kang Youwei submitted a memorial during the reform period、passed、Content and its function、The versions have undergone in-depth and detailed analysis and examination，Correct the mistakes and mistakes of predecessors and fellow scholars，Basically restores the complete history bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898。After the book is published，Causing strong repercussions in historical circles at home and abroad，Thus promoting the research on the history bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898。It can be said，This book is in hand，Readers can accurately understand the beginning bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898、passed、First-hand information on issues such as content and ending，At the same time, it also saves you the time and energy of bumping around in various libraries，Plays the role of getting twice the result with half the effort。

Kong Xiangji discovered a problem when studying historical figures in the late Qing Dynasty，That is, whether "closing the coffin" can be "determined"，Take He Ruzhang as an example。He Ruzhang was appointed by the Qing government as the first minister to Japan in the third year of Guangxu (1877)。In the meantime，He did two things: First, he fiercely opposed Japan’s annexation of Ryukyu。He wrote many times to urge Li Hongzhang，Firmly oppose Japan’s unjust move of annexing Ryukyu，At the same time, he also had a face-to-face struggle with the Japanese upper class。The second is to deal with the North Korean issue。He supported his subordinate Huang Zunxian in formulating North Korea’s national policy，Support North Korea on its path to openness，Thus curbing Japan’s ambition to dominate Korea。Therefore，He Ruzhang was “one bet365 coupon code few early modern Chinese who went abroad” after the 1980s.，The representative figure who opened his eyes to see the world has attracted the attention bet365 coupon code country”。But，Later Kong Xiangji discovered two secret letters from He from the Japanese diplomatic archives，Making him treat "this late Qing diplomat who was the first to 'go global'" in a different light。

The tenth year of Guangxu，The Sino-French war breaks out。Previously，Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs is “extremely concerned about the upcoming conflict between China and France”，So bet365 coupon code sent people to inquire about the contents of Li Hongzhang’s three reports to the court in Shanghai，And give a reward of "more than a hundred gold"。Facing generous remuneration，bet365 coupon code actually readily agreed to the other party’s request。But bet365 coupon code was unable to obtain the original text of Li Hongzhang’s report，So bet365 coupon code wrote a secret letter to Japan，Express yourself as "responsible"，Shang Wang’s original love is “extraordinary”。After，bet365 coupon code is in the second secret letter，"reported his new information" to the Japanese side，Receives great attention from Japan。For such a treasonous crime against bet365 coupon code Ruzhang，Kong Xiangji wrote angrily: "There is a Chinese idiom that says the decision is made after the coffin is closed。”“bet365 coupon code’s Coffin，A hundred years old。However，Slip once，Eternal hatred。”Obviously，Previous evaluations of bet365 coupon code Ruzhang were one-sided，"Liding the coffin" cannot be determined。Rate him now，When affirming his positive role，We must also point out that bet365 coupon code betrayed national interests、Satisfy your own selfish side。

　bet365 coupon code perspectives are thought-provoking

Kong Xiangji takes historical materialism as his guide，Proposed his own new views on several important issues in the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty。

　　1. About the Opium bet365 coupon code.In the past, academic circles believed that，Early period bet365 coupon code Opium War，The ruling class bet365 coupon code Qing Dynasty was divided into those who banned smoking and those who relaxed the ban。Some scholars exaggerate this statement，“It is said that there is a huge one beside Daoguang、The intertwined liberalism faction”。Kong Xiangji thinks，This “is unbelievable”。He pointed out，Xu Naiji, the minister of Taichang Temple at that time, wrote a letter requesting that the ban on opium be relaxed，That is, criticized by many bureaucrats，Xu himself became infamous，“A person who has no successor to the court”。Emperor Daoguang issued edicts many times，Rewards anti-smoking officials，Punish Xu Naiji，Remove Prince Zhuang and others who often go to opium dens to smoke as princes and dukes。Visible，Xu Naiji writes a letter to ban smoking，At best, it’s just a “relaxation theory”，Cannot be linked to the "relaxation faction"。(Kong Xiangji: "A Brief Exploration bet365 coupon code History bet365 coupon code Late Qing Dynasty"，Bashu Publishing House 2001 Edition，Page 294-296)

　　2. Regarding the Sino-French bet365 coupon code.In the past, academic circles believed that，On the occasion bet365 coupon code Qing government’s glorious victory for the military and civilians on the frontline，But he hurriedly signed a peace treaty with France，Reflects the incompetence bet365 coupon code ruling group。Recently，Many treatises have begun to link Jiashen Yishu in the 10th year of Guangxu's reign with the Sino-French War，Thinks that Cixi eliminated Cardinal Gong and Prince YiA group of forces，Appointed Yixuan to take charge，It’s “going to have a big fight with France”。Kong Xiangji believes that “these inferences are not in line with the actual situation at the time”。bet365 coupon code pointed out，Cixi has been worriedThe group is fully fledged，There must be a big tail that cannot be lost，So make use bet365 coupon code relationship with Yi in the courtThe bet365 coupon code, which is always "in a state of confrontation", eradicate YixuanGroup，"To consolidate bet365 coupon code's political position"。Moreover，Yixuan Group and YiGroup comparison，It is even more important to "step up the implementation" of Cixi's consistent "ambiguous diplomatic policy of external compromise"，The sad ending that ultimately led to the bet365 coupon code court’s “defeat without defeat” in the Sino-French war。

　　3. About the Sino-Japanese bet365 coupon code.In the past, academic circles compared the annihilation bet365 coupon code Beiyang Navy and the failure bet365 coupon code Sino-Japanese War，It may be attributed to the fact that China’s feudal system cannot withstand Japan after the Meiji Restoration，It may be due to the internal party struggle in the Qing court，It may be beneficial to the economy of China and Japan、There is a huge difference in military strength。Kong Xiangji believes that the above analysis is “not convincing enough”。He used many historical facts to prove that the Beiyang Navy was stronger than Japan，And then relied heavily on Li Hongzhang through inspection and analysis、The thoughts of Luo Fenglu, the trusted soul bet365 coupon code Beiyang Navy、Mental outlook、Practical action，Concluded that Luo Fenglu "only cares about the small family"，Disregarding the country；I only care about my loved ones，The Beiyang sailors who did not care about the bloodshed on the sea front，This selfish mentality，Reflects the lack of courage and dedication among the staff around Li Hongzhang、The temperament of loyal service to the country”，To "control the entire sea，Gived to the Japanese invading army"，“The modern fleet that the Qing court worked so hard to develop，disintegrated into nothing，Everyone with lofty ideals is saddened by this”。

　　4. Comments on bet365 coupon code.In the past, historians always regarded Emperor Guangxu as "the puppet of Empress Dowager Cixi"，Doing nothing in government affairs。Kong Xiangji thinks “this is very unfair”。He said，The people are the foundation bet365 coupon code country、Seeking treatment diligently，It is "a very important part" of Emperor Guangxu's early thoughts，And thirsty for talents、The principle of employing people outside the rules "occupies a prominent position" in early thinking。Therefore，Emperor Guangxu was able to take the lead in the national crisis、Facing the crisis of oppression by foreign powers，"If you are poor, you will want to change"，“Bravely and decisively promote new forces”，“Rise up for reform”，Explanation that Emperor Guangxu “was actually a very thoughtful person，The ambitious young emperor”。Of course，Kong Xiangji also pointed out，Some flaws in Emperor Guangxu’s thoughts “have an impact on his future political activities，It also had a profound impact”。

Based on historical facts，I think these new views put forward by bet365 coupon code are correct。

　The bet365 coupon code facts must be accurate and credible

Kong Xiangji also conducted textual research and correction of several important historical facts in the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty，Drawed valuable conclusions。

　First, whether Li Hongzhang, an important minister bet365 coupon code Qing court, accepted a huge bribe from the Tsarist Russian government？April, the 22nd year of Guangxu，Li Hongzhang and Tsarist Russian Finance Minister Witte signed the "Sino-Russian Secret Treaty" in Moscow。There are clear records in Russian archives of Li Hongzhang accepting huge bribes from the tsarist government。However，Most Chinese scholars don’t believe it，Some famous historians even told Kong Xiangji face to face: "Russian archives are just isolated evidence，It seems that it is not enough to prove that Mr. Li has indeed accepted bribes。”Kong Xiangji was also “dubious” at first，But then after reading "a lot of new information，I think it is true that Mr. Li accepted bribes”，And denounced Li Hongzhang for “accepting huge bribes from foreign countries，The crime of sacrificing the interests bet365 coupon code country。

Kong Xiangji’s opinion is right。I pointed out when writing "The Secret Treaty between China and Russia" (Knowledge Press, 2005 edition)，The famous Russian historian Romanov said clearly using Russian archives，Witt wanted to sign the "Sino-Russian Secret Treaty" with Li Hongzhang as soon as possible，The "Li Hongzhang Fund" was specially established with the support bet365 coupon code Tsar，And allocate 3 million rubles for this "convenience of undertaking the project"。It is still unknown how much bribe Li Hongzhang received after the signing bet365 coupon code "Secret Treaty between China and Russia"，But Werther later negotiated with Li Hongzhang about Tsarist Russia’s relationship with Port Arthur、Dalian’s “lease” rights，But he once sent his cronies to send 550,000 taels of silver to Li Hongzhang。Witt was later forced by public opinion，He also “quickly” admitted this matter。It can be seen from this，"Isolated evidence" is also ironclad evidence，People should not easily deny that Li Hongzhang accepted bribes。

　　二、What was the trigger for the bet365 coupon code ruling group headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi to declare war on the imperialist powers？May 25, the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu，The Qing government issued an edict，Declaration of war on all powers。Previous，Historical circles believe that the "foreign note" sent by Luo Jiajie of Jiangsu Liangdao was a trigger。Kong Xiangji thinks，This matter cannot be confirmed in various archives bet365 coupon code Qing Palace.，It is the arrival bet365 coupon code "note" from French Consul General Dusselin，This strengthened Cixi’s determination to break with the great powers”。He pointed out，The Qing court declared war，This is the inevitable result of Cixi's "extreme xenophobia" towards the great powers after her failure to "abolish and establish" the throne，At the same time, she received a memorial from Yulu, Governor of Zhili, when making decisions，Compromisingly exaggerating the "major victory" the Boxers achieved in the battle against the great powers and the Boxers' loyalty "willing to serve the imperial court"，"Enhanced (Cixi's) mentality of winning by luck"，Finally issued an edict to declare war。I think，Kong Xiangji’s analysis and conclusions are tenable。

　　三、Who put Tongguang as the "Emperor Master bet365 coupon code Two Dynasties，Weng Tonghe, a minister of ten years, was kicked out bet365 coupon code court？Long time，The general view among historians is，Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to depose Weng Tonghe。Kong Xiangji clearly pointed out that "it was Emperor Guangxu who replaced Weng's official position"；Although Weng Tonghe once encouraged Emperor Guangxu to implement reforms，Actively recommend Kang Youwei and other reformers，But under the attack bet365 coupon code conservative faction bet365 coupon code imperial court，Be wise and protect yourself，quickly changed his position，Draw a clear line with the reformists，Being angrily "questioned" by Emperor Guangxu many times。This made Emperor Guangxu realize clearly，Weng Tonghe has become a stumbling block to the reform and reform at this time，Only remove him，Only when the reform can proceed smoothly。Kong Xiangji also thinks，In April bet365 coupon code 24th year bet365 coupon code reign of Emperor Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu shook hands when he received the visiting German prince，Weng Tonghe’s “big complaints”， Weng’s move of “deep reluctance to foreign things”，This is something that Emperor Guangxu "who was eager to change the ancestral laws" "cannot tolerate"。The story "became the trigger for the opening up of Weng Tonghe"，Weng Tonghe was eventually dismissed from office by Emperor Guangxu himself。

Kong Xiangji’s conclusion is convincing。I will add another detail here: Weng wrote in his "Diary"，When bet365 coupon code said goodbye to Emperor Guangxu outside the palace gate，“The last review is speechless，I am as sad as a dream，Go”。Just thirteen words，It has been revealed that after decades of friendship between monarch and minister, there is no feeling of "parting" at the time of separation。The word "review" in "Looking back is speechless" is just a polite gesture；"Speechless" can reflect Emperor Guangxu's mentality at this time，That is, dissatisfaction with Weng Bu’s various performances of sincerely assisting him。And "I am as sad as a dream" shows Weng's sad mood when bet365 coupon code feels that bet365 coupon code has been dismissed because of something unclear。Therefore，Can people see some clues？

　　four、Revealing the ins and outs bet365 coupon code little-known “China-Japan alliance” farce。After the failure bet365 coupon code Reform Movement of 1898，Kang Youwei、Liang Qichao fled to Japan，Causing extreme panic to the Empress Dowager Cixi。So Cixi used "China-Japan alliance" as bait，Trying to get Japan to eradicate Kang for the Qing Dynasty、Liang。She sent prefect Liu Xuexun and Yuanwai Lang Qingkuan to Japan in the name of "investigating business"，The Japanese upper management has always had doubts about this。In the end, due to the Japanese’s “reservation” and “just perfunctory”, as well as the unintentional leakage by Liu Xuexun and others，The Qing court attempted to kill Kang with the help of Japan、Liang’s conspiracy failed，The "Sino-Japanese alliance" thus became a farce and ended hastily，“This is really the most ridiculous chapter in the diplomatic history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty”。Kong Xiangji’s account is indeed refreshing。

Kong Xiangji’s above judgment and analysis are accurate，The conclusion is convincing，Can be used as a reference for the historians。Therefore，The author recommends that historians and scholars conduct thorough research，Choose the one you can follow，Written in textbooks and scientific research results，Rather than let the results lie on paper and sleep。Again，Kong Xiangji used archives to study the history bet365 coupon code late Qing Dynasty，It is worth continuing for the academic community and scholars。As understood，Currently many libraries at home and abroad、Archives、Research institution、University，even private，They all maintain many valuable files，Become a rich mine for the study of late Qing history。Just keep exploring and using files，Ming and official history、Unofficial History、Notes、Collected Works、Fang Zhi、Unpublished Notes、Refer to each other for catalogues, etc.、Compare，Remove the false and retain the true，The study of late Qing history has great potential，It will be more colorful。The author hopes，The above two suggestions can become two important tasks for the study of Qing history。

(The author is the former deputy editor-in-chief of "Journal bet365 coupon code Graduate School bet365 coupon code Chinese Academy of Social Sciences"、Professor of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)