Professor of the Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China、Harvard University Fei Zhengqing Researchers Kong Xiangji (1943-2021 )'s heritage "Kang Youwei Chapters Test", "History of the Late Qing Dynasty", "Raise Sino -Japanese Alliance and Other"，I feel that the author strives to explain the new perspective of the history of the late Qing Dynasty，Rigid structure in the book，Fresh and lively text，New information、fascinating，opened a new way for the study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty，It has important reference value for the history of the late Qing Dynasty and historical research。Slightly evaluated today，I thought the nostalgia for my friends。

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Kong Xiangji pointed out: In the late Qing Dynasty, the "reserved archives and materials in the late Qing Dynasty were not comparable to any previous dynasties，It is also unmatched by " in the early Qing Dynasty，For the study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty，"File materials are particularly important"。During more than 40 years in the study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty，He keeps constantly in Beijing's Forbidden City "Forbidden City" and other domestic institutes、The archives excavate a large number of new historical materials; when we live abroad，Use your own work、Lecture、Move to research，I checked a lot of scattered and preserved overseas, especially the United States、German and Japan's precious historical materials about the history of the late Qing Dynasty。Based on this，He conducted in -depth research on many problems in the history of the late Qing Dynasty、Thinking and continuous exploration，Write the text，Contributed in the historian world。

As early as the late 20th century，Kong Xiangji realized，"Kang Youwei is the core and soul of the Wuxu Restoration Movement"，So，If you want to understand the history of the Reform Movement of Wuqi，It must be started from studying Kang Yi's thoughts。But，At that time, even the domestic Kang Youwei was relatively complete in the era of reform、The works of accurate reform chapters have not yet been published。So Kong Xiangji lasted more than ten years，Library at home and abroad、Archives、The Institute of Research Collection of Kang Youwei has made a book presented to the Qing court、Archives and Fang Zhi、Notes and even unpublished books、Diary and other precious historical materials，In 1988, I wrote and published the book "Kang Youwei Change the Examination"。The time of the book bet365 Play online games to Kang Youwei's discussion during the transformation、Passing、Content and its role、Version has been conducted in -depth and detailed evaluation and examination，Order the mistakes and errors of previous scholars and scholars，Basically restore the complete history of the Reform Movement of Wuxu。After the book is published，Strong response in the historian community at home and abroad，This has been promoted to study the history of the new movement of the Wuxu Wuxi。It can be said，This book is in hand，Readers can accurately understand the beginning of the reform of the Reform of the Wuxi、Passing、First -hand information about content and ending，At the same time, it also saves the time and energy of bumps in each library，It plays a role of half -effective。

Kong Xiangji found a problem when studying the figures of the late Qing Dynasty，Is the "covering coffin" "setting"，How to take it for example。He Ruyi was appointed by the Qing court as the first to Japan in the third year of Guangxu (1877)。I am，He did two things: First, he fiercely opposed Japan's annexation of Ryukyu。He wrote many times to urge Li Hongzhang，Resolutely oppose Japan's non -righteous move to annexing Ryukyu，At the same time, face face -to -face struggle with the upper layer of Japan。The second is to deal with the North Korean problem。He supports his subordinates Huang Zunxian's plan to propose North Korean national policy，Support North Korea to move towards open roads，thereby curbing the ambitions of Japan's dominance of North Korea。From this，He Ruyi was "as one of the few early Chinese gates in modern China after the 1980s，Open the eyes to see the representatives of the world and be noticed by the Chinese people "。but，Later, Kong Xiangji newly discovered the two secret letter from the Japanese diplomatic archives，Let him treat "the earliest‘ early ‘going to the world’ late Qing digree ”。

Guangxu ten years，The outbreak of the Sino -French War。Previous，The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan is very concerned about "the conflict between China and France will come"，So I sent a member to listen to He Hongzhang's report about Li Hongzhang three times to the court in Shanghai，Give "more than a hundred gold" remuneration。Facing excellent remuneration，He Shi actually agreed to the other party's request。But because he could not get Li Hongzhang's original text，Then write a secret letter to the Japanese side，Express my "negative responsibility，The feelings of still looking at the original love。After that，He's again in the second secret letter，"The message he got the newly received" reported the Japanese Bet365 app download side，Views from the Japanese side high。For the crime of selling the country like this，Kong Xiangji wrote angrily: "There is a sentence in China, cloud cover coffin,。"" He's coffin，Has been built for a century。But，Once lost，Hate eternal。"Obviously，The previous evaluation of He Ruyi was one -sided，"Cushioning Coffin" cannot be concluded。Review him now，When affirming his positive effect，It is also necessary to point out that he has betrayal national interests、Meeting to satisfy your own profit。

　New point of view of people

Kong Xiangji takes the historical view of materialism as a Guiyi，I have raised their own new views on several important issues in the history of the late Qing Dynasty。

　　1. About Opium War.Thinking of the past academic circles，Prelimers of the Opium War，The Class of Chiang Ching is divided into smoking ban and relaxation faction。Some scholars will exaggerate this，"There is still a huge、Different Roots "。Kong Xiangji thinks，This is "unbelievable"。He pointed out，At that time, the book of Taichang Temple, Xu Naiji, requested that the opium was prohibited，That is to be criticized by many bureaucrats，Xu This person is so messy，"Those who have no words in the dynasty"。Emperor Daoguang repeatedly released the decree，Rewarding smoking ban，Democracy of Xu Naiji，Prince Zhuang and others who often go to the smoking hall to smoke to the king and the Duke。Visible，Xu Naiji's book smaking forbidden，At best, it is just a "relaxation theory"，and "Steading Forbidden School" cannot be hung up。(Kong Xiangji: "History of the Late Qing Dynasty"，Bashu Book Club, 2001，Page 294-296)

　　2. About the Sino -French War.Thinking of the past academic circles，When the Qing court achieved a brilliant victory at the front line，But hurriedly signed a peace with France，Reflect that the ruling group's faint incompetence。Casting late，Many discussions began to connect with the Shinyan Yishu in the 10th year of Guangxu with the Sino -French War，I believe that Cixi eliminates the compatriot of the compatriots.A group of power，Appointed Yizheng Master Politics，It is "I want to do a big job with France"。Kong Xiangji believes that "these inferences did not conform to the actual situation at that time"。He pointed out，Cixi has been worried about YiThe Group's Wing is full，There must be a trend of tailing，Therefore, use the court and YiYizheng Group, who is always "confrontation", eliminates YiGroup，"To consolidate your political status"。More，Yizhen Group and YiGroup comparison，It is even "stepping up" Cixi has always been "the foreign policy of Bet365 lotto review compromise and ambiguous"，In the end, the sad ending of the Qing court "undefeated" in the Sino -French war。

　　3. About the Sino -Japanese War.In the past, the entire army of the Beiyang Navy's army overwhelmed the failure of the Army of the Beiyang Navy，or it is attributed to the Japanese feudal system that cannot be against the Meiji Restoration Japan，Or for the internal party of the Qing court，or the economy of both sides of China and Japan、Dispaying military strength。Kong Xiangji believes that the above analysis is "not enough to convince people"。He uses many historical facts to explain that the strength of the Beiyang Navy is stronger than Japan，Then, through inspections and analysis, Li Hongzhang relies heavily、The thought of the Trusted Beiyang Navy's soul character Luo Fenglu's thoughts、Spiritual appearance、Actual action，I got Luo Fenglu "only cares about Xiaojia，Regardless of the country; just care about your own loved ones，The Beiyang Mariners of the Beiyang Marine in the Haijiang Registration，This selfish mentality，Reflect that the staff around Li Hongzhang lack the courage to dedicate、The temperament of the country to report the country "，As a result, "will" the entire sea right，Golding the Japanese Invasion Army "，"The modern fleet that makes the Qing court suffer painstakingly，Turn into black，Those who have aspirations are all distressed and distressed "。

　　4. Evaluation of Emperor Guangxu.In the past, the historic community always regarded Emperor Guangxu as "the puppet of the Empress Dowager Cixi"，No role in the political affairs。Kong Xiangji believes "this is very unfair"。He said，Seeking for governance、Seeking for governance，It is "a very important part of Emperor Guangxu's early thoughts"，and seeking virtuous thirst、Broken employers "possession position" in early thoughts。So，Emperor Guangxu can take the lead in the country、In front of the crisis of the powers of the powers，"Poor thinking changes"，"Brave and decisively promoting new forces"，"Starting Reform"，Explain that Emperor Guangxu "is actually a considerable thought，Quite ambitious young emperor "。Of course，Kong Xiangji also pointed out，Some of the defects in Emperor Guangxu's thoughts "for his future political activities，It also had a profound impact "。

揆 historical facts，I think these new ideas put forward by Kong Xiangji are correct。

　historical facts to make mistakes and credibility

Kong Xiangji also conducted a test of some important historical facts in the history of the late Qing Dynasty，A valuable conclusion。

　First, did Li Hongzhang, a court of Qing Dynasty, accepted the huge bribes of the Tsarist Russian government?April of 22 years of Guangxu，Li Hongzhang and the Minister of Finance of Tsarist Russia signed the "Sino -Russian Close" in Moscow。In the Russian archives, Li Hongzhang accepted a clear record of the huge bribes of the Tsar government。But，Most Chinese scholars do not believe，Some historians also told Kong Xiangji in person: "Russia's file is just a solitary certificate，It seems not enough to explain that Li has indeed taken bribes。"Kong Xiangji was also" doubtful "at the beginning，But later I saw "After many new information，I think Li's bribery should indeed be "，and reprimand Li Hongzhang "In order to accept huge bribes from foreign countries，The crime of sacrificing the interests of the country。

The opinion of Kong Xiangji is right。I pointed out when I wrote "China -Russia Secret" (Knowledge Press, 2005)，Russian famous historian Romanov uses Russian archives clearly，Wit signed the "Sino -Russian Convention" with Li Hongzhang as soon as possible，With the support of the Tsar, the "Li Hongzhang Fund"，Dial 3 million rubles for this "convenient for career"。Li Hongzhang is not known how much bribes have been received after the Sino -Russian Treaty Sign signed，But Wit has since negotiating with Li Hongzhang Tsarist Russia、Dalian's "rental" right time，But he sent his relatives to send 550,000 silver to Li Hongzhang。Wit later under the persecution of public opinion，Also "refreshing" acknowledged that there is any matter。This can be seen，"Lone Certificate" is also an iron certificate，People should not easily deny that Li Hongzhang accepts bribes。

　　2、What exactly is the fuse of the Empires of the Empires, led by the Empress Dowager Cixi?Guangxu 25th May 25th，The Qing court promulgated the Shangji，Propaganda war on each strong forces。In the past，The historian community believes that the "Foreigner Photo Club" transmitted by Luo Jiajie, Jiangsu Grain Road is a guide line。Kong Xiangji thinks，This incident is not obtained in various types of the Qing Palace "，It is the arrival of the French Consul General Du Silan "，The determination to break the break of Cixi and the powers more "。He pointed out，The Qing court declares war，It is the inevitable result of the "extreme hatred" generated by Cixi after the failure of the throne of the throne，At the same time, she received the Governor of Zhili Governor Yulu Music at the same time at the same time，The "major victory" achieved by the bonus rendered in the folding in the battle with the powers and the loyalty of the Boxer "willing to work hard"，"Enhanced (Cixi) The psychology of winning the chance"，Finally issued the upper -handed war of declarations。I think，The analysis and conclusion of Kong Xiangji's whip entered is standing。

　　3、Who takes Tongguang "Emperor of the Two Dynasties，Ten Years of Hoshima "Weng Tonghe drove out the court?For a long time，The general view of the historic community is，The Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to stop Weng Tonghe。Kong Xiangji clearly stated that "the official of the Emperor Guangxu is the official of Weng's";，Actively recommend people such as Kang Youwei，But under the attack of the old court，Mingzhe Body，Quickly changed your position，Clearing the boundary with the renovation faction，Many times have been "blame" in anger Emperor Guangxu。This makes Emperor Guangxu clearly realized，Weng Tonghe has become a stumbling block for the reform reform at this time，Only remove him，The reform can go smoothly。Kong Xiangji also thinks，Guangxu Emperor Guangxu in April of the 24th year of Guangxu met with the visiting German prince,，Weng Tonghe's "Playing Complaint"， This pair of Weng's pair of "deep -closed rejection of foreign things"，It is "Emerging from changing the ancestors' law" "Emperor Guangxu" tolerate "。Therefore, this matter "becomes the fuse of Weng Tonghe"，Weng Tonghe and Emperor Emperor Emperor Guangxu's own official。

Kong Xiangji's conclusion is convincing。I will add another detail here: Weng's "Diary" writes，When he "meets" from Emperor Guangxu outside the Gate Gate，"Looking back at nothing，Chen is also sad as a dream，Suixing "。Just thirteen words，The friendship of the monarch and minister for decades did not have a little "farewell" when they were separated。"Review" in "Review" is just a etiquette action; "Speaking" can reflect the mentality of Emperor Guangxu at this time，That is the dissatisfaction of all kinds of performance that Weng Di really assisted him。and "Chen is also sad like dreams" shows a sad emotion that Weng's feels unknown and lacking。From this，Can people see some clues?

　　4、Discovered the ins and out of the "Sino -Japanese Alliance" farce。After the failure of the Reform Movement of the Wuxu，Kang Youwei、Liang Qichao escaped Japan，Extreme panic caused by the Empress Dowager Cixi。So Cixi uses "Sino -Japanese Alliance" as a bait，Try to let Japan shovel off the Qing court、Liang。Her sent person Liu Xuezhang and member Lang Qingkuan went to Japan in the name of "inspect business"，The upper level of the Japanese side always has doubts about this。In the end, because of the Japanese people's "reserved attitude" and "perfunctory", and the leaks of the unintentional people of Liu Xuezheng，The Qing court attempted to kill Kang by the hand of the Japanese side、Liang's conspiracy failed，"Sino -Japanese Alliance" thus becoming a farce and harvest，"It is the most absurd chapter in the history of the late Qing Dynasty"。Kong Xiangji's description does give people a new sense。

Kong Xiangji’s above -mentioned assertion and analysis is precise，The conclusion of the income is convincing，Can learn from the historian world。So，The author recommends that the historic community and the scholars are fully studied，Choose it to obey，Written into textbooks and scientific research results，Instead of letting the results lying on paper and sleeping。There is another，Kong Xiangji uses archives to study the road of late Qing Dynasty，It is worth going to continue to go on the academic community。It is understood，Many libraries at home and abroad are currently at home and abroad、Archives、Research Institutions、University，or even private，All have many valuable files，Become a rich mine in the history of the late Qing Dynasty。As long as it is constantly excavated and used files，and Zhengshi、Wild History、Note、Collection、Fang Zhi、Unsuched book、List, etc.、Comparison，Remove the truth，History of the late Qing Dynasty is great，will be more colorful。I hope，The above two points are recommended to become two important tasks of the study of Qing history。

(The author is the former deputy editor of the Journal of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Professor of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)