■ Nanyang Tanghe County Knitting Factory Han tomb unearthed cars of cars and horses travel   Author/Figure Figure

The portrait stone and portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty have a wide range of distribution in the country，Especially in Nanyang, Henan、Shandong、Shaanxi、Jiangsu Xuzhou and other Han culture prosperous areas。Han portraits are mostly unearthed in portrait stone tombs or brick tombs，A few are seen in the ancestral hall、阙 阙。，Han portrait and murals、帛 painting、Various carriers such as utensils。Rich on the subject、Diverse Chinese portraits，Car and horse travel is a common theme，There are also welcoming、Send off and other scenes，shows the etiquette civilization of the two Han Dynasty。

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According to the portrait of the car and horse in the portrait of the Han portrait，Its content is generally divided into the following categories: First, reflect various social travel activities in the Han Dynasty with realistic methods，Please see if you make a envoy、Sacrifice funeral、Life Travel, etc.，Such as the mural of Hohhot and Lindel Han Tomb in Inner Mongolia、portrait portrait of Wushi Temple, Jiaxiang County, Shandong，All depicts the experience of the deceased's life; the funeral diagram on the portrait stone unearthed from Weishan County, Shandong、Bull cart, funeral portrait of ox carts unearthed from Lingbi County, Anhui，All depicts to the deceased's funeral scene。Second, the future generations imagine the rich travel scene of the deceased live in the yin，Form is not much different from the first travel situation，But not a reflection of the real activity of the tomb owner，Such as the car and horse travel in Guanzhuang, Mizhi County, Shaanxi，Many riders and cars made by the templates，This is similar to the car and horse travel map bet365 Play online games in the portrait brick，Generally not a specific tomb owner。Third is the scene of raising immortality or mythical travel，Rudian Nanyang Hebo Travel、Deer car Shengxian portrait, etc.。

Real car and horse travel is difficult to judge whether it is the real experience of the tomb owner or the fiction，But no matter what，All from the real scene at that time。Especially a fleet consisting of multiple cars and horses，There is a guide before，After there is a guard，Hobbing。Its purpose is to show off the owner of the tomb is noble or the family is rich，To a certain extent, it reflects the travel ceremony of the Han Dynasty。Car riding travel，Due to the status of the travelers、Different levels，The scenes and specifications are also different。The Han Dynasty system has strict regulations for this，Not allowed to survive。

According to the "Han Guanyi" record，The secondary of the car travel of the emperor is called "Book of Book"，There is a big driving、French driving、The name of the small driver。Driving is quoted by the Gongqing，General of the Great General，Taizhou driving，Follow the vehicle eighty -one multiplication。The complete travel team of the noble bureaucracy of the Han Dynasty has a certain combination mode，Follow the requirements of the travel ceremony。

　　The guidance system of car and horse travel

The team of car and horse travel is generally from the front -drive (pioneer)、Main car、belonging to a car、Guardian and the back hall composition，Foreer -guided and guards are collectively referred to as guidance，Another part of the back hall as a part of a car or obedience。Complete teams in Chinese paintings are relatively rare，Some only have front -drive and main car，No car and guard。Now I only discuss with the guidance and the main car。

3181_3195。If Taizu and other officials have the responsibility to serve as the front -wheel drive，When the Zhou Wang is in and out，Taizi "From Zuo Yu to the front -drive"。，The Life of Queen Queen of the Inner Minister，"Later in and out，Then front -drive "。Han Chengqin bet365 best casino games system，bureaucratic nobles are equipped with a certain number of levels of car and horse or soldier guidance。As a front -wheel drive ax car, it is generally used for officials above the county magistrate，and Wu Bo and the rider are soldiers who act as front -drive and guards。High specifications for travel are often ax、Rider、Wu Bo and use，Guide to the number of people with courteous system。

Guide car as an important front -wheel drive，There is a car car、Ax car, etc.，and higher specifications。Shandong Yinan Han Tomb in the north wall of the west section of the car and horse portrait，Director ax car and cavalry、Infantry guide use it together，Sitting on the ax car，One Tomahawk stands high in the car，Driving people ahead，After living in the car，Two long halberds are placed on the rear of the car。There are two Wu Bo in front of the ax、Second Rider official，There are two people in front of the team to welcome。In the portrait of Han，There are certain differences in the shape of the ax car，But there are ax on the car。

Wu Bo is the infantry of the guide，As front drive，Often acts as the way to the way。"Ancient and Modern Note · Public Service" contains: Wu Bo is a uncle。Five people said Wu，Five Longs as Bo，Therefore, Wu Bo。According to the post -Han ritual system，The number of Wu Bo people as a pioneer is different，Gong is eight people，China Two Thousand Stone、Two Thousand Stone、Six hundred stones are four people，Below four hundred stones to two hundred stones are two people。Portrait bricks in Sichuan and the south wall of the front room of Shimaozhuang No. 2 in Shanxi，There are six Wu Bo as the front -wheel drive。Sixwood specifications between public and two thousand stone officials，It should be the specifications of the first -level officials，Unfortunately, the history book is loaded。Wu Bo's instrument does not describe it in detail in historical materials，But the portrait of the Han Dynasty supplemented the shortcomings of the text，It can be seen that Wu Bo's deeds have halberds、bet365 live casino games Noodles、stick、Knife、Sword、Crossbow、spear、Shield、幡，etc.。

Rider as a guide，It is also used for high specifications。The number of rider also has a polite system: the following to two thousand stones，Four of the rider as the front guide，Below of Qianshi to 300 Stone County Mayor，Two of the rider as the front guide，"All with swords，Holding the halberd as the forefront，揵 Bow 韣 Nine 鞬 "。Henan Tanghe County Knitting Factory Han Portrait has three cars riding ports，There are two -guided riding in front，Explain that the tomb owner of this tomb may be county or county official officials before his life。Shandong Yi North and South Village portrait Stone Tomb Gate Right Portrait on the right side.。There are many rider portrait bricks unearthed in Sichuan，Second Rider、Sanqi official、Four rider officials are portrayed。

The scene of the negative crossbow can be reflected in Han painting，For example, a left -door portrait stone carving horse travel picture from the Han tomb of Tanghe County, Nanyang, Henan Province，At the front is the two -guide riding，Both riders control the horse in one hand，Holding Gao Ya Crossbow，Two cars then，The first car has Yu Yanjian drum，One is the controller，One person behind the car is holding drums，Very dynamic。There are two people in the second car，One is His Holiness、One is the controller，At the end of the car, there was a spear with a spear to send the fleet。

　　Main car and car and horse travel specifications

Generally after the front drive is the main car and a car，Then there is a guardian or a rear hall。There is only one car in the main car，Is there any time for the car to be based on the status of the passenger。Tourists who take the main car are often tall，The face is more prominent。

The number of main cars driving and horses and the decoration of the car and horses have polite requirements，Quantity from one horse to four horses。Xiaotang Mountain Stone Temple, Changqing County, Shandong has a "king car" travel team，Describes 117 people，Horse 74 hp，8 cars，Camel and Elephant 1 head。Most scholars bet365 best casino games think，"Big King Car" should be the noble car of the princely king。Another "Two Thousand Stone" cars in the stone temple，There are two -guided riding in front，One person to hold the halberd，One person to carry the flag。After that, the two Wu Bo who performed the halberd，The main car then，"Two Thousand Stone" is carved next to the His Holiness of the Ride，Prove that the owner of the tomb is a senior official with two thousand stones。The scale of travel is consistent with its identity。

The lower floor of the front room of the front room of the Yuanjia Tomb of Cangshan County, Shandong Cangshan County is a car and horse travel in the west wall of the stone tomb。Driving horses are ranked by one guide、Sanxian car、One consisting of ride，Pour from right to left。The second four -dimensional cars are the main car taken by the owner "Chun Yu Hongqing car and horse"，It can be known that the main name of the tomb is "Chun Yuhong"，Due to "Qing" and "丞",，Chun Yu Hong's highest official position should be。The official rank of the Han Dynasty is between two hundred and one thousand stones，Chun Yuhong as a rider，Compared with identity。

There is a car in the portrait stone in the portrait stone of Wangzhuang City, Henan Province.。The main car is pulled by the three horses，There are two queues in front and back of the eight riders。According to the post -Han ritual system，Only officials and more than two thousand stones will drive three horses，Guide from the travel specifications of the four riders，and eight rider obviously exceeded this specification，And the eight riders are holding the shield control in the right，Left hand holding a knife，Uniform clothing，Consistent action，Even the marching horses are neat，Horse legs are consistent。Based on this inference，This picture reflects the honor guards that are running or holding major etiquette activities，instead of Putong's car and horse travel。

A car and horse travel map in the portrait stone in the Baizhuang City of Linyi City, Shandong is divided into two layers of the upper and lower layers，The upper layer Bet365 lotto review should be the same travel team on the lower level，There are 7 cars in total、8 rider、4 Wu Bo，Its travel shows a complete team，Not only the front -wheel drive guidance、Guide car、Main car、belonging to a car，There are also welcoming and offering scenes。

　　Watching etiquette civilization from car and horse

Civil car and horse travel also engraved in Han painting，On a portrait brick unearthed in Sichuan City，There is a mara shed car，The Royal Slot horses on the left and walk。Sit a woman in the car、One child。There are three people on both sides of the vehicle with a hand -to -noodle clamping car and following，There is a dog in the lower right of the car，It should be supported by the owner。You can see from the picture，Women and children have received good courtesy and care，It can be seen that it should come from the rich home。

Not all car and horses can show the identity of the owner of the tomb，To the Eastern Han Dynasty，With the destruction of the car system，The phenomenon of doctors and the rich people and the rich people occur from time to time。The car and horse travel that shows the life of the yin，The soul of the living person hopes that the soul of the tomb owner will live a better life in another world。Portrait portrait portrait of car and horse on the one hand confirmed the reliability recorded by historical books，On the other hand, it also makes up for the shortcomings of historical records。The historical materials of the Han Dynasty's service system are not about the guidance outfit、Hand -executing instrumental gift meter、Description of the specific situation of the horse's decoration，Portrait of Han let people see the specific implementation of the Han Dynasty ritual system and the use of etiquette。Portrait of car and horse travel unearthed in my country so far involved travel、Preparation of car、welcome、Parade and other themes，It is an important material for understanding the Han Dynasty car and horse travel ceremony and social conditions。

The content of the portrait of Han is extremely rich，Political and military involved in the Han Dynasty、bet365 live casino games Education Culture、material economy、mental belief、Daily life and many levels，presents the etiquette civilization of the Han Dynasty、The life expectations of the social and the Han Dynasty、Hi Angry and Miles。Portrait of car and horse travel reflects the official travel ceremony of the Han Dynasty from a level、folk travel etiquette，shows the etiquette civilization of the Han Dynasty，Leave the valuable image information that cannot be conveyed by the descendants of the descendants。

　　(This article is the major project of the basic project of the basic project of philosophy and social sciences in Henan Province in 2022.、2021 Nanyang Teachers College Han Cultural Discipline Group Project "Han Dynasty Civilized Social Research" staged results)

(Author Unit: School of History of Nanyang Teachers College)