With the re -prosperity of the Mediterranean trade and the revival of ancient geographical knowledge，At the end of the 13th century，Reinaa、Venice and Catalonia and other places have the earliest navigation illustrations in Western Europe。The navigation map is a navigation guide with graphic and text，The theme is colorful sea map，Decoration of ships、Sea Monster、Banner、City Guo and other patterns，Instructions in important places。The Western European Navigation Illustrations of the 13th and 15th centuries are regarded as "one of the most important turning points in the history of map"。This is because，Compared to other navigation guidelines in the ancient world，It has the following prominent features。

　　bet365 Play online games Compared to other navigation guidelines in ancient times，The most obvious feature of the Western European Navigation Book in the 13th and 15th centuries is the labeled angle route、compass scaling disk、Wind direction rose map and ratio。During the navigation process，Sea workers based on analogy route，You can reach the destination port without changing a corner of a certain part，helps to formulate a navigation line in advance。Elberry routes need to be used in combination with the compass scale disk。The compass scales on the original pictorial book have only 4 positions。After gradually developing，In the second half of the 16th century, it reached 32 -bit。Wind direction rose map represents the frequency of various wind directions、average wind speed and maximum wind speed，According to the different requirements of the use object，There is a year、Jihe Yue and other types。The wind direction rose map uses a specific color to represent different wind directions，When you can't grasp the main wind direction，The navigator can choose a relatively correct route with the wind direction chart。Navigation Illustration Book often uses icons straight line ratio，The navigator can judge the navigation distance between different regions based on the illustration and proportion of the person.。other，The focus of attention to the navigator，Pandators specially processed different landforms: use red marking important cities，Put the island with different colors、Bougainvillea is distinguished from different landforms from the surrounding area，Or use a specific color or banner to indicate the political status of a certain place。For example，The white cross flag of the red background indicates the territory of the Hospital's Cavaliers Rhodes and Malta。To meet the actual needs of the voyages，The producer does not hesitate to sacrifice the local accuracy，By simplified or exaggerated depiction，Highlight the coastline、Important islands、Land in such as the coastal river and coastal rivers。After these processing，"In the navigation illustration，All trivial and useless elements are cleared "，Realized "the most authentic depiction of the world"。

　　The second, the information mostly comes from navigation practice.The main purpose of the Western European Sailing Book in the 13th-15th century is to guide the seafarers' maritime navigation。Therefore，accuracy is the basic requirements of the voyages for the illustrator。Due to the experience of most producers、The accumulation of timely updates of navigation knowledge and the accumulation of graphics technology years，The accuracy of the illustrated book is greatly improved。First，Many producers have directly participated in maritime navigation or engaged in activities that are closely related to marine。Grajuszo Beincasa, known for its high yield, served as captain for a long time，His son Andrea Benin Casha also has a dual identity of the master and captain。Capacity Andrea Biando served as Captain Frandel for 15 years。The producer of the picture of 1459 Antonio Pelician claims to be "the manager of Rutam Port"。Early most prestigious drawer Veskati has served as a maritime consultant in Venice。Second，Division of labor and cooperation during the production process。Due to the huge production of the production of the book，division of labor cooperation is inevitable。Some illustrations indicate the name of many producers。Even if only one bit is marked，Writing、Standard Red、Coloring、Painting and other work is also completed by multiple artisans。June 1399，Florence Merchant Ubiliacs entrusts Mallima Jewish Tucs, Clasks and Genoa Painting Gong Becari to make 4 Haitu。The contract clearly stipulates，The former draws the bottom diagram，The latter decorates the color of the bottom map。division of labor cooperation allows the producers to focus on a specific field，Effectively guarantee the specifications and precision of the illustration。again，For the place where you can’t kiss，The producer will try to get more accurate information from the personal calendar or professionals。In the "Reader" of a picture book，The producer specially understands the way to obtain materials。He said: "The above content refers to the personal experience of the producer and the reliable narrative of multiple people，Captain from the Spanish Sea and related waters、Boat owner、Sailor and pilot。They are good at navigation，Long -term or often sail in these sea areas。"" is due to the reliable source of the information of the charter，The accuracy of the illustrated book can be guaranteed。Even if there are not proper，The producer can quickly get feedback and revise it in time。So he added: "Many captains who are familiar with navigation skills、Ship owner and sailor tell me，In the illustration, the island of Steamonia is not drawn in the right place。Therefore，Vowing in the name of my Lord，In the current illustration，The island has been placed in the place where it deserves。"" Last，With the advancement of sea exploration and the emergence of new problems in the sea，The producer will update the content of the book in a timely manner。In the early navigation illustrations，There are only 16 corner routes for corner routes。In order to avoid the insufficient number of corner routes, the voyer has a large deviation when the estimated orientation and distance，In the early 15th century, the map -making person increased the corner routes to 32 items。other，With the development of maritime business，The mariners need to understand the specific location of more cities and villages around the ocean。For this，The drawing of the illustration of the picture is more detailed。For example，In a pictorial in 1313，There are only 36 place names on British Island，increased to 49 in 1320，More than 60 in 1327。Illustrations that are not updated in time will be scrapped soon，The worn -out sheepskin that is "nailed to the tattered door"，or a cloth strip of bundling books。

　　Third, has a certain scientific spirit.On the one hand，Religious content is placed in a secondary position。Affected by the times，The navigation illustrations cannot completely get rid of the influence of theology，But no matter the priest King John、Blessings、Daxi Island is still other mythical content，Both are placed in the place where inland or edge。The coastline that the navigator is most concerned about、other corner routes and other content will not be disturbed at all。On the other hand，The description of some navigation illustrations reflects a strong spirit of academic critical。For example，Discuss when the dividing line of the three continents of Asia and Africa，Fla Maolo Labor Book in the middle of the 15th century made a lot of views on various views。In Article 6 of the Description，He first sorted out the representatives and opinions of the two schools，Then analyze the two scholars in the Nile River、The Tasanius River and the Red Sea、The reason for the Edell River is the reason for the river。The final producer clarified his views and reasons。In fact，The producer's discussion on the division of the three continents has surpassed the basic function of the navigation guide，With the basic framework of modern academic criticism。You can imagine，Some producers have transformed from a capable craftsman who draws the illustrations to an expert with deep education。The theoretical literacy of a part of Western European navigation may also exceed people's imagination。In other words，Before the Geography Discovery，The accumulation of navigation knowledge of Western European people has reached the critical point from quantitative change to qualitative change。Subsequent changes to the development of the world process to open up new routes，It's just the result of the natural development of their navigation knowledge accumulation。

Actually，Except Western bet365 best casino games European Sailing Book，Different areas of the ancient world have also appeared in different regions of the world.、Voyage mileage and port along the line、ethnic group、Customs、Political status and other works。For example, Zhou Hangji of ancient Greece and Rome、The needle road (more road or waterway) book of the East China Sea and the South China Sea。Although these works have some characteristics of the navigation guide，But the actual role in the navigation still needs to be deepened。Compared with it，13-15th century Western European Navigation Book，Due to the use of angle routes、ratio、compass scaling disk、Wind direction rose map and other means to determine the orientation and speed，and mark and depict specific appearances through different colors，The content is clear at a glance，It is beneficial to the sailing person to quickly judge the position and the upcoming situation，Therefore, to formulate appropriate navigation solutions。At the same time，The reliability of the source of the producer information and the scientific spirit in the process of production，The accuracy and applicability of the navigation book before the geography discovery far exceed any previous era。Needless to say，Some parts of the illustration may occur in the phenomenon of imbalances or regional distortion。But overall，The recognition and reputation of the seafarers are unmatched by other similar works。Evilia Cheleby, a traveler of the Ottoman Empire, said: "The navigation illustration is a science，Is the soul of the navigation。The voyer is according to the instructions of the illustration，Sailing on the ocean。"" Because of this，Western European Navigation Book was translated into Arabic，Welcome to the Islamic navigator，widely used in the navigation bet365 Play online games of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean。In short，Western European Navigation Pictures that have appeared at the end of the 13th century can be described as truly practical navigation guide，Make knowledge accumulation and technology preparation for the upcoming geographical discovery and Xinhang Road development。

(The author is a professor at the School of Social Development and Public Management of Suzhou University of Science and Technology)