Since the 1960s and 1970s，Western history has entered a transition period，and a large number of steers appeared，"Emotional Turn" is one of them。Professor Zhang Guangzhi, a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University, believes in the History of Western History，The scope and content of historius research、Methods of Historical Studies and the Concept of History to reveal the characteristics of the new historic model of Western Western。"Emotional Treatment" is an important orientation for Western History Transformation，We can also explore from these three aspects: the research of emotional history and expand the scope of historius research，Update the method of historical research，Change the concept of history。

Multi -significance of "Emotional Treatment" in Western History

First，From the scope and content of historical research，Emotional History broaden the content of historical research。Since modern times，Emotions are excluded from historical research。Dutch historian Johan Huizinga is one of the earliest historians to notice emotion。Herinha mentioned in "The Middle Ages" mentioned "the characteristics of children -like children in the Middle Ages"。Nobel Elias, a German historian and sociologist, continues Hiyinha's idea in the process of civilization，Putting the changes in emotion in the large narrative of Western history，The history of the West is the history of emotion constantly。Academic circles generally traces the research of emotional history back to the French yearbook historian Lucien Febvre。Favel followed Hydinha's research，His article "Senior and History: How to Reconcts the Emotional Life in the past" in 1941 proposed to pay attention bet365 Play online games to human emotions and its forms。1985，American historians Peter Stearns and Carol Stearns in the "American History Review" in the "American History Review" article proposed "EMOTIONOLOGY" )，Created the study of contemporary emotional history。After that，Emotional History Researchers expand the research content to all aspects of emotion，Professor Wang Qingjia summarizes it as three categories: "The first category is historical emotion、Emotional fluctuations、Vurrying events are objects; the second category is in common historical events、Phenomenon，Examine the role of emotion and its influence; the third category starts from a special perspective of emotional inspection，Research predecessors less attention or different methods of attention。”

Next，From the perspective of historical research，Emotional history uses interdisciplinary theory and method。Cognitive Psychology、Sociology and anthropology have rich research results for emotions，Emotional History scholars also borrowed from these studies，Build your own analysis framework。As Australian historian Charles Zika (Charles Zika)，The research direction of emotional history is mainly: "the theory of updating the research of emotional history; use these theoretical research special periods、Special events and special emotions; conduct interdisciplinary research，Actively introduce research methods for other disciplines，Ru Literature、Philosophy、Art History、Psychology and Geography，etc.。”

Last，From the perspective of historical concepts，Emotional history has changed "Historian's basic views on history and history"。There are two different angles of emotional research: cognitive psychology and anthropology。Cognitive psychology emphasizes the biological dimension of emotion，The main purpose of the research is to Bet365 app download discover the commonality of human emotions; while anthropology emphasizes the cultural construction of emotion。Social constructivity that emphasizes emotion is closely related to the transition of linguistics in the academic world，Social Constructionist believes that "emotion is based on language、Culture、expectation and moral views，This means that each culture has its own emotion and behavior rules "。Emotional History Tips to get rid of the opposition of universalism and social constructivism，At the same time as the generality of affirmative emotions，Also pay attention to the social and historic of emotion。

Features of Emotional History Research

I think，The characteristics of emotional history research are two points。One，Emotional History emphasizes the emotion in specific time and space。(1) Emotion in space。For example，American historian Barbara Rosenwein's concept of "Emotional Community" proposed in 2002。Emotional community is "defined or evaluated as valuable or harmful (emotional); evaluation of other people's emotions; characteristics of interpersonal emotional bonds; expectation、Encouragement、tolerance、Model of Emotional expression such as condemnation "。People can move from one emotional community to another emotional community，If from a small tavern to court，People "Adjust their emotional performance and judgment of disaster and blessing according to different environments"。Similar，Historian Mark Seymour (Emotional Arena。with Simo，"Emotional Stage" refers to a church like a church、Wedding、Funeral、Delivery motels and other places or occasions，This place or occasion can produce special emotions suitable for it。

(2) "Historical Emotion"。For example，historian Lyndal Roper trying to deepen psychoanalysis with emotional history，History of emotion。She pointed out the dilemma Bet365 lotto review of psychoanalysis theory: "On the one hand，Psychoanalysis is an antiques，historical products of the nineteenth century; on the other hand，Psychoanalysis is the universalism，The human spiritual function and historical research it claims are incompatible。"" In this regard, we can see the difference between emotional history and general psychoanalysis，History of emotional history will historically。Although emotion is common、continuous，and exist in various periods，But some emotions in a certain period will occupy the mainstream，Such as early modern envy、The horror of the French Revolution and the sadness of World War I during World War I.，etc.。From the view of Rouper，jealousy is historic，Although it is a common emotion，But it only occupies the mainstream in the early days。She pointed out: "In the late 16th century and early 17th century，The process formed by the elite class has just begun，Many villages are controlled by six or seven major families。Those who have wealth and status think they will be jealous，So I am particularly anxious about jealousy。” 

Its two，Emotion in the text of emotional history research。Although the emotional history researcher pays attention to the emotion in specific time and space，but accurately speaking，Emotional History Research is the appearance of emotion in specific time and space，The emotion shown in various materials。American historian Natalie Zemon Davis (Natalie Zemon Davis) noticed this in "Fiction in Files" (1987): Many of the pardoners in France in the 16th century France asked many forgivers Use Shengnu as a reason for your own killing，Because of the "Sudden Furious Anger，Under the circumstances，It can be the reason for the king's forgiveness -that is, it can reduce crimes，Under the religious framework，This is also a crime that must be forgiven "。Obviously，Please be shown in the book is not bet365 Play online games the true emotion of the parties，More emotional emotions，The France of France in the 16th century can be used as a reason for being accepted and recognized，Therefore, this kind of emotion will appear in the narrative of the story of the sin。Here，We can see the connection between emotional history and linguistic steering，The historicity of emotion is to show emotion，It is necessary to study the style of these emotional texts、Context and production。

Practical steering of emotional research

Although there is a certain relationship with the turning of emotional history and linguistics，But the history of emotional history is more transcendence of the turning of linguistics。Linda Ropper thinks，Dialogue research has fallen into trouble，Because discourse studies cannot explain how language and concepts cause action。She wrote: "Dialogue research cannot provide psychological interpretation，It is impossible to explain why some concepts can lead to a unique way of behavior in people。and the history of emotional history can connect psychology and action。"For example，American historian and anthropologist William Reddy, based on British philosopher John Austin's words -the "emotive" proposed by Speeech Act, The concept is such an attempt。Austin believes that language is not only descriptive (constative)，Performative。"Description" is equivalent to universalism，"Description of the World"，"Implementation" is equivalent to social constructionism，That is "the statement of changing the world"。"Emotional expression" can also be "do things with words" as if performing words.，Both reflected and constructed emotional experience。”

American historian and anthropologist Monique Scheer proposed "emotion is thought，It is language，even action "。Schoul in "Is Emotional Is Emotional Practice?" 》 (2012) Try to break through the dual opposite of Cartccal's physical and mental binary，bet365 Play online games Emphasize that physical and mental blending in emotion，That is, emotion is not only spiritual，It is also a kind of physical practice。At the same time，She uses her body as an intermediary，Apart from a breakthrough structure and the subject。Here，She is based on the concept of habitus, Pierre Bourdieu, a French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu.，The emotional (subject) is about to be understood as a physical practice (habit) that generates the constraints of social context (structural)。Based on this，Schoul proposed four emotional practice: mobilizing (mobilizing)、Record (Naming)、Communication and regulating (regulating)。The "Emotional expression" of Reydi belongs to the emotional practice of the record。We take the emotional practice of communication as an example to explain。In communication，Emotion is obviously practical。Schor pointed out: "The success of emotional performance depends on the skills of the performer and the interpretation of the recipient's interpretation of this"，The interpretation of emotional interpretation of the recipient is based on the physical practice of the performer ("facial expression、Gesture、Sound mode、Body posture，or like tears、Appearance of skin color changes or heavy breathing "); successful emotional communication depends on these physical practical information" being accepted in an expected manner "。People believe in the connection between the inner emotions and external physical performance，Therefore, physical practice must be in line with the inner emotion，To reflect the sincerity of emotions。For example，In the early modern witchcraft trial，Witch is considered to be a lack of emotion，This is reflected in two aspects: their body is dry，Their heart is cold。Where，The body is dry means "won't shed tears"，This is the symbol of evil; therefore Bet365 app download in the interrogation，"No tears" has become an important symbol to determine that one is a witch。Visible，Tears are the symbol of pity，Compassion (Compassion) was a major emotion that shows Christian devotion in the late Middle Ages and early modern times。Obviously，Body practice is restricted by social context。For example，French historian Anne Vincent-Buffault mentioned in "History of Tears" (1986)，France in the 18th century，The flood of tears is acceptable; and between the 18th and 19th century，People ask women to restrain emotions。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University)