Most ancient Chinese literati had a special liking for gold and stone antiquities，Gong Zizhen, a celebrity in the late Qing Dynasty, is no exception。The "Chronology of Mr. Dingzhen" written by Wu Changshou Bet365 app download Qing Dynasty said that he "traveled to Taixue" when he was seventeen years old，See Shiguwen，Great one，From then on, the study of epigraphy began”，Embarked on the path of researching and collecting gold and stones。

Gong Zizhen collected a rich variety of ancient gold and stones，So many，Invincible Memory，Treasures alone have “three secrets”、Shihua、Ninety offerings”。Among them，The most treasured and loved one by Gong Zizhen，The Han Dynasty Fengnuo mutton-fat white jade private Bet365 app download is regarded as the first of the "Three Secrets"，The Bet365 app download is "緁伃妾娋" in Bai Wenniao Chong Bet365 app download script。緁伃，Jieyu，is the name of the female official in the palace，First established during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty。Concubine is a modest woman，娋 is a woman’s name。"緁妤妾娋"，Still said "Prime Minister, minister"，This Bet365 app download should be used to write a letter of self-effacement。

However，This Bet365 app download has often been regarded as a relic of Zhao Feiyan by collectors since the Ming Dynasty。As ​​Li Rihua, a collector from the Ming Dynasty, said: "The Bet365 app download of Zhao Feiyan in the Han Palace，I don’t know when he lived in the world，The Yan clan once hid in Jiajing，Returned to Xiang Molin，Returned to Xishan Fahrenheit。Yu Aimu for more than ten years，Purchased and hidden in Liuyanzhai，It is a unique item，Forever a treasure。If you wish to use fifteen cities，How can it be easy。” (Bao Changxi’s “Gold and Stone Chips”) Judging from Li Rihua’s account，Although I don’t know when this square Bet365 app download was unearthed，But since the Ming Dynasty, there have been clues about the secrets，And the collectors are all famous people，Nature is worth cherishing，Not to mention it is regarded as the Bet365 app download worn by Zhao Feiyan, the empress of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, when she was Jieyu。So he said it without exaggeration，Even in exchange for fifteen cities，I won’t consider it either。

After entering the Qing Dynasty，This Bet365 app download is owned by Wending。Gong Zizhen exchanged the Song rubbing "Lou Shou Stele" (one theory is the Song rubbing "Huadu Temple Stele") that Zhu Yizun had collected and five hundred taels of silver，The incident occurred in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825)。Next year，Gong Zizhen’s poem "Yiyou December 19th"，Get a white jade Bet365 app download with Han Phoenix button，The text says "灁伃concubine Zhao"，Now that it has been recorded in a collection of articles，Composing poems with great joy，Advocate for Huanzhong，Four poems chronicling the event。The second poem says: "Start with the soul-killing extreme"，The original flow is not announced。surname is suspected Gou Yi，People come first in Lihua。Hidden meaning of flying potential，Hugh Seeking Dexiang Chapter。Ding Who Passes Primary School，or Shi Youluo。"Note: "Mrs. Xiaowu Gouyi is also surnamed Zhao，The last word on this Bet365 app download is bird Bet365 app download，Three pecking birds，Bird’s Toe 2，I know that I have hidden my name。”

From the title of Gong’s poem and the content of the second poem、See from the note，He concluded that this Bet365 app download belonged to Zhao Feiyan，Because of the misinterpretation of "娋" as "Zhao"，And it is believed that its character contains "bird's pecking three"，Bird’s Toe Two”。Gong Zizhen thinks，The Bet365 app download is written with the character "Zhao"，The glyph is also shaped like a bird，Coinciding with the name of Feiyan，Then this Bet365 app download must belong to Zhao Feiyan，It is also speculated that the author of this Bet365 app download may be Huangmenling Shiyou, a famous philologist at that time。

Gong’s interpretation error，Already corrected by the academic community，No need to say more。However，According to Gong Zizhen’s own annotation in a poem in "Jihai Miscellaneous Poems: Zhang Du Xijing Talks About Foreign Family"，Gong has been studying "Shuowen Jiezi" from his maternal grandfather Duan Yucai since he was twelve years old。Wei Yuan also believed that Gong Zizhen "takes Liushu Primary School as the entry point" for learning，With the scholars of Zhou and Qin、吉金、Leshi is Yaguo" ("Preface to Dingzhen Wenlu")。Bet365 app download can be seen that his academic work is based on philology，The scope is as far as the study of epigraphy，Therefore, Gong was known as a master of calligraphy at that time，Why did you mistake "娋" for "Zhao"？

　This is because，On the one hand，Gong Zizhen’s ultimate academic goal is not to test Chinese writing，It’s about clearing the menstrual flow and applying it，So I didn’t work hard in elementary school，Not yet well versed in the structural rules of ancient characters，Limited by the overall level of paleography at that time，So even though it seems to be famous today, it is difficult to live up to it；On the other hand，Because of the "official Bet365 app download" he holds, he wants it to be forgotten，The collection concept of "privately printing and collecting history" has strongly misled its understanding。

"The official Bet365 app download wants it to be unhistorical，Private seals to collect history" is the collection concept proposed by Gong Zizhen in the article "Shuo Yin"，The text says:

Too tired！Self-written text of Jia Chu Jijin，Specialized in ancient seals，There are two attackers。Or: It’s a small thing，Bi Sheng Lu；or: instant recording，Appendix of Zhong Yi’s final slips。The former Liu Xiang、Ban Gu all said: Miao Zhuan，So copy the Bet365 app download。There are eight in "Hanshu"，And the imitation is special。The scattered hands of the ancient official’s private Bet365 app download，Primary school student、Those who rely on ancient times to learn from China，Don’t be the same one，Inherently said？Fu Tiao、The poor people love ancient things，People from Guanlong love Guwa，The Good Fourteen。As for the making of fish-shaped animal faces，The article of Jiyang Wealth，Or from ancient potters，Too many things lead to insufficient happiness；Not the same school，Wouldn’t it be better to store seals？Ruov Diqi Niu，Bie Qi Jin Third Grade，This is also a cornerstone of the system。Official name not found in history，This is also a supplement to ancient history。The history of name scandal，This is the deep affection of the ancients。The husband’s official Bet365 app download wants him to be forgotten，Privately Bet365 app download the history，This mountain of Yulu is the purpose of seeking ancient seals。Ti or Miao Zhuan，Maybe the province is not Miao Zhuan。

This article clearly demonstrates Gong’s motivations and principles for collecting ancient seals。Gong thinks，The collection of ancient seals is divided into one department，There are three reasons for this: one is based on the shape of the ancient official Bet365 app download，You can examine the printing system at that time；Second, the official names seen in ancient official seals are not recorded in history，It can make up for the shortcomings of history；The third is that privately printed names appear in history，You can express your nostalgia for the past。In view of the latter two，Gong Zizhen put forward two principles for collecting ancient seals: official seals should not be seen in historical records，Private printing is the opposite。It is also this concept，As a result, Gong Zizhen looked at this jade Bet365 app download with a very strong desire to "privately Bet365 app download the history" and even "to expose the history"，In addition, it was limited by the paleography level of the person at that time or he had not seriously studied the seals from the perspective of philology，Then continue to follow Ming people’s prejudices，This Bet365 app download is used by Zhao Feiyan，No wonder。

Except for this Bet365 app download，Among the "Ninety Offerings"，There are still "eleven types of printing materials" (Zhang Zulian's "Chronology of Mr. Dingzhen")。These prints are mostly poems、Auspicious language、Collection and other seals，Maybe it’s an ancient Bet365 app download，Maybe it was the work of a famous artist at that time。There are also private seals used by celebrities before the Gong family，Such as "Ma Xianglan cherishes flowers and makes moon Bet365 app download" and "Mr. Taibai carves name Bet365 app download"，Although the past is not far away，It is also enough to "remember the deep feelings of the ancients"。

Gong Zizhen’s official Bet365 app download collection，Also follows his own philosophy of "not wanting to have official status" in order to "examine the system" and "make up for ancient history"。Gong's "Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai·Xi Dynasty Official Edition Kuai Ru Zheng" notes: "Fourteenth year"，Official system from ancient times to modern times。The first and second chapters of Jin Cheng's "Profits and Losses of Han Officials"，An article from "One Hundred Kings and Yi Cong Lun"，To meet the aspirations of the next generation。”Visible，His attention to the official system of ancient and modern times, especially the official system of the Han Dynasty，Since childhood and adulthood，Never heard of anything。One of the sources for his research on the official system of the Han Dynasty，This is the collected official Bet365 app download of the Han Dynasty，This can be seen from the note in the poem "Jihai Miscellaneous Poems: Qi Qi cannot be closed" that "the ninety squares of official seals are compiled into a volume of "Han Guan Supplements"。Unfortunately, "Han Guan Supplement" is no longer published，Cannot see its original appearance。Mr. Sha Menghai said that this book is "called Supplementary Materials"，Most of them are officials without history" ("Shacun Bet365 app download")，As reasonable。

In short，Whether it is as a scholar pursuing studies, "the official Bet365 app download is to avoid history," to "examine the system" and "make up for ancient history"，Or as a scholar's elegant taste, "privately Bet365 app download the history" to "reminisce about the ancients"，All reflect the high consistency between Gong Zizhen’s ancient Bet365 app download collection practice and collection philosophy。Unfortunately, the actual situation of the private seals of ancient officials collected by Gong Zizhen is no longer available，We can only get a brief glimpse from the above sporadic records。

　　(The Bet365 app download is an assistant researcher at the Institute of Language and Literature, Hebei Academy of Social Sciences)