“bet365 apuestas” during the Byzantine period has always been a hot topic in academic circles，And there is a lot of controversy on this issue。The word "identity" in the Chinese context，There are many translations of "identity", "identity", "identity", "characteristics", etc.。In a nutshell，“Identity” answers the question “Who am I?”。Therefore，bet365 apuestas studies the question “Who are the Greeks?”，Byzantine bet365 apuestas studies the Byzantine people’s identification with the identity of “Greeks”。Research on this issue，Not only helps to understand the development of ancient Greek culture in the Byzantine Empire，And it is helpful to understand how the Byzantines defined their identity，It also has important reference significance for studying the rise of national consciousness in modern Greece。

　　The “bet365 apuestas” of early and middle Byzantium

During most of the early and middle years of the Byzantine Empire，The term "Hellen" is equivalent to pagans or even barbarians，Hence no bet365 apuestas。The opening of the new capital of Constantinople in 330 AD marked the beginning of Byzantine history，With the promotion of Roman citizenship and the Christianization of the empire，The term "Greek" has gradually lost its original national connotation。It was first used to refer to those who adhere to the traditional religion of ancient Greece，The so-called pagans，Later developed to be used to refer to any non-Christian or even barbarian (P. Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992, pp.129-133）。6th century，Although the pagan connotations contained in the title "Greeks" are beginning to fade，But still faced official hostility。Emperor Justinian I once said，To purify “the empire of impious and filthy Greek fallacies”，And deprive those who “practice Hellenism” of their civil rights，Make sure their books are burned。The historian Procopius also mentioned that the Romans used the word "Graecus" to disparage the Greeks。

However，The Byzantine Empire’s inheritance of ancient bet365 apuestas culture was not broken by this。The early church fathers of the empire were committed to removing the polytheistic color from ancient bet365 apuestas culture，Merge it、Absorbed into Christian culture。In the middle Byzantine period，With the establishment of the official status of the Orthodox Church，The tense confrontation between Christianity and Hellenism is beginning to ease。The seventh-century poet George Bisidis once compared Emperor Irakli to Heracles，Use characters from bet365 apuestas mythology to enhance the image of the emperor as a defender of Christianity。To the Macedonian Dynasty，With the comprehensive revival of ancient bet365 apuestas culture，Although the ancient equation between Greeks and pagans never completely expired，But it is safe to use this word and its derivatives to refer to the language and literature of ancient Greece。The 10th-century Byzantine scholar John Gaimitris in his poems，The names of classical writers are often mentioned，And gave high praise to philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle (J. M. Hussey, Church and Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867—1185, New York: Oxford University Press, 1963, pp.33-36）。The 11th-century philosopher Michael Psellos was familiar with the Iliad from childhood，And has a strong interest in ancient bet365 apuestas philosophy。Under his impetus，Byzantine Platonist philosophy was further developed。

　　The rise of bet365 apuestas in late Byzantium

The rise of Byzantine bet365 apuestas can be traced back to the Komnenos dynasty in the 12th century。The meaning of the word "Hellen" is beginning to change，It represents people who have received the same classical education。The Byzantine poet and jurist John Czes proudly declared that he was a pure Greek。With the decline of Byzantine power and the rise of the Latin West，Pure political and religious differences can no longer distinguish them from the Latins，The Byzantines could only turn to a more lasting legacy，i.e. classical Greece。The word Hellene with contemporary Greek national connotations has begun to be used more and more frequently，bet365 apuestas distinguishes Byzantine scholars from Latins and those uneducated Greeks or semi-Greek。Anna Comnena not only wrote "The Life of Alexius" in ancient Greek，When the names of Western barbarians or Rus (Scythians) are occasionally mentioned，She even apologized to readers，Because this “detracts from the nobility and theme of history”。The conflict between the East and the West reached a climax when the Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople in 1204，This also accelerated the evolution of bet365 apuestas。

During the Nicaea Empire，bet365 apuestas begins to officially enter official ideology。Emperor John III of Nicaea believed in a letter to the Pope，“Wisdom prevails among our genos”。His son Theodore II also emphasized a cultural and genealogical connection with the ancient Greeks。Theodore II believed，The ancient Greeks breathed the same air as the Greeks of his time，Speaking the same language，Shedding the same blood (Theodore II Lascaris, Theodori Ducae Lascaris Epistulae, N. Festa, ed., Florence: Istituto di studi superiori pratici e di perfezionamento, 1898, CIX，1.48-49）。This way，The word "Hellen" formerly equated with pagans，Now it has become a term that can be used to define self-identity but is biased towards the cultural level。Although the Nicaean emperors referred to themselves and their subjects as Greeks，But political identification with Rome remains a major component of its identity，They still considered themselves the legitimate emperors of the Romans。

　　The development of bet365 apuestas in the late Byzantine period

　The capture of Constantinople in 1261 marked the beginning of the last dynasty of the Paleolegs，bet365 apuestas further developed。bet365 apuestas during this period not only included recognition of ancient Greek language and culture，Also about the history of ancient Greece、Geographical and even ethnic identity。The 14th-century scholar Theodora Metozites once said, “We are participants and inheritors of the ancient Greek ‘race’ and language” (S. Vryonis, “bet365 apuestas in the Middle Ages”，Etudes Balkaniques, Vol.6, 1999, pp.34-35）。Although the emperors continued to hold the usual title "Emperor (basileus) and despot of the Romans"，But some famous figures of this era began to work hard to persuade the emperors to accept the title "Emperor of the Greeks"。Pleason of Mystra in a letter to Manuel II said: "Racially"，We are all Greeks under your rule，Our language and the culture of our ancestors are the best proof。”Plesson also emphasized the continuity of the Greeks，They have always lived in mainland Greece，Is a person with a common culture、Heritage and Ancestral Territory Groups。

Before and after the fall of the empire，Byzantium’s bet365 apuestas reached its peak，It not only became part of the Byzantine ethnic identity，Even equivalent to their ethnic identity。Bessarion in a letter to Emperor Constantine XI，Call the Greeks our people。He envisioned a bet365 apuestas shaped by memories of geography and words，Passed down from generation to generation through classical education。Mikhail Apostolis also called himself and his contemporaries "children of the Greeks"，Considers that there is no clear dividing line between ancient and contemporary Greece。George of Trebizond also considered himself a Greek，is a person connected to the Greek lands and the Greek past。He used the word "patria" to emphasize the connection between the ancient Greeks and the Greeks who lived at the end of the Byzantine Empire (H. Lamers, Greece Reinvented: Transformations of Byzantine Hellenism in Renaissance Italy, Leiden: Brill, 2015, p.137）。The historian Laonicus always refers to the Byzantines as Greeks in his works，Use "Hellene" and its derivatives to refer to all things Byzantine。Cenadius Sclarius, the Patriarch of Constantinople after the fall of the empire, also considered himself and his Byzantine compatriots to some extent Greeks，Their homeland is Hellas。

　Differences in bet365 apuestas in the late Byzantine period

Although many scholars turned to bet365 apuestas before and after the fall of the empire，But the specific content of their identity in Greece、There are also obvious differences in properties and causes。These scholars can be roughly divided into three groups: For scholars in exile in Italy, represented by Bessarion，Most of them are supporters of Aristotle’s philosophy，Positive attitude on the issue of union between Eastern and Western churches。They hope to resist the Turks with help from the West，Even restore imperial rule。Their bet365 apuestas is a passive acceptance process under the influence of the Latin West。The identity of the Greeks catered to the needs of social and cultural development at that time，Can give them political and economic help in Italy。

For the scholars of Constantinople represented by Sklarius，At first they hoped to use the scholastic tradition to deal with the crisis of the times，Because the Latins developed Greek philosophy，But on the premise that the Turks allow them to maintain their religious beliefs，They also began to oppose church mergers，And accept the rule of the Turks。Sclarius’ bet365 apuestas becomes a mere formality，The specific reference to the Greeks is not clear either。Religious identity is the main part of their identity，Their goal is to establish an Orthodox world centered on Constantinople。

For the scholars of Mistra represented by Plesson，They are adherents of Neoplatonism，Also opposed to Turkish rule，Also opposed to the union of Eastern and Western churches。They wanted to establish an independent state ruled by the Greeks。They turned to bet365 apuestas to prevent the cultural alienation of Byzantine scholars，To protect the community from the threats of Turks and Latins。This recognition is completely spontaneous，Not influenced by the West。In this sense，They were the first to envision a "New Greece" state，Their bet365 apuestas is not only equivalent to ethnic identity，It is also a symbol of the rise of Greek national consciousness in modern times。

In summary，The bet365 apuestas of the Byzantine Empire probably arose during the Komnenos dynasty in the 11th to 12th centuries，reached a climax in the Nicene period after 1204，With the capture of Constantinople in 1261，bet365 apuestas further developed，Until it reached its peak in the mid-15th century。The bet365 apuestas of the Byzantine Empire was not static，Identification of ancient Greek culture is its most important core，Later, it rose to Greek history、Geographical and even ethnic identity。Byzantium’s bet365 apuestas has complex social and historical reasons，In the context of dominant imperial and Christian discourses，Based on the perception of classical Greek and Roman history，Influenced by different elements within society、Gradually formed by the mutual influence of foreign cultures and nations。

　　(The author is a lecturer at the School of History and bet365 apuestas, Hebei Normal University)