Tubo was a local kingdom in ancient China located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，Tocharia is an ancient country in Central Asia (its center is in northeastern Afghanistan)。From the geographical location，Tubo and Tochar are both bordering the Pamirs，It can be said that the geographical proximity is close，Easy for transportation。From the perspective of national origin，The Tocharians include the Yuezhi people, a nomadic tribe who once lived in the Hexi Corridor of my country，The formation of Tubo and the westward migration bet365 coupon code Qiang、Related to Tang Yan and others，Both belong to the broad Di and Qiang ethnic group recorded in history books。In terms of religion and culture，Both are core areas for the influence and spread of Buddhism。Therefore，Discuss the religious and cultural exchanges between Tibet and Tochar，It is of great significance for studying the exchanges and integration within the Chinese nation and the history of cultural exchanges with the outside world。

　　Origin, migration and geographical location of bet365 coupon code

About the origin of Tochara、Migration and the establishment of states，It is a hot topic in academic circles at home and abroad，Despite nearly a hundred years of debate，But there are still many problems unresolved。Looking at the relationship between Tochara and Chinese history，There are two main points of view。The first view is that，Tochar is related to the "Yue clan" recorded in Chinese history books。Among them，After the Great Yueshi moved westward，Established the Kingdom of Daxia and Kushan，Historical books from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties called it "Tochar"。The "Yueshi" who stayed in China are called "Little Yuezhi"，The remaining descendants bet365 coupon code Dayue clan after they moved westward；It was called "Yellow Ox" from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties、White Horse、Congchuqiang”, “Zhongyun”, “Nanshan”, etc.，Distributed from the Qilian Mountains to Congling in the Hexi Corridor。The second view is that，"Tochar" and its activities in northern China、Related to the "Great Xia" who later moved westward to Congling，It has no direct relationship with the Yuezhi (Xu Wenkan: "Comment on Wang Xin's New Work "Research on the History of Tochar"，"Shilin" Issue 4, 2003)。

The author is inclined to think that "Tochar" is related to "Yueshi"，This is a slightly mainstream view。Tochar belongs to what Western scholars call Indo-Europeans，Originated in West Asia or Southeast Europe around 3000 BC。The tribe later gradually moved eastward，At the latest around the 3rd century BC，As a branch of Indo-Europeans，The Tocharians are already distributed in a large area from Central Asia to the Hexi Corridor in China，It is located in "Dunhuang as the history books call it、The Yuezhi people from Qilian。About mid-2nd century BC，The Yuezhi was destroyed by the Xiongnu，Most moved to the west of Congling。At this time，The Kingdom of Bactria ruled by the Greeks is in internal and external troubles、In the midst bet365 coupon code storm，The Yuezhi who migrated westward crossed the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers，Ended Greek rule in Bactria，Build the East Juicong Ridge、Bordering Persia to the west、Beizi Iron Gate、The country south to the Snowy Mountains (Hindu Kush)，Make Lan's City the capital，Referred to as "Great Xia" in Chinese literature，And known as Tochari in ethnic literature。1st century BC to 1st century AD，The Yuezhi people went south and entered India，There are still some parts that have entered rest。To about the 2nd century，The Yuezhi people established the powerful empire "Kushan Dynasty" from Central Asia to North India，Guo Zuo and other lines continued until the end bet365 coupon code 4th century and the beginning bet365 coupon code 5th century。Down to Sui and Tang Dynasties，You can also find traces of Tochara，Xuan Zang once visited the "Hometown of Fan Huuluo Country"，There were more than ten small countries at that time，The big one is more than a thousand miles on Wednesday，A small one is hundreds of miles away，The center is in the northern border of present-day Afghanistan (Ji Xianlin et al.: "Records bet365 coupon code Western Regions bet365 coupon code Tang Dynasty"，Zhonghua Book Company 1985 edition，Page 100-101)。

　　Tochara helped introduce bet365 coupon code to Tibet

Just when the Yuezhi people moved westward、Across the Syr Darya and Amu Darya，End Greek rule in Bactria and establish Bactria、Kuishang，In the historical span of hundreds of years until the Sui and Tang Dynasties，Tibet and Tochara on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have contacts and exchanges。Some scholars believe that，Tho Gar, one bet365 coupon code "Nine Masang Tribes" who ruled Tibet in the legendary era，Perhaps refers to Tochar。Judging from some records in Bon religious literature，There are indeed clues to be found。

The section "The Genealogy bet365 coupon code Sacred Bolu" in the Tibetan document "The Origin of Bon Religion in Tibet" is worth noting，Qiyun，Nanmu Saijidu, one bet365 coupon code Bon lineages bet365 coupon code Bon religion passed down by Xin Rao，In Wujana、Bulu and Tocharia，Conquered the evil spirit、Namuluna, the devil who harms humans and animals，And spread the teachings of Bon religion in these countries。For this，The king of Tochara dedicated the entire kingdom to Nanmu Saijidu。Later，The descendants of Nanmu Saijidu were invited by King Yangtong，Arrived in Tubo，Being named a guru。Result，The entire land of Yangtong and Tubo is under the jurisdiction of Bolu (written by Kalmei，Wang Yao、Translated by Chen Guansheng: "Selected History of Bon Religion"，Contained in "Collection of Translations of Foreign Tibetan Studies" No. 1，Tibet People's Publishing House 1985 Edition，Page 271-272)。Accordingly，The origin and spread of Bon religion seems to have been related to Tochara from the beginning。

Another way to say it is，Bon religious scriptures were only spread in Dashi area at first，Later passed to Yangtong by six Dashi translators、India、Kashmila、Tochar (thod dkar)、Börü’s Bonists，Then it spread to Han Dynasty、Gesar、Su Bi、Tubo and Muya (Shacha Tashi Gyaltsen: "The Origin of Bon Religion in Tibet"，National Publishing House 1985 edition，Page 151)。“大食” is originally the transliteration of Persian tazi，Originally the name of a Persian tribe，Later due to the conquest of Persia by the Arabs，Historical books bet365 coupon code Tang Dynasty called the Arab Empire moving eastward as the "Great Food"。"大食" is spelled ta zig in ancient Tibetan，Or more Tibetan and written as stag gzig。However, the "Dashi" as the origin of Bon religion does not seem to be equated with the Arab Empire recorded in the history books bet365 coupon code Tang Dynasty，It can only be understood as somewhere between today’s Iran and western Tibet，That’s why there is a saying that Bon scriptures were first spread in Dashi and were later introduced to Tibet。

Bon scriptures，Around 100 AD when the eighth king of Tubo was Zhigong Zanpu，A founder of Bon religion named Xinrao Miwoche in Yangtong area，Combining a heretic that came from a large food in western India with the original Bon religion，Created a new classic "vkhyar bon"。This new Bon religion is different from the original Bon religion，The main difference is that it does not recognize past and future lives，But still believe that there are ghosts and gods (written by Dongga Lobsang Chilie，Guo Guanzhong、Translated by Wang Yuping: "On the Theocratic System of Tibet"， Tibet People's Publishing House 2008 Edition，Page 6-7)。The Tibetan historical book "The Sage's Wedding Banquet" specifically describes it in the section of Zhigong Zanpu: "At that time，From the Gu Ran Wa Tra place at the junction of Tianzhu and Dashi，Get the heretic Axia (va zha) Bon religion。They soar in the sky，Cut the tree into strips，Crack stone into gravel，And often offer wine and meat to ghosts，The king regarded these Bon believers as his guru。” (written by Bawo Zula Chenwa，Huang Hao、Translated by Zhou Runnian: "The Sage's Wedding Banquet—Translation and Annotation bet365 coupon code History of Tubo"，Minzu University of China Press 2010 Edition，Page 8) Same，We have reason to understand this "junction of Tianzhu and Dashi" as the Tocharian region。

Some scholars believe，The Manichean dualism of good and evil that has been popular in Persia since the 3rd century has had a certain influence on bet365 coupon code。The dualism of good and evil in Manichaeism: light and darkness are the origins of good and evil，The kingdom of light versus the kingdom of darkness，Good people can find happiness after death，The wicked must fall into hell after death。In the teachings of bet365 coupon code，These two oppositions also occupy a dominant position，“A miraculous pregnancy occurred through two rays of light (one white and one red)”，The Bon master Xinrao Miwoche was born；The appearance of one white and one black beam，Became the "Black Hell" that creates evil deeds and the "Existence-loving Master" that creates good deeds。Shi Taian thinks，Perhaps this phenomenon can be seen as the influence of Manichaeism or Zoroastrianism on bet365 coupon code (written by Shi Taian，Translated by Geng Sheng: "The Civilization of Tibet"，China Tibetology Press 2005 Edition，No. 267、268、272、273 pages)。

　Tocharian translators helped introduce Buddhism to bet365 coupon code

From a historical and cultural perspective，At least from the end bet365 coupon code 2nd century BC to the beginning bet365 coupon code 1st century AD，The Da Yuezhi people have already believed in Buddhism，Kushan is also famous for its belief in Buddhism，This is an unearthed architectural site、Confirmed by engravings and Kushan coins (Wang Zhilai: "History of Central Asia"，China Social Sciences Press 1980 Edition，Page 120-126)。Tochar, which emerged after Kushan，It was a country that believed in Buddhism until the Sui and Tang Dynasties。Silla monk Huichao returned to the Tang Dynasty through the Western Regions during the Kaiyuan period，Via Gandhara、Wuchangguo、罽bin国，Then "to Tochara...the king, leaders and people, etc.，Respect the Three Treasures，Foot Temple Foot Monk，Practice the Hinayana Dharma" (Zhang Yi: "Explanation bet365 coupon code Notes to the Five Tianzhu Kingdoms"，Zhonghua Book Company 1994 edition，Page 96)。The above records indicate，Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, from the so-called Daxia、Kushan to Tochara，In fact, they are the center areas for the spread of Buddhism，It is entirely possible to spread Buddhism from this central area to the Pamir Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau adjacent to the east。

In this context, it is a natural topic to discuss the role of Tochara in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet。Generally believed，Buddhism was introduced into Tibet in two stages，The first is the beginning bet365 coupon code period of Latuo Tuo Rinianzan (reigned around the middle bet365 coupon code 4th century)，Second, the period of Songtsen Gampo (reigned in the first half bet365 coupon code 7th century) gradually reached a large scale。In the previous period，There are also two theories: "sacred objects descended from heaven" and "introduced from Tianzhu"，The Tibetan history book "History of Naipa Dharma" written in the 13th century holds the latter view，It said: "When the sage (Latutu Ri Nian Zan) is in charge，Li Tianzi and Tocharo (thod dkar) translator Luo Sencuo，Pandita scholar Li Jing was invited from Tianzhu to lecture the king，Because there was no writing in Tibet at that time，Unable to accept，Then the Buddha Speaks bet365 coupon code Mahayana Jewel King Sutra (written on yellow paper)，Use gold powder to write the six-character mantra (Sanskrit)，There is a wooden cross handprint on the top，Dedicated to the king；Also said: ‘To salute all the holy objects、Turn around、Offer，You must gain something，What kind of blessing do you wish for，All available，It is useless for me to stay in Tubo for a long time。’ After that, we headed straight to Han Dynasty。”(Zhaba Meng Lanluo’s outstanding work)，Wang Yao、Translated by Chen Jian: "History of Naiba Teachings - Ancient Tan Flower Garland"，"China Tibetology" Issue 1, 1990) Regarding the "Li Tianzi" in the article，The Tibetan history book "Qingshi" is also called "Translator"，Gu can be regarded as a Khotanese from the Western Regions；"Translator Rosentso" was named Tochar，The implication here is to emphasize that Buddhism was introduced to Tibet and also to Khotan、The role of Tochar and other Western Region countries。

The role of Tochar in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet，There is another one that was written earlier but was only translated in recent years、Published version，The Tibetan wall inscriptions of Qiuci Grottoes found in the early post-Hong Kong period of Tibetan Buddhism (11th-12th century)，Named "The Roof of King Diruga's Palace in Educut, the Mirror bet365 coupon code World Known as Shambhala"。The same story is recorded in it: Tubo Zan Pratuo Tuo Rinian Zan Era，The Tocharian envoy brought the Buddhist scriptures、Vajra、Buddha statues and other statues were presented to Nie Chinian after he praised Zanpu，Return to Tochara (Deji Dolma: "Introduction of Tibetan Buddhism from the Tibetan Wall Inscriptions of Kucha Grottoes"，"Tibet Studies" 2022 Issue 2)。

The Tocharian translator recorded in the above-mentioned documents assisted the Pandita of India in translating the Buddhist scriptures、Buddha statue、The legend bet365 coupon code magic weapon brought to Tubo，And the statement that the Tocharian envoy directly donated it to Zanpu，Compared with the Tibetan history book "Qingshi" records that Buddhist scriptures fell from the sky during the Lathot Ri Nian Zan period、Compared with the statement that Buddhism originated in Tubo，Another comparable version is available。These different records and statements，For our study of Buddhism over a period of time、Multi-directional、The process of being introduced to Tibet through multiple channels has an important enlightenment effect。

In short，After Buddhism was introduced to Tibet and some Central Asia、The influence of ancient West Asian religions on Bonism，Tochara played an important role due to its special geographical location and its status as one bet365 coupon code central areas for the spread of Buddhist culture，So it was recorded in Chinese and Tibetan documents。These historical facts can be regarded as important contents bet365 coupon code exchanges and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries。

　　(This article is related to the nationalities related to the major project bet365 coupon code National Social Science Fund ""Dunhuang Version of Tubo Historical Documents"、Character、Event Research and Annual Classification Notes” (17ZDA212) Phased Results)

(The author is a doctoral candidate at bet365 coupon code Ethnic Studies, Southwest University for Nationalities；Level 2 Professor, bet365 coupon code Ethnic Studies, Southwest University for Nationalities)