Early Ming Dynasty，The basic form of academic academic is the science represented by Cheng Zhu，"Five Classics", "Four Books", "Sexual Law Encyclopedia", formally established Cheng Zhu Lixue's orthodox status。In the middle and late Ming Dynasty，Hearts, represented by Chen Baisha and Wang Yangming，It has formed a great momentum in the folk，Especially Yangming Heart Study in Wang Gen、Wang Yu and other disciples promoted the next popular world，Even replaced Cheng Zhuxue's dominance in the people，Become a mainstream academic form。In the end of the Ming Dynasty，Social disadvantages are constantly accumulated，Internal and external problems are deepening，The huge crisis of life and death in the whole country。Facing this kind of crisis，Whether it is Cheng Zhuxue or Yangming Heart，It is difficult to propose a practical and effective solution。Confucianism has governance countries、Stability of the world's sutras，Cheng Zhuxue and Yangming Heart School are naturally no exception。But the focus of their attention is at the level of heart cultivation，It has a certain distance from social reality; their academic fields are often limited to quotations and sentences，Lack of broad knowledge and ability of practical applications。Facing the status quo of the crisis，Some Confucianists do not take an attitude of escape，It is like a cloud fog、No handsome。So people talk about the enthusiasm of the mind, which is greatly reduced，Some people with aspirations are committed to politics、Minsheng、Directly related to national governance issues of military and other national governance，Urgent hopes to find a practical and feasible way to save the country's danger through the study of these issues，so that the world's so -called practical learning becomes the style of the times。Sutra Studies can be said to be in the reflection and criticism of the mental nature represented by Cheng Zhu Lixue and Yangming Heart.。

The main representative works of the end of the Ming Dynasty are Chen Qiyi's "Huangming Economic Book"、Chen Zizhuang's "Zhao Dai Economic Word"bet365 Play online games 、Chen Zilong et al.。Where，"Editor of the Emperor Ming Sutra" is a sign formed by the style of learning in the late Ming Dynasty，A total of 504 volumes in the book，Four volumes of remedies，Content all over politics、Economy、Law、Military、Minsheng、Education、Calendar、Geography、Water conservancy and other aspects，Can be called the World Encyclopedia of the Ming Dynasty。This article is compiled by Chen Zilong、Song Zhengzheng、Xu Fuguan is equal to the Elementary Editor of Ming Chongzhen (1638) in February，Although the scale is magnificent，But under the cooperation of these people with aspirations，It was completed in just nine months。Such a fast speed indicates the urgent psychology of the editor in addition to disadvantages to save death，They seem to be running against the Ming Dynasty，I hope to condense the power of the majority of scholars，Follow the Building will lean，Tiring the tide to invert。But the demise of the Ming Dynasty is the total outbreak of the accumulation of the accumulation in nearly three hundred years，Not a Sutra Book that can be saved。Chen Zilong as the banner character of the end of the Ming Dynasty ourselves，I tried my best to save the Ming Dynasty，After going south of the Qing army，He also organized the rebels to fight against the Qing，But unfortunate soldiers were defeated，Push the water of the water。

The Study Style of the World has continued from the late Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，The three famous Confucian Huang Zongxi at the time、Sun Qifeng、Li Yan has all promoted and expanded this，Where，Huang Zongxi is the most representative character。

Huang Zongxi and Chen Zilong both have the world's feelings，Deep in love，Huang Zongxi's Sutra Studies can be said to be the continuation and development of the world -studied style advocated by Chen Zilong in the late Ming Dynasty。Huang Zongxi teachers Liu Zongzhou，But the style of the two still has a large difference。Liu Zongzhou inherited the study style of mental learning，Always advocating to cultivate from the physical and mental、Moral Education starts to improve the political situation，Repeatedly being reprimanded by Emperor Ming Chongzhen as "broad"; but Huang Zongxi did not focus on the science bet365 live casino games and mind of seeking mind in the early years，Even a little bit despise，and show great enthusiasm for the emergence of the world。He is keen to participate in various club activities，I hope to change the political situation directly through political practice，"Staying Book" and "Mingyi to Be visited" are the results of his systematic summary and profound reflection on political practice。until later，He fled the mountains for participating in the arrest of the anti -Qing Dynasty，Find out the old book collection for study，Only stepped on the road to mind，and wrote "The Confucian Confucian Case", "Mencius Master", "Song and Yuan Learning Case"。Heart -based desalination ontology he advocates、Strengthening Gong，It also has a strong scientific color color。His World Studies cover a wide range，Including politics、Economy、Law、Military、Minsheng、Education、official system、士。"Mingyi to be visited" is the masterpiece of its World Studies，The result he continued to think on the basis of "Staying Book"。He has made unprecedented deep reflection and criticisms on China's political traditions in this book，Created a new set of political concepts，Basis as a basis that put forward the idea of ​​institutional change。Political and Social Origin of Political Society like a state、Breaking the monarchy's destiny official functional function、The state and the monarch are distinguished from each other、The state of the country is related to the people、Good system is better than virtuous political theory、The theory of rights to restrict power with the system、Currency Cold Promotion Theory、Take into account the theory of the average and differential field distribution、A series of emerging ideas such as low tax rates and differential tax collection theory，Not only creative breakthroughs in traditional Chinese political thought，And in many aspects, it is also pioneering in the history of world political thought，Represents the highest achievement of the World Studies in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties。This book is also referred to in the "People's Covenant Theory" in the late Qing Dynasty and the French Enlightenment thinker Rousseau，an important impact on the change at that time，Huang Zongxi Bet365 lotto review was also respected as "Rousseau of China"，Become a banner -friendly figure that inspired youth to move forward。In terms of talent selection，He specifically proposed to join "Study"，in order to engage in the calculation of the calendar、Lefi、Test、Occupation、Fire Thrimer、Resertorants such as water conservancy and other cold disciplines provides the way to provide officials。He has a advanced world vision，Incorporating the newly introduced Western Xue at that time was also included in "Study"，His "Study" book "Western Calendar Way If" and "Settlement of the Constitutional Calendar" is the study of the Western calendar。Failure in the anti -Qing Dynasty、During the process of going to Japan，He realized that Western firearms technology is excellent、Great power，It advocates that the firearms are also promoted and developed in "unauthorized learning"。He has an unusual interest in calculating learning，Try to study it with hard work，Written "Fun Travel Algorithm", "Pythalum diagram", "Kaifang Destiny", "Measurement of the Righteousness", "Realizing", "Cutting the Eighth Line"。Under his drive and inspiration，His son Huang Baijia and his disciple Chen Yan have a strong interest in calculating the study，and carefully study，Get rich results。

Sun Qifeng is a man，Open -minded heart，Learning Cheng Zhuxue，But I also love Lu Wang's heart learning very much。He said, "Reading a younger child，Keep Cheng Zhu Zhi Xun，But the king is also very happy。"Later，He embarked on the academic path of integration Cheng Zhu and Lu Wang，Proposal of the body and Gongfu integration，The body should be reflected on the work，Integrate mind -learning with the World of Study: "Speaking of the heart to see things，Said the body to see it，See you on the blog post，See you on the grid。Internal and Outside King，One of them，There are no many clues。"" Four Caber All Books General Metro "commented on his knowledge and said:，Lord in Ming Dynasty，The purpose is Yao Jiang，and become honest，Hua with peace，Temple of Zhu Zhuzhu，Lost of Yimi Qi。"" Bright Sports "is a focus on their knowledge、Advocate Pingyi Tujin、Pursuing the closer and practical is a good summary。

Bet365 app download Li Yan advocates "Application for Body"，That is, the heart cultivation and actual functions should be taken into account both，So as to realize the people of the world、Objective to achieve great cause。He believes that Confucianism is the knowledge that integrates mental cultivation and actual functions: "Confucianism，Learning applicable to Ming body。"" Poor reason to know，On the contrary，If you know your mind，Emphasized practice;，Then open things to make a business，Kangji Qun Sheng。Husband is called ‘Oksa Applicable’。... Ming body is not suitable for using，It is Rotten; applicable instead of Ming body，It is Confucianism; it is not clear，Not applicable，Disposter is cracked at the end of the lipstick，is heterosexual。"He advocates" application of the body "by reading:" Therefore，Non -book is not suitable。Study for the application of the body，Books applicable to the body，Otherwise，In the end, it is not good。"" Applicable "is also integrated with mental studies with the world -classology，Make Confucianism can become a practical knowledge of practical use。

In the middle and end of the Qing Dynasty，The influence of Gu Yanwu and Wang Fu is getting greater and greater，and replaced Sun Qifeng、Li Yan，It is also known as the three major Confucianism with Huang Zongxi。Gu Yanwu Criticizing Mind Study，Promoting the solid and useless classics，Among them, it includes the World Study。He said: "Confucius deletes the Six Classics，is Yi Yin、Taigong saved the people of the people in the heart of water and fire，Today's injection insect fish、Life Heroster Wood，Not enough to say this。... So Fanwen is not about the finger of the Six Classics、Affairs of the world，All is not。"，Then you can climb the mountains and water;，Then you can archeological certificate today。"" in the Ming and Qing dynasties、When the society is intense and turbulent，Life is full of life。

Gu Yanwu is "learned in text，Being Shame "is academic purpose，It advocates that the study of broad learning research is practically acting on the life of standing，firmly keep your own ethics，And to strongly criticize the knowledge of knowledge and standing in the knowledge class, and various shameful behaviors appear to have bet365 Play online games a strong and shameful behavior: "，Four dimensions of the country;，Guo Nai Destiny。"" The shame of the doctor of the old man，It is a national shame。"He also distinguished the" dead country "and" dead world ":" There is a dead country，There is a world of death，Dead of the country and the world? Said: Yi surnamed the number to say the country;，As for the beasts、People will eat each other，The death of the world。… Insurance，Its monarch and minister，Meat Earnians seek; those who protect the world，The cheapness and responsibility of the couple。"The" dead country "he said refers to the change of the regime、Replacement of the dynasty，"Dead the World" refers to the decline of the core moral value of Huaxia represented by benevolence。In his opinion，Ming and Qing Dynasties are not a simple change of dynasties，but is a major crisis that Huaxia culture faces can be survived，Defending Huaxia is the responsibility of everyone。Later，This passage is condensed as "the rise and fall of the world，blame "，Inspiring the early Qing Zhi Shi at the expense of the price of life to fight against the fight、Save China。

Wang Fuzhizhi adopted a sympathy attitude towards Cheng Zhuxue，Criticism is relentless to Lu Wang's heart，Degraded it into heresy evil theory。He believes that only Zhang Zai gets the main passage of Confucius and Mencius，Life with the Light "Hengquzang" as its responsibility。His inheritance、Developed Zhang Zai's theory of gasology，and expand it for it，advocates "Taking Qi -based", "The Weifeer in the World"，Take the real "qi" as your core theory。He emphasized that specific things are the actual existence，The principle of things is contained in specific things，Opposition to leave specific things to seek a suspended "reason"，and therefore leads the doctrine of "knowing not to leave" and "with behavior first"，It reflects the worldwide style that emphasizes the practice，It is of great significance for the desertation of the virtual Xuan。Wang Fu also emphasizes Tai Chi or too vain as a state of all things in the world，Opposition to the Buddhist Destiny and Silence and the Goodness of Confucianism，From this leading to "change day new theory"，and then proposed the human nature of "daily Bet365 app download birthday"，Breaking the restraint of the "destiny theory" to human nature，The positive significance of changes and agglomeration。It is precisely because of emphasis on changing updates，So his doctrine was accepted by many people who advocated change at the end of the Qing Dynasty，This is an important promotion role in modern transformation。

The Confucianists in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties suffered hardly and set up the world of study and try to put it into practice，But under the high -pressure rule of the time, it failed to play its due role。At the end of the Qing Dynasty，Beginning with "Scripture Thoughts"，The transformation movement is higher than a wave。In this process，The solid knowledge and strong personality of these Confucians have exerted an important impact，Become the internal power of China from tradition to modern conversion。As Liang Qichao said: "The changes in the thinking world in the last 30 years，Although the waves are magnificent day by day，The content is complicated every day，and the original driving force，I dare to put him in one sentence，It is the resurrection of the thought of the relics。”

　　Bet365 app download