Wealth inequality has been a hot spot for philosophers since ancient times。Confucius said: "I heard that there are state -owned families，Unewal without suffering from widow，Not suffering from poverty。There is no poverty in the cover，and Widow，"" But。"" But，As French economist Thomas Picatti said: "Fortune distribution is one of the most widely discussed and controversial issues today。But in the long run，How much do we know about its evolution? "Really，When is human injustice? What are the changes in different society?，can provide insightful opinions for alleviating human society inequality。Discussion on these issues，All the prehistoric eras that are traced back to the prehistoric era without text，Archeology naturally plays an irreplaceable important role。

The research on inequality in the archeological community has a long history，But most of them are specific case studies。American archaeologist Tims Kohler and others in "10,000 Years of Unemployment: Fortune Difference Archeology"，Try to use arche data from many countries and regions，Comparison of wealth inequality in the new and old continent since 10,000 years of wealth，But the sample amount used is smaller，The universality of the conclusion needs to be further tested。In the past century，Division of Chinese archeologists through archeological excavations，Has accumulated a lot of information for research related issues，Among them, the most potential of the tomb information。relics in ancient tombs and labor that consumed in the construction of tombs can be regarded as a broad wealth，The tomb information can therefore be regarded as a pointer and a reflection of a pointer and social status for personal or family material wealth。The Tomb of the Neolithic period found in China has exceeded 25,000 seats。These tombs cover geographical areas wide、Strong time continuous，Systematic quantitative Bet365 lotto review big data research，Can provide profound enlightenment for discussing the wealth differentiation of human society at the dimension of time and space。The Chinese Archaeological Database of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Hong Kong collects more than 20,000 Neolithic period (first 7500 -first 2000) tomb data。On this basis, we carried out cross -disciplinary research of the "inequality in China in China for 10,000 years"，Quantitative analysis of the wealth differentiation reflected in the tomb materials in each region，and gained staged progress。

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Overall，Chinese prehistoric tomb wealth differentiation has gone through a process of gradually rising，But there are obvious regional differences behind the overall trend。In Haiyu area、Jianghan Plain、Puyang Plain、Taihu Plain and Ning Shao Plain，Tomb wealth differentiation during the Neolithic period shows a trend of varying degrees of elevation。In the Western Loess Plateau area，The differentiation of the grave does not continue to rise。Guanzhong area in the middle of the Yellow River，The different degree of differentiation of the early semi -slopes and historian type cemeteries of Yangshao culture is higher than that of the Yangguanzhai Cemetery of Miao Digou，Show "Degeneia"。Miao Digou No. 2 tombs in the temple lendou in Jinnan region rare funeral，But the difference between the wealth differentiation of the Liang Liang Temple and Tao Temple Cemetery later，Show "mutation"。Huan Songshan area that bred the culture of Erlitou，Pei Li Gang's cultural period shows a higher degree of differentiation，The Yangshao Culture period has weakened。Due to the small sample tombs discovered in this area and the early discovered large samples discovered in Longshan，The degree of demeaniation of the corresponding tomb wealth study needs to be discovered by more materials。But to the middle and late stages of Longshan，A batch of urban sites appeared in this area，The wealth differentiation in the tomb has also increased significantly，Especially core large sites such bet365 live casino games as Wawadian and Coal Mountain are the most prominent。This illustrates the enhancement of social development and wealth inequality。The two miles of the two miles later，The degree of wealth differentiation in the Luoyang Basin has increased greater improvement，The wealth differentiation index of the Erlitou site reached the unprecedented peak in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。

Economics Research Discovery，The greater the total wealth of a society，Its unequal index tends to be higher。Tomb information display，This phenomenon has appeared in the prehistoric era。The total amount of wealth and wealth differentiation index of prehistoric society shows a significant positive correlation。The proportion of tombs without funerals is also an important indicator for judging wealth differentiation。The proportion of no funeral tombs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is significantly lower than the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，This should be a manifestation of material wealth differences in two regions。The factors of the agricultural factors of climate and environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are more stable，The output of rice -made agriculture is more guaranteed，This ensures that the total amount of total and continuous accumulation is ensured at the living level。Urban settlements defined by defensive facilities such as city walls or trenches，Population more，The total amount of wealth is greater，Grand Fortune Division of Fortune is higher，But the proportion of no funeral tombs in this type of settlement is significantly lower than the tombs of no defense facility settlement。Although urban population wealth differentiation is higher，The rich is richer，But ordinary urban residents are more likely to have more material wealth than ordinary residents in the countryside。Therefore，The proportion of cities with no funeral tombs is lower。

　　Fortune Division and Social Entrying

The higher the degree of social complexity，The higher the degree of material wealth differentiation of the tomb data is also bet365 live casino games higher。The overall division of wealth of the tomb of the chief and early national society is significantly higher than the fishing and hunting or agricultural village。This is mainly because of the more population of the chief and early national social population，Division of labor，The total amount of wealth is also greater，This provides a material basis for the elite wealth。In the form of Emperor State and National Form，Mechanized politics、Most of the rituals and economic power are in the hands of the top elite，The wealth attribute of power is very significant。3500 BC，In the Chief Society such as Tou Mountain, Hunan, Hunan, Hunan, Hunan, Hunan, Hunan Province，Hbiated political power possess a dominant position，The tomb wealth of the person in charge is significantly higher than the medium value of the tomb wealth of their respective society。At the same time，downstream of the Yangtze River，Liangzhu Culture has created politics to reach early national standards，Politics of the ruler、Military、Reporting religious and economic power，The tomb wealth of the highest power is nearly 100 times the medium value of the tomb wealth。Around 1800 BC，Henan, Henan, Henan, Henan, who is likely to correspond to the summer dynasty,，This value reaches hundreds of times。

American anthropologist Lesley White and Australian archaeologist Gordon Charter all thought，Agriculture has shifted the previous average society to inequality。Historian Gerald Dimmond also insists on thinking，Agriculture is the worst invention of human society，One of the reasons is that the surplus of agriculture has caused inequality in various aspects of material wealth。Very true，Agriculture will generate more surplus in the universal sense and unequal unequal;，Social wealth differentiation is mostly based on agriculture。But if it is judged by this, agriculture is the most fundamental reason for the inequality of human society，Suspects of seeing the Ming Dynasty cannot be available。Before the emergence of prehistoric agriculture，Some fishing and hunting collection of wealth inequality reflected Bet365 app download in social tombs is already very amazing。In the Henan Wuyang Jiahu Site of 5500 BC，Whether it is its early fishing and hunting collection society，It is still a society that is equivalent to advanced fishing and hunting collection and agriculture，Tomb wealth differentiation is quite high。Jiahu tomb，More than 40%of the wealth is in the hands of 10%of the minority。Similar phenomena also discovered in other sites of Pei Li Gang culture in the Central Plains。According to the standard of French economist Thomas Picatti，This kind of society is highly unequal even today。This can be seen，Equivalence of wealth is earlier than agriculture，Agriculture is just a catalyst for humans to lead to inequality，instead of the root cause。

　　Wealth inequality is related to various factors

The cause behind the inequality of wealth is complex，It and technology、Population scale、Violence (including war)、Public Engineering、allocation and re -distribution mechanism、Resource pressure and many factors related。We often see a significant case between wealth differentiation between wealth and one or more factors above，But it cannot be simply considered to be in the statistical sense.。Inquiry about universal causal connections must be more cautious，To prevent trap in the correlation of a single variable variable。How to examine the dynamic cause of wealth differentiation through the tomb information，is a question we need to continue to explore。American archeologist David Jessner thinks，The richness of material resources has contributed to settlement、Production surplus and social differentiation including wealth。but，Gary Ferman, an archaeologist at the Philde Museum at the Chicago Museum，The material resources itself will not become leftover，No mechanical inequality will be produced，Because the existence of material resources does not rely on human society。We agree with Gali Ferman's point of view，and according to British economist Adam Smith's definition of wealth，Think that resources can only become wealth after labor，And wealth will only become unequal bet365 best casino games incentives after determining the ownership of property rights。In our sample，Whether fishing and hunting collections or agricultural society，Tomb Criminals and the consumed labor consumed by the construction of tombs can be regarded as individual or family wealth，And the total amount of wealth and wealth differentiation presents a stable and significant correlation。This correlation will also become a starting point for research inequality.。Therefore，We also need to change from resources to wealth (such as the form of crowd organizations in the process of technology and resource wealth、Wealth distribution mechanism and other angles，To explore the causal contact in more common sense。

Stanford University historian Walter Shaydel proposed in "Unemployment: From the Stone Age to the 21st Century humans to deal with inequality"，When social wealth differentiation reaches a certain degree，will be restricted by certain factors。He refers to these factors as "the Four Knights of Wealth Balance": a large -scale war、Major Revolution、National collapse and large -scale plague。A single archeological culture of the prehistoric site usually lasted for hundreds of years，The time span of the corresponding tomb is similar。In most cases，It is difficult for archaeologists to make accurate generations in these tombs in a shorter period of time。Therefore，The wealth differentiation index of tomb wealth is not easy to observe for the above -mentioned short -term event balance factors。But，Data does indicate，​​In some long -term use sites，Some cultural stages of tomb wealth differentiation index will experience a significant decline，The wealth differentiation index of the tomb of Daxi IV of the Totou Site is significantly lower than the tomb wealth differentiation index of Daxi Phase II and Daxi III。But because the tomb of the fourth phase of the Daxi Phase of the site reached hundreds of years，We also need comprehensive evidence，To review the reduction of wealth differentiation, whether it is caused by the short -term factors mentioned above。Therefore，Study on the factors of wealth balance，It will also be an important part of wealth differentiation research。

Human society inequality bet365 Play online games has far -reaching historical origin，Archeology conducts big data quantitative research through material wealth that reflected in the tombs and other materials，It can provide insidious opinions for understanding the root cause of human society, including wealth,。

　　(Author is an assistant researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; professor of chair at the School of Economics and Management of the University of Hong Kong、Director of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in Hong Kong)