In order to stabilize the political situation in the early Song Dynasty，Established the "policy of preventing malpractice，The institutional principle of "the founding law Bet365 app download country"。Especially after Song Taizong’s foreign aggressiveness suffered repeated setbacks，Attention turns inward，The bureaucracy is filled with a conservative atmosphere。Reflected in thought and academics，The dominant official Confucianism in the early Song Dynasty，It is still a study of commentaries with exegesis of chapters and sentences as its main feature，The "Five Classics of Justice" and others are legal textbooks on Confucian classics，Lecture and get scholars，One copy here。But there was also a far-reaching initiative at that time，It means advocating culture and restraining martial arts、The policy of building morale is always emphasized，And became the basic national policy during the two Song Dynasties。To the middle Bet365 app download Northern Song Dynasty，This policy finally bears fruit，Caused a revolution in the field of ideological and academic fields，The rise of New Confucianism。From a classics perspective，It is more accurate to call New Confucianism "Song Dynasty"。It starts with treating menstruation、Innovation in Bible exegesis，It was produced as a denial Bet365 app download commentaries of Han and Tang Dynasties。It then developed into the theme transformation and theoretical update of traditional Confucianism in many fields，Completed the study of principles and principles、The transformation Bet365 app download philosophy of nature。Because of this，The scholarship and thought Bet365 app download Song Dynasty had a completely new atmosphere that was significantly different from the scholarship Bet365 app download Han and Tang Dynasties。

　To understand the Bet365 app download and learn the ancients is the best, to save the times and to practice the Tao and be wise

The officials of Siku in the Qing Dynasty first proposed the Han Dynasty in the history of Confucian classics、Division of Song Dynasty，"Summary Bet365 app download General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" Volume 1 "General Summary Bet365 app download Ministry of Classics" states: "Since Hanjing，After two thousand years...it wants its final destination，No more than Sinology、The two schools of Song Dynasty compete with each other。"And distinguish between Sinology and Song Dynasty by focusing on textual research or focusing on doctrine。Dai Zhen said: The way Bet365 app download saint lies in the Six Classics，Han Confucianism got its number，Song Confucianism gained its meaning。After that，Jiang Fan wrote "The Inheritance of Sinology in the Kingdom" and "The Origin of Song Studies in the Kingdom"，Divide the previous schools of Confucian classics by Hanology and Song Dynasty，Widely recognized。

The study of commentaries in Han and Tang dynasties is exegetical with chapters and sentences、Textual research on names and objects is a tool for exegesis，The method of teaching and receiving scriptures is to teach and receive from home。The last one abandoned the scriptures and followed the biography，Fragmented and complicated，The Guardian said，Specialized in memorizing but not inventing，As a result, the vitality of Confucianism is increasingly exhausted。Pi Xirui commented on "Five Classics of Justice" and said: "Those who discuss the mistakes of Confucius and Shu，They are different from each other，The annotation Bet365 app download song，曰zayinzhewei。...named Chuang Ding，The real reason is still。" Chen Yinke also pointed out: "Tang Taizong advocated Confucianism，To rule China，But what is called Confucianism，It is just a matter of inheriting the complicated chapters and sentences of justice since the Southern and Northern Dynasties。”

The concept of revitalizing Confucianism，can be traced back to the middle and late Tang Dynasty。Han Yu felt pained by the decline of Confucianism，The article "Yuan Dao"，Respect Mencius，Think that Mencius got the true biography of Confucius，Advocates the revitalization of Confucianism，Emphasizes that the purpose of Confucianism in governing the mind is to achieve success。On the one hand, he rejects Buddha、Old，On the other hand, he also incorporated many Buddhist elements into his own doctrine。Li Ao wrote three articles in "The Book of Restoration"，Elucidate the Confucian theory of mind cultivation by drawing on Buddhist principles，The color of supporting Buddhism is more intense。In the field of Confucian classics，啕help、The rise of new "Spring and Autumn" studies by Zhao Kuang and Lu Chun，The task is to examine the gains and losses of "Three Biography"，Advocates establishing loyalty as religion、Original sentiment is the basis、Disadvantages of saving time、The thinness of leather ceremony，The first of its kind in the Bet365 app download to transform Confucian classics into ancient times。

The Rise of Bet365 app download，Beginning around the period of Song Renzong。With the awakening of self-awareness among scholar-bureaucrats，In the field of Confucian classics, there is a trend of "taking the study of classics as the highest priority"，The new trend of "doing the right thing and being a virtuous person when saving people"。Compared with the commentaries of Han and Tang Dynasties，New Confucianism in the Bet365 app download has several main characteristics: first，Not exclusively abiding by the old notes of Confucianism，Emphasis on tracing the origin，Focus on analyzing the meaning of this sutra，has a strong suspicion of ancient times；Second，Do not stick to exegesis of chapters and sentences、Treatment methods based on textual research on famous things，Emphasis on the study of principles，More speculative than Sinology；Third，Confucian scholarship is not limited to the study of classics，Pay more attention to self-cultivation，Promote integrity and sincerity，Through one’s own understanding and practice，To reach the realm of sages；Fourth，Attach importance to free lectures and discussions between teachers and friends，Reviving the way of teaching Confucianism is the necessary prerequisite for the Guangda Holy School portal；Fifth，Rejecting Buddha、Old，While highlighting the orthodox status of Confucianism，Also focus on absorbing the essence of ideas from various schools；Sixth，Emphasis on understanding, body and application、Tongjingzhiyong，Guided by the learning of saints，Serving the country and society。

Fan Zhongyan advocates that morality must be the first priority in scholarship，Taking religious scriptures as the key，Emphasis on kindness、As soon as possible、Jiwu、The four principles of honesty and integrity are unified。Hu Yuan advocates the study of "bright body and effective use"，Created the "Sink"、Du Shi、mellow、The style of study of "He Yi"。His "Hong Fan Kouyi" "refutes both the correct and correct comments"，Express your own experience。Also quotes the method of "Zhou Guan" in detail，Deduction Bet365 app download Eight Policies，Annotation of Sutras with Sutras，Specially accurate。…Although it is simple and simple, it has gained the essence Bet365 app download saint’s teachings”，"The Book of Changes" boldly doubts the scriptures，New interpretation of self-reliance，Is the pioneer of Song Confucianism in understanding "Yi" with righteousness。Sun Fuzhi's "Spring and Autumn" is based on Lu Chun and adds new ideas，Buhuo Chuan Note，Profound discussion，Derogatory but not praise，The success lies in the creation of Song Dynasty people's exegesis of chapters and sentences without muddy treatment of classics、The trend of focusing on the elaboration of principles，The fault lies in pretending to be a saint，Biastic speculation。Liu Chang is knowledgeable in Confucianism，Especially good at etiquette，Treatise on Advances and Retreats in "Spring and Autumn"，Make decisions based on the scriptures，Exegesis is far better than Sun Fu。The "Short Biography Bet365 app download Seven Classics" is also widely praised。Shi Jie’s “Profound Skills in Confucian Classics”，Discussing integrity，It is our duty to support famous religions”，Dedicated to rejecting Buddha、Old，Open the way for New Confucianism。

Ouyang Xiu is not only the leader Bet365 app download classical prose movement，He is also a scholar with a unique creative spirit。He was the first Confucian in the Song Dynasty to question the "Book of Changes"，Think: "Why is there only "Xici"?，《Classical Chinese》、Down from "Shuo Gua"，These are not the works of saints，But people are confused，It’s not just one person’s words。Those who studied "Yi" in the past，Miscellaneous collection to support his lecture，Rather, we are not from the same family，Is it the same or different，Yes or no，The choice is not the best，To the extent that it harms the sutra and confuses the world。”This theory had a shocking and enlightening effect at the time。At the same time，Ouyang Xiu did not deny the value Bet365 app download chapters of "Yi Zhuan" because they were not written by saints，He is sensitive to the fact that the interpretation system of "I Ching" is constantly moving towards abstraction、The process of philosophizing，Think that the chapters of "Yi Zhuan" were published one after another，It is a reflection of this process，This is also the basis for establishing the value Bet365 app download doctrine Bet365 app download Book of Changes。He also thinks that "Three Biography Bet365 app download Spring and Autumn Period" cannot be fully trusted，《Book of Songs》Mao、Zheng’s notes contain many errors，"Zhou Rites" is also an endless book，Had an important influence on the formation Bet365 app download Song Dynasty Confucianism's trend of abandoning the transmission of scriptures and even doubting the scriptures。

　　Don’t be afraid Bet365 app download clouds covering your eyes because you are at the highest level

Cong Jiayou、Beginning Bet365 app download Zhiping Period，The development of New Confucianism enters the second stage。Song Confucianism in doubt biography、Beyond discerning meaning，Turn into the pursuit and discussion of "mind", "rationality" and "the way of heaven"。This change in academic interest，It not only reflects the metaphysical speculation impulse of Song Confucianism，It also reflects their reconstruction of heaven and man、Strong sense of mission to defend Confucian orthodoxy。

Wang Anshi is a political reformer，Another accomplished Confucian scholar。In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty，Except during the reign of Zhe Zong Yuanyou，His "New Meanings Bet365 app download Three Classics" has always been the statutory textbook for official education and imperial examinations，Jing Gong’s new school has also been a prominent official school for a long time。In terms of academic temperament and treatment methods，Jing Gong’s new school is the inheritance and development Bet365 app download Song Dynasty’s philosophy，Advocate for practical application，Use the "Way Bet365 app download Forefathers" to break the trend of superstitious ancestral family law，Push forward broad social and political reforms。He said: "The art of classics is the reason for managing world affairs，But the so-called Confucians in later generations，Most of them are mediocre，Therefore, the world thinks that Confucian techniques cannot be applied to the world。”His purpose in treating menstruation，The first thing is to apply it。At this point，He and Li Gou paid attention to "Zhou Rites"、Explain social and political ideals based on the monarchy、The governance approach to designing the blueprint for a prosperous country and a strong military is Bet365 app download same origin。

During the reform period，He bases his opinions on Confucian scriptures，Propose its reform measures。Use the "same customs" in "Book of Rites·Kingdom"，The idea of ​​"one morality"，Creating scholars with the New Meanings Bet365 app download Three Classics，Trying to unify thought and public opinion，Achieve a radical change in worldly conduct while correcting scholarly conduct。All these，It is a natural product Bet365 app download development of Confucian classics in the Song Dynasty，It is also a political product that cooperates with the reform movement。

At the same time，Wang Anshi also emphasized the importance of learning for oneself，Many achievements in human cultivation and moral theory，Become a study of Song Dynasty by virtue of principles and centripetality、An important part Bet365 app download transformation of Xingli theory。Hou Wailu commented: "The study of moral life，Those talked about by Song Taoists，In Anshi’s academic thoughts，A unique ‘first’，Also true。”

Wang Anshi believes: “The so-called moral people Bet365 app download past kings，It’s just the principle of life。"He has a lot of opinions on the sex issues that have been litigious since ancient times、Distinguish the issues of love relationship，think sex、Love is a physical and functional relationship，Only the difference between inside and outside，There is no difference between good and evil。Sex is an unpublished pseudonym，The real feeling of love。Sex、Love needs each other，Use each other like a bow and arrow。Sex、The distinction between good and evil in love，Use it as a last resort，Principle with what is right and what is wrong，It is the result of application，Not inherent to the ontology。Scholars have always considered sex、Love is two opposite things，Advocate to abandon one’s emotions and nourish one’s nature，Ignorance Bet365 app download origin of rationality。He said that there is no good or evil in nature，It’s not to discourage people from doing evil and doing good、The passion to turn ignorance into wisdom，To emphasize the importance of hard work，Arouse the moral consciousness of Confucians，Be prepared to undertake major social missions。He gave full play to Mencius’s intellectual ability、The perspective of cultivating oneself before one’s fate，Believe that a gentleman should establish himself in school，We should keep in mind the way Bet365 app download saints，The way to victory when it is not possible。Only this，Only can you keep the path and keep the time，The way to change the times。Also quoted from "Xici"，Advocates that the way to perfection lies in unity，The key to self-cultivation lies in respecting morality。Only by achieving unity and practicality，The order of language、On the way to self-cultivation, one can be rejuvenated in the heart。

Since Wang Anshi，“Original moral meaning，Peering into the edge of life has become a common practice。Song Xue Ye Youyi Zhuan Note、Discrimination of meaning、The initial stage of name rectification gradually involves the subtleties of mind、The mature stage of reconstructing the sacred system。In this far-reaching ideological change，Wang Anshi is undoubtedly one Bet365 app download pioneers。

　　Heart inherits Confucius and Mencius, Taoism inspires Bet365 app download

Neo-Confucianism was also called "Taoism" in the Song Dynasty，It is the product Bet365 app download development of Song Dynasty to a higher stage。So-called Taoism，That is, the study of Taoism，It is based on the inevitable principle of heaven and earth，The natural principle of establishing humanity。The so-called orthodoxy，It is the genealogy of sages who inherit the truth。"History Bet365 app download Song Dynasty" pioneered the "Biography of Taoism"，Before "The Scholars"。The rise of academic traditions during the Qingli period、Different genres to compare，New Confucianism turns from broad to subtle，From being keen on applying the world to applying it to paying more attention to the discussion of academic principles and the understanding of one’s mind，From complex and rich to standardized and finalized，The academic system becomes more complete and mature，The level of thinking has been significantly improved，This resulted in the most important ideological achievements in the history Bet365 app download Song Dynasty。

Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai、Er Cheng inherited and carried forward Mencius’s line of thought of deriving external governance from inner character，Combining "Book of Changes" and Buddhism、Ontological factors in Tao thought，Advocates that heaven and humanity are one body，The inner saint is the foundation Bet365 app download outer king，Committed to exploring and constructing the ontological value of Confucian moral ethics，Enable traditional Confucianism to change its temperament、Reborn。

In terms of classic choices，The "Four Books" are also more important than the "Five Classics"。In their opinion，The Analects of Confucius contains the words of saints，You can see the purpose Bet365 app download saints in writing scriptures and preaching；"Mencius" contains rich theories of mind and kingly thoughts，Advocates reflexivity and sincerity，Get the true story of Confucius；"University" is sincere、Studying things to gain knowledge、Xiu Qi Zhiping、The "Gateway to Virtue" connecting heaven and man；"The Doctrine Bet365 app download Mean" is "the inner method taught by Confucius"。The way Bet365 app download saint is contained in the "Four Books"，Has the property of "measurement by feet"。"Zhouyi" and "Shangshu·Hongfan" are the basic classics for constructing the Confucian system of heaven and man，Also received their special attention。In terms of theoretical depth of classical interpretation，They pay more attention to philosophical interpretation on the basis of understanding the scriptures。In dealing with Confucianism and Buddhism、The relational aspect of Tao，Most of them have studied extensively、Going in and out of various houses、The experience of returning to seek Confucian scriptures and then obtaining them，To Buddha、The two Taoist religions adopted an attitude of both rejection and absorption。

The beginning of Xining，Er Cheng also has the same customs，Enthusiastic supporter of "One Morality"，In favor of using orthodox Confucian classics theory to unify the thoughts Bet365 app download government and the public，By reforming the education and imperial examination systems，Practice its ideal of revitalizing Confucianism。When Jinggong New School was in the official orthodox position，Because "all living beings take Wang's Sutra as their teacher"，Taoism is in a suppressed position。Nevertheless，They still insist on teaching apprentices，Focus on overcoming the complex shortcomings Bet365 app download new learning，Learn the lessons Bet365 app download increasingly serious ideological autocratic and utilitarian tendencies during the New Learning period，Proposed a lot of targeted insights，Not only makes one’s own doctrine more sophisticated，And formed a set of effective methods、Unique educational ideas and methods，Enable Taoism to be passed down from generation to generation，Endless。To the Southern Song Dynasty，Although Taoism has gone through many hardships，But he can carve out a path for himself with his tenacious vitality，Finally ushered in academic prosperity、The prosperity of lectures。

The rise of New Confucianism in the Song Dynasty，Adapted to the social needs of rebuilding the dynastic ruling order and general ethics after the chaos Bet365 app download late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties。In the external environment surrounded by powerful neighbors，Scholar-officials devoted themselves to the cause of reviving classical tradition，Helps to enhance orthodox national concepts and cultural unity and cohesion，The initiative shown in ideological culture and politics，Exceeded the previous Han、Tang and the Yuan behind it、Ming，Created a prosperous situation in the Song Dynasty。But the social and economic development Bet365 app download Song Dynasty did not lead to the modernization process，The focus of New Confucianism is not to open the way for a new system，But the reconstruction of inherent cultural traditions，And this ideological achievement itself forms part Bet365 app download new tradition。Although Taoism eventually gained the status of mainstream ideology，Great progress has been made in the reconstruction of moral rationality and internal order，But the national spirit has lost the Han Dynasty、The magnificent and pioneering atmosphere Bet365 app download Tang Dynasty。After Song Dynasty，Patriarchal、Chastity、Concepts such as filial piety are popular，Nation-oriented culture is getting stronger。Evangelical literature during the imperial examination occupied the spiritual life of scholars，Slowing down their creativity in pursuing and exploring new knowledge，This is also one Bet365 app download reasons why Chinese society has been stable for a long time but has stagnated。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Bet365 app download Sciences)