Emperor Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty、Emperor Lingdi，Facing foreign relatives、eunuchs alternate power，Eplicon Confucians Except for the Positive Request、Severe punishment illegal，Also launched a settlement、Guangshi Zhan Defense，that is to make public opinion deterrence。Modern historians often call this "Clear Movement"。Because eunuchs are named "for the party" and "Ferry the court，Suspicious customs "framed，Finally caused the disaster of the long -lasting party to persecute the scholars。This not only deeply affected the political situation at that time，and also have a great impact on the ideological and political of later generations。For example，Xiaosong, the Southern Song Dynasty, believes，The Wind of the Eastern Han Dynasty Party is promoted by the "Clear"，Therefore, I want to stop the phenomenon of "doctors' good singing as a clear discussion"。Hu San province in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Volume 53 "Han Ji · The first year of the first year of this" says: "Thirty thousand people in Taixue，Mark each other at the end of the Han Dynasty，Qing discussion here "，also said: "Faculty of the people，Non -Xuezhu students，Zhu Sheng see its festival，to advertise，Clear the ear with remarks。"Huang Zunxian's" Dream of Dreams in Diseases and Sending Liang Ren Father "said:" Not as good as the "Biography of the Party"，Everyone's Lord Clear。"" Qing discussed "and the disaster of the party in the late Eastern Han Dynasty，Its saying comes from Fan Ye's preface to "Hou Han · Party Book"，Among them, and、Between the spirit, "Poifer resists anger，Angels Angle "，"If Fan 滂、Clear heart avoid evil，Clear heart avoid evil，The end of the party "。In terms of this，The initiator of the "Clear" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty is a group that is mainly "party"。

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First of all, you need to face up to a question，That is the Emperor Emperor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty、Does the "party" during the Emperor Emperor really exist? The name of "party party" and non -discussion politics，This is the name of the eunuch group for the scholar group。In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Changyan" of Zhong Changtong and the eunuchs in the Emperor's period said, "，Against the righteousness，and Xiangmo Cut，Seeing trap，bet365 best casino games The party of the party "; after the first party of the party,，Dou Wu Shang Shu also said when he defended the "party": "Traitor's repair，Create the party。"(" Hou Han Book · Dou Wu Chuan ") Based on this，Maybe some people think that there is no so -called "party person" in Bet365 app download the late Eastern Han Dynasty。

but，Examine the political history of the Han Dynasty will be discovered，The party phenomenon and party struggle driven by political interests are in Emperor Emperor、Emperor Ling Emperor already existed before。For example，Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty，The surname of the Chuanchuan Master "phase and marriage，Popular Friendship Party "(" Hanshu · Zhao Guanghan Biography ")，There is also "the theory of disputes in stone canal，The saying of the party's fascination "。Even in Emperor、Emperor Lingdi，The phenomenon of "party" between different political factions is also very many。For example，Fan Fan Fan Fan played "more than 20 people of the Quanhao Party" when the Sanfu was genus "，During the period of Runan Gongcao，The resentment Fan Ye also refers to the person he used as "Fan Party" ("Hou Han Biography")。This can be visible，"Ending the Party" was a taboo at that time，eunuch refers to the group of scolding people as "party people"，It is also easier to touch the court neural。

From the actual situation,，Although the name of the "party" is added by eunuchs，But there is indeed a reality between the party between the "Qing discussed" group，And the scholars at the time also default to this。For example, when the party is beginning,，Emperor Fu's rules on the book said that he was "Party": "Recommend the old man, Zhang Ye，Is also attached party。When the former loses the left school，Tai student Zhang Feng and other litigation ministers，It is also attached to the party.。"" ("Hou Han Book · Huangfu Regulations") is also like the first year of Ping Ping (172) Queen Mother Dou collapsed，Someone's book Suzaku said: "The world is chaotic，Cao Jie、Wang Fu killed the queen mother，Changshou Hou Lan Duo Murdered Party。"(" Hou Han Book · Biography ") can be seen，"Party" was called at the time.，Especially between the doctors group，Therefore, the descendants of the descendants will discuss the government in accordance with this、Pinnuclear Gong Qing is called "Party Clear"，Is in line with historical facts。

　　The party of the party begins with the throne of Emperor Emperor

Emperor、Emperor Lingdi，The discussion of "Party" bet365 live casino games is the "Clear Movement" that many scholars participated in the current political discussion，3384_3403。So，When did the "party" who participated in the Qing Dynasty rose from? As you know，The calamity of the party is caused by the confrontation between "party members" and eunuch groups，From this, it can be inferred that the party members should also start with attacking eunuchs。And eunuchs are good at power after the second year of Emperor Yan Yan (159)，At this time, Emperor Emperor used the eunuch's single super、Xu Yan、Ge、Left、Tang Heng's strength to eliminate the power of foreign relatives Liang Ji，Five people have been sealed on the same day after five people，The "Five Hou" in the world，Seal Xiaohuangmen Liu Pu、Zhao Zhong and other eight people are hometown，self -owned "return to eunuch，The imperial court chaos "。From this departure，It is easy to make people think that "party people" and "clear discussion" are developed from this time。

but，Emperor、When the Emperor Ling Emperor "party", the occurrence of large -scale collective discussing politics can never be achieved overnight，Instead, with the increase in social problems in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty，The discussion of the individual or small group of scholars gradually converge。Under the background of the popularity of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Scholars' small -scale discussions about current politics are often occurred，This can be seen from historical records。"Hou Han Book · Zuo Xiong Biography" and Zuo Xiong recommended Zhou Jian as Shangshu，Due to Zhouju more competent，Therefore, "Silent of the Layers"; "Hou Han Book · Zhou Jingchuan" records，Han Yan and Zhou Jing when working in Hanoi，Haxian Ai Shi、Blood in selfless，"Therefore, the discussion at the time negotiated with these two";，Tong Hui, alone to rescue his own master Yang Ci，Don’t ask for return，"From the theoretical to the beauty"; "Hou Han Biography · Cui Yan Biography" contains Cui Lie to buy Situ with money，"The ones suspect their copper odor"。The so -called "Sideline" and "On" in historical materials，Although not called the party，But already has the nature of small groups on politics。With the increase in social problems、Deepening the contradiction between the political factions，This small -scale political group will naturally develop in a larger -scale party struggle。

Later generations about bet365 live casino games Emperor、The "party" and their clearing activities on the occasion of Ling Emperor，Most of them come from "Houhan Book · Party Biography"。The preface of "The Book of the Han Dynasty · Party" adopts the three rumors of the three rumors related to the politicians at that time，to reveal the rise and development of the "discussion of party people"。First，Syrian and Emperor Emperor's throne，Ganling has "rumors of villagers" circulating，Derived from the two gangling's courts family guests "mutual" small group discussion，Later, the two "each tree and apprentice"，Gradually develop into a large -scale local party competition。Next，Ready and Ganling's "Party Leader" formed，Runan、Nanyang has "two county rumors" and appears，The content of the ballad mainly highlights the actions that the two counties do not fear power and severely punish eunuchs。then，Ready and when this kind of local rumors were introduced into the Beijing Normal University after school，The huge Confucian group and the court officials heavy，Therefore, there is a larger and large -scale collective discussion in the "seven -character rumors" of Tai students。This can be seen，Emperor、The formation of "party people" during the Emperor Emperor and the occurrence of "Clear"，Is from local to Beijing Master、Process from small to a large -scale development。The preface of "The Book of the Han Dynasty · The Book of the Party" said after the Gan Ling party struggle: "，Since then。"Based on this，"Party people" and the Qing discussion activities did not begin after the eunuch helped the emperor to eradicate the power of the foreign Qi Liang Ji，Emperor Emperor gradually started in the Ganling area shortly after the throne。

　　The party of the party shows the Confucian spirit

Eunuchs are good at power and party.、The iconic historical event with the Emperor Lingdi period，This is an inadvertent object that bet365 best casino games The party of the party is clearing the eunuch group。It's not the case，The above has been described above，In Emperor Emperor just ascended、When the eunuch is not good at power，"Party People" and "Clear" have appeared。This at least indicates，The party of the party is not only targeted at the eunuch group。

Actually，"The Book of the Han Dynasty · Party" preface to the category of the party's clearing，About three aspects。First of all, the eunuchs are good at the "Scholars Heng"，Attacks of a strong public opinion to attack it。Followed by "excitement，Know each other "，The Bet365 lotto review scholars rely on each other、Mark Name Festival，To strengthen the momentum of fighting against rape。Once again "Pinnuclear Gong Qing，Tailoring Governance "，Relying on the ethics and morality of the scholars，Right or wrong of the Gongtong Hundred Officials。Among these three，The main targeted by bet365 best casino games The party of the party is undoubtedly the eunuch group。After five eunuchs such as Single Chao helped the emperor to remove the foreign relatives，Bringing his merits and participating in politics、Governance is increasingly obvious，Frequent evils，Scholarship is naturally "ashamed and aspiration"，The spearheads of the party members will also be aimed at them directly。

Except for attacking eunuch ourselves，"Party" also "stimulates the reputation，Know each other "。In the struggle of fighting eunuchs，"Party" agrees with each other、Promote each other，Try to draw a clear boundary with the eunuch group from the position，The camp of stabilizing the people in the mind。Therefore，"The flow of the wind at home，Sui Yue Joading，Refers to the celebrities of the world，The title of this，"Party" and "Three Juns" and "Eight Jun" in the "Party People"。"Party" selected these scholar leaders from their own to praise，On the one hand, it can be lined with the low of eunuchs from the side，On the other hand, it can improve unity，Expansion of the momentum。So add the name to the party leader，It is also the most intuitive manifestation of the "party" to conduct a clear discussion on the scholars themselves。

Political turbidity in the late Eastern Han Dynasty、In the social environment under the World Wind Day，Follow the current、Mevizi Rolitators are many people，Ruzhongshi Zhang Rang Rangosen，"Guests ask for the meal，Che Heng hundreds of thousands of thousands "。("The Book of the Han Dynasty · Biography") So，"Party people" with a sense of social responsibility will inevitably be "Pinnuclear Gong Qing，Tailoring Governance "，This is the consistent expression of the traditional Confucian spirit。

　　Two of the disasters of the party.

Ganling "Township Rumors" appeared when Emperor Emperor was just ascended，and Runan、Nanyang's "Second County Ballad" and the "Seven -character Ballad" of Taishi students in the last year of the fierce conflict between the "party" and the eunuch group，The difference between the two is nearly 20 years。Visible，The party members have continued for a long time with the increasing political corruption in Bet365 app download the late Eastern Han Dynasty。

"Hou Han Book · Party Biography" prelude to talk about the effect of the party people during the Emperor Emperor's period.，Don't be afraid of its derogation，屣 屣 to the door "，This is the first orgasm of the party's clearing。Later, with the intensification of contradictions between the "party" and the eunuch group and the development of the party's activities，Eventually leading to the occurrence of the disaster of the party，The direct cause is that the doctor of the scholar official disposes the eunuch party。According to the "Hou Han Book · Party Biography" record，Captain Li Yiping, the captain of the Sili School, often has close contact with Taixue who is keen to discuss current politics，Zhang Cheng, who was associated with eunuchs, deliberately taught his son to kill him before amnesty、Li Yan resolutely arrested him after death，Eunuchs then instigated that disciples of Zhang Cheng wrote to Li Yan and others "Raising Tourist Journalists，Set the apprenticeship of the counties，Drives more，Together as the Ministry Party "，"Ferry the court，Suspicious customs "。Taking this as the fuse，Treatment of the first party's disaster。Emperor Emperor announced the world to arrest the "party people"，Including Li Yan、Du Mi、Chen Yan、Fan Ye and other celebrities inside，More than 200 people involved。Because Li Yan and others repeatedly reported illegal behaviors of eunuch children，Eunuchs are afraid，Captain Chen Fan、Shangshu Huo Yan、Dou Wu of the city gate captain Dou Wu, please rescue，"Party" was only pardoned。Although the "party" was imprisoned for life，But the value increased instead，After Li Yan exempted from returning to his hometown，"The doctors of the world are noble，Delicate the court "。At this time，Confucian scholars -based orgasm once again set off the "Clear Son of the Clear"，They advertise more celebrities，and add the name to the name，Except Dou Wu、Liu Shu、Chen Fan is "Three Jun" outside，There are "Eight Jun", "Eight Gu", "Eight and" "Eight Kitchen" circulation，A total of 35 celebrities，To strengthen the power to fight against the eunuch group。

Shortly after the first party's disaster，Emperor Emperor Crown，Emperor Ling Zi Zi。In the first year of the Emperor Jianning (168)，Dou Wu worshiped as the general as the father of the queen mother，Chen Fan was appointed as Tai Fu，Two people work Bet365 app download together to find eunuchs，But the eunuch was killed by eunuchs due to the discharge，Li Yan, who is re -used、Du Mi and others are also abolished again。Zhong Changshou Hou Lan played the crime of his family when Zhang Jian was appointed by Zhang Jian as the east of Shanyang，Then let Zhang Jianxiang Zhu and Zhang Jian and twenty -four people "do not sign the number，Together as the Ministry Party，Picture Dangerous Society "，and formulated a new "Eight Jun", "Eight Gu", "Eight and Eight and" to attack。Not only that，The eunuch group saw the former "party" named by everyone,，Therefore, the long autumn Cao Festival will play the "party person" before the arrest，Li Yan、Du Mi、Fan、Wei Lang and other hundreds of people are dead in prison，Sixty or seven hundred people who are dead -proof and abolition，This is the disaster of the second party。So far，The world's good scholars are basically persecuted，bet365 best casino games The party of the party will no longer exist。

　(This article is the later funding of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the New Han Dynasty Culture and Scholarship Culture" (18FZW013) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Literature and News and Communication of Qingdao University)