With the rise of regional history research，In recent years, the social and economic history of North nj bet365 in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has attracted more and more attention，Relevant research has also achieved certain results。Bounded by terrain，"North nj bet365 Core Area" north to Yanshan Mountains，West to Taihang Mountains，Southern boundary Huaihe River，East to the coast。To the Qing Dynasty，The closeness between the ocean and the socio-economic development and changes in North nj bet365 has been significantly intensified。Under the influence of early economic globalization and the Qing Dynasty’s maritime policy，North nj bet365’s social economy shows obvious “seaward” changes，And it was clearly demonstrated before the port opened。

1st，Seaway becomes North nj bet365 and Northeast nj bet365、An important channel for official and non-governmental communication in Jiangnan and even South nj bet365。

Compared with traditional land transportation，Sea transportation has large transportation volume、Low cost、High efficiency features。Kangxi period，A famine occurred in Fengtian。To improve the efficiency of relief food transportation，Emperor Kangxi went to Tianjin in person，Surveyed the "Fengzhi Sea Road" from Dagu to Niuzhuang, Haicheng。Afterwards，The "Fengzhi Sea Road" partially replaces the land transportation of the Western Liaoning Corridor，Become a new channel for the circulation of materials, especially grain, between North nj bet365 and Northeast nj bet365。Qianlong period，The Qing government specially formulated the "Regulations on the Lifting of Maritime Ships"，To regulate shipping activities between the two places。Due to insufficient number of ships in North nj bet365，The Qing government sent personnel to the southeastern coasts of Fujian and Guangdong to "encourage merchant ships to sail overseas"，Envoy to trade”，And provide certain tax exemption policy incentives。"The merchants on the coast of North nj bet365 were not enthusiastic about the trend for a while"，Sea Ship Collection”，Coastal passage has become an important way for communication between North nj bet365, Jiangnan and even South nj bet365。Kangxi period，For famine relief in North Korea，The Qing government intercepted rice in Tianjin，“Use merchant ships to leave Dagu Port，Use chicken-head boats to guide the way to Dengzhou, Shandong Province”。

Close relations between the two sides of the Bohai Strait，Before the Qing Dynasty, there were shipping channels from Dengzhou, Shandong to various ports in Liaodong。After the Qing Dynasty Dingding，Dengliaohai Road was soon reused，Not only materials are circulated on a large scale between the two places，Population has increasingly become an important factor of mobility on the sea。Thousands of Shandong people moved outside the customs through the Dengliaohai Road，Shandong has become the "Hainan" place of origin for a large number of immigrants from the Northeast，The Northeast has become the new home of "Haibei" in the hearts of Shandong immigrants。Disaster relief was the direct cause of the rise of the North nj bet365 Sea Channel in the early Qing Dynasty，But after，Inter-regional commercial trade is increasingly becoming the mainstream of maritime transport。In addition，Compared with previous dynasties，The gradual shift of the dominant force in shipping from the official to the private sector was a characteristic of North nj bet365 shipping in the Qing Dynasty。

Second，The coastal cities and towns in North nj bet365 are gradually emerging，And far exceeds the previous ones in number and scale。

Tang and Song Dynasties，A few coastal cities in North nj bet365 such as Dengzhou、Mizhou has had its prosperous periods，General decline after Liao and Jin Dynasties。Before Qing Dynasty，Tianjin、Dengzhou、Jiaozhou has reached a certain scale，But its value is mainly reflected in the political and military fields。Enter the Qing Dynasty，Especially after Kangxi opened the sea，Under the influence of coastal trade，North nj bet365’s coastal cities and towns are booming in both size and quantity。Tianjin is located in the northeastern part of the North nj bet365 Plain，Prospered by water transportation。The reason why Tianjin gradually developed into the largest commercial center and coastal city in North nj bet365 during the Qing Dynasty，Benefited from the promotion of coastal trade。Jiaozhou、Yantai、Qingdao was before the Qing Dynasty、中、The largest commercial center and city along the coast of Shandong in the later period，Its prosperity also depends on the development of coastal trade。

Long before the maritime ban was completely lifted during the Kangxi period，The Qing government opened up short-distance trade between the Shandong Peninsula and the north and south。To the late Kangxi period，Jiaozhou’s trade scope has been greatly expanded，“Businessmen from Three Jiangsu, Two Zhejiang and Eight Fujian，Xian came with his cargo ship floating on the sea"。To the middle of Qing Dynasty，The area of ​​the commercial district outside Jiaozhou City has exceeded ten times that of the original Jiaozhou City。Yantai is Haikou under Dengzhou Prefecture，The only passage for traditional sailing ships to sail the Northern Ocean。It emerged in the mid-Qing Dynasty，"Catch the end of Daoguang，Then there are more than a thousand business names”，And was eventually selected as the first treaty port in Shandong by the great powers。Qingdao was forcibly leased by Germany in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898)，Established as the second treaty port in Shandong，In less than ten years, it has surpassed Yantai and become Shandong’s new coastal trade center。However, historical data shows，In fact, its position on the coast of Shandong was also established before the opening of the port。Statistics of taxes paid by coastal prefectures and counties in Shandong in the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859)，Jimo County, where Qingdaokou is located, has long been ranked second in the province。In addition，Iron Gate is located at the mouth of the old Daqing River、Yangkou and Longkou in Laizhou Bay、Chrysostom in T-shaped Bay、Qingkou and other coastal towns in Haizhou Bay，There was a considerable degree of prosperity and development in the Qing Dynasty。This is a reflection of the seaward trend of North nj bet365's social economy in the Qing Dynasty，At the same time, it has had a positive impact on the development of North nj bet365 towards the sea。

　Third，The economic production in North nj bet365 has shown a considerable degree of market-oriented changes towards the sea。

　The area where the country’s political center is located，North nj bet365 continued to import huge amounts of materials from outside during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Even so，Their economic production still shows a considerable degree of market-oriented changes，Of which salt、Soybeans、Represented by cotton spinning field。Salt is a necessity for human life，Salt tax revenue has been an important financial source in the past。The Qing Dynasty also implemented strict control over the production, transportation and sales of salt。Coastal areas are dotted with salt fields，There were various forms of salt transportation and sales in the Qing Dynasty，But no matter whether it is official transportation or official sales、Government-supervised sales or government-run sales，Overall it is still government-run，Exclusive rights controlled by the government。After Yongzheng period，Climbing along the coast of Shandong、Lai、Qingsanfu，The Qing government implemented the policy of democratic movement and sales，Salt is freely trafficked by the people，Salt tax stalls are collected on the ground。The Qing government implemented salt movement and sales in coastal areas of Shandong，Nature is related to traffic conditions，But it also reflects the development of Shandong’s commodity economy in the early and mid-Qing Dynasties。

North nj bet365 is one of the main soybean producing areas，around 17th century，The fertilizer value of soybean cake, a by-product of soybean oil extraction, was discovered，The demand for soybeans in Jiangnan and other regions has increased sharply。Qianlong period，Jiangsu officials once said that “Beans are widely used among the people in Jiangsu，Ask for financial aid to Shangdou, Jiedong Province。Once the merchant ship fails to arrive，Not only do you collect less tariffs，And beans are expensive，People’s food is in trouble”。To meet the bean demand in Jiangnan and other places，Soybeans from North nj bet365 are not only transported south through the canal，Even the Qing Dynasty’s “ban on exporting rice abroad” was broken，Shandong and northern Jiangsu soybeans are licensed to be transported by sea to Jiangnan and even Fujian and Zhejiang。Soybeans became the bulk agricultural product exported by North nj bet365 in the Qing Dynasty。Early Qianlong period，North nj bet365 soybean products alone contribute more than 20% to Jiangsu Customs tax revenue，The rise of Shanghai is also closely related to the coastal trade of soybeans in North nj bet365 during the Qing Dynasty。Shandong is not the main cotton producing area，But home cotton spinning is quite common。Jiangnan cotton is imported into Shandong along the coastal road，Spinning flowers into cloth not only satisfies self-needs，It can also be exported to Northeast nj bet365 and other places。At the same time，Sugar、Tea、Porcelain、Paper and other southern goods are also carried north by merchant ships and sold to the North nj bet365 mainland。After the port is opened，The hinterland range of the ports along the North nj bet365 coast、The product categories have been greatly expanded，Leather goods、Medicinal materials、Straw hats, etc. have become bulk commodities for export，A large number of overseas products have also joined the ranks of being sold to the vast hinterland of North nj bet365。

　Fourth，The status of economic and trade activities along the coast of North nj bet365 in taxation has jumped sharply。

Taxation directly reflects economic and social development。Early and mid-Qing Dynasty，The status of economic and trade activities along the coast of North nj bet365 in the Qing Dynasty’s taxation increased significantly。Tianjin was one of the places where customs directly under the central government was established during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，For Hexi Affairs in the Ming Dynasty，Tianjin Pass was reestablished in the Qing Dynasty。Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty，The tax source mainly comes from the canal。Tianjin sea tax was levied after Kangxi opened the sea，Local miscellaneous tax，Not much was conquered at first。With the continuous development of coastal trade，Tax revenue generated from coastal economic and trade is gradually increasing。To the Qianlong period，No matter Tianjin Guanzhong coastal tax or Tianjin sea tax，The tax amount increased significantly。Jiaqing Period，Tianjin sea tax is now under the jurisdiction of the central government，Actually attached to Tianjin Pass。Based on research by Mr. Xu Tan，By the Jiaqing period, the tax revenue brought by Tianjin’s coastal trade could reach 890,000 taels of silver or even more，Accounting for nearly 70% of Tianjin’s total customs tax revenue。This situation has similar manifestations in Shandong and Northern Jiangsu。

In the Qing Dynasty, there was no centrally-administered customs clearance along the coast of Shandong，After the opening of the sea during the Kangxi period，Coastal trade regulations levy ship tax，Only a few hundred taels at first。Yongzheng and Qianlong years，Ship tax collection “increases year by year”，By the 41st year of Qianlong reign (1776), it had reached more than 10,000 taels。ninth year of Xianfeng，Shandong Coastal Preparatory Bureau。Trial acceptance less than one year，The tax paid by Haikou, a coastal prefecture and county in this province, has exceeded 42,000 taels。After Kangxi opened the sea，Soybean goods from Northern Jiangxi and Ganyu are allowed to pass through the sea route，Sell directly to Taicang Liuhekou via Qingkou。Afterwards, Qing Liu blocked the crossing and opened it，Finally achieved stable development five years after Qianlong，And actually Haizhou around Ganyu、Bean products from Shuyang and other places are also concentrated in Qingkou.。Check Jiangguan Customs Archives，Qingliu Dududu was reopened in the fifth year of Qianlong's reign，Promote Jiangsu Customs tax revenue to form a direct increase of more than 10,000 taels。Economic and trade activities in the coastal areas of North nj bet365 increasingly became an important source of wealth in the Qing Dynasty。

North nj bet365 and South nj bet365、Same as Jiangnan and other areas，The social economy has shown obvious "seaward" changes in the Qing Dynasty，This change was clearly demonstrated before the port opened。This change in North nj bet365 also reflects three characteristics: First, compared with Jiangnan、South nj bet365 and other places，The seaward change in North nj bet365 occurred later。If we talk about Jiangnan、This change in South nj bet365 appeared in the middle and late Ming Dynasty，North nj bet365 was mainly reflected more obviously in the Qing Dynasty。Second, the social and economic changes in North nj bet365 are the result of two-way promotion by the government and the people。North nj bet365’s social economy is more affected by dynasty policies，The change in its seaward orientation is directly driven by the dynasty’s maritime policy，At the same time，It is also deeply affected by the activities of civil forces inside and outside the region。Except local people，Fujian and Guangdong、The maritime business forces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang are quite active in North nj bet365。The third is Jiangnan、Many changes in South nj bet365 are highlighted by the integration into early economic globalization，The seaward changes in social and economic development in North nj bet365 during the Qing Dynasty, especially in the early and mid-Qing Dynasty，More concentratedly reflected in the formation of serving the national market。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Project "Research on Maritime Policies in nj bet365 and the Development and Change of Coastal Trade in the Bohai Rim Region" (22BZS072)

(The author is an associate professor at the Institute of Marine Development and Institute of Chinese Social History, Ocean University of nj bet365)