With the rise of regional history research，In recent years, the social and economic history of North China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has become more concerned，Related research also achieved certain results。Topping with terrain，"North China Core District" north to the Yanshan Mountains，West to Taihang Mountains，Huaihe River in the south，East to the coast。time to the Qing Dynasty，The closeness to the changes in the social and economic development of the ocean and North China is significantly intensified。Under the influence of early economic globalization and the Qing Dynasty Haijiang policy，The social and economic changes in North China have shown obvious changes in the "jurisdiction"，and it has been displayed clearly before opening the port。

First，The seaway becomes North China and Northeast、An important channel for official communication and exchanges between Jiangnan and even South China。

Compared to traditional land transport，Haiyun has a large amount of transportation、Low cost、Features of high timeliness。During the Kangxi reign，Apologies occurred in Fengtian。To improve the efficiency of grain transportation，Emperor Kangxi to Tianjin，Investigating the "Fengzhi Needo" from Dagu to Haicheng Niuzhuang。，The "Fengzhi Haidao" section replaced the land transport of the western Liaoning Corridor，Become a new channel for North China and Northeast Materials, especially food circulation。Qianlong period，The Qing government has formulated the "Sea Ship Banning Articles of Association"，To regulate the sea transportation activities between the two places。Due to the insufficient number of ships in China，The Qing government sent members to the southeast coast of the southeast of Fujian and Guangdong.，Make Trade Come "，and give a certain tax exemption policy encouragement。The coast of North China.，Sea Shipa Collection "，The coastal passage has become an important bet365 Play online games way to communicate and exchange in North China, Jiangnan, and even South China。During the Kangxi reign，To help North Korea disasters，The Qing government cut off rice in Tianjin，"Use a commercial boat to get out of Dagu Haikou，Delivery to the head of Chicken Head Boat in Dengzhou, Shandong "。

Close relations between the Bohai Sea Straits，The sea transportation channel from Dengzhou, Shandong to Liaodong before the Qing Dynasty。After the Ding Ding of the Qing Dynasty，Dengliao Neighborhood was quickly used again，Not only does the supplies become circulating between the two places，The population has also become an important liquidity element in the sea。Thousands of Shandong people moved to Guanwai through Denghai Road，Shandong has become a "Hainan" original place for Northeast immigrants，Northeast becomes the "Haibei" new home in the hearts of Shandong immigrants。Disaster relief is the direct cause of the rise of the North China Necer in the early Qing Dynasty，But after，Cross -regional commercial trade is increasingly becoming the mainstream of shipping。other，Compared with the previous dynasties，The dominant force of sea transportation gradually shifted from the official to the characteristics of the people of North China in the Qing Dynasty。

Second，The urban and towns in North China gradually rise，and far exceed the past。

Tang and Song Dynasties，A few coastal cities in North China such as Dengzhou、Mizhou has a period of prosperity，Liao Jin generally declines。Before the Qing Dynasty，Tianjin、Dengzhou、Jiaozhou has a slight scale，But its value is mainly reflected in the political and military field。Enter the Qing Dynasty，Especially after Kangxi opened the sea，Under the influence of coastal trade，North China coastal cities and towns, both in terms of scale and quantity。Tianjin is located in the northeast of the North China Plain，Favorite due to transportation。The reason why Tianjin has gradually developed into the largest commercial center and coastal cities in North China in the Qing Dynasty，Thanks to the promotion of coastal trade。Jiaozhou、Yantai、bet365 best casino games Qingdao before the Qing Dynasty、Middle、The largest commercial center and city in Shandong coastal in the later period，Its prosperity also depends on the development of coastal trade。

As early as the Kangxi period was completely lifted，The Qing government opened a short -distance trade between the Shandong Peninsula and the North and South。until the late Kangxi，Jiaozhou trade scope is sharply expanded，"Sanjiang, two Zhejiang and eight Fujian business，Xian comes with its cargo and floats "。To the middle of the Qing Dynasty，The area of ​​the foreign business area of ​​Jiaozhou City Guan has been super ten times over the original Jiaozhou City。Yantai is Dengzhou Mansion belongs to Haikou，It is necessary to sail Beiyang for traditional sailboats。It rises in the middle of the Qing Dynasty，"At the end of the Light，The business name has been more than a thousand "，And was finally selected as the first treaty port in Shandong。Qingdao was forcibly leased by Germany in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898)，Breaking as the second business port in Shandong，In less than ten years, it surpassed Yantai to become the new coastal trade center in Shandong。But historical data display，In fact, its status on the coast of Shandong has also been established before opening。Xianfeng Ninth Year (1859) Statistics Statistics pay taxes on the coastal states and counties of Shandong，Jimo County, where Qingdao is located, has already ranked second in the province。other，The iron gate gate at the Old Qinghekou、Yangkou and Longkou of Lazhou Bay、Ding Ziwan's Golden Out、Qingkou and other coastal towns in Haizhou Bay，It has a considerable degree of prosperity in the Qing Dynasty。This is both a manifestation of the social and economic becoming in the northern China of the Qing Dynasty，At the same time, it has a positive impact on the development of the Urection of North China。

third，Economic production in North China shows a considerable marketization change。

The area where the national political center is located，In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, North China continued to enter huge amounts of materials from the outside。Even so，Its economic bet365 live casino games production still shows a considerable degree of market -oriented change，Among them, salt、Soya、The field of cotton spinning is represented。Salt is a necessity for human life，salt tax income is an important source of wealth in the past。The Qing Dynasty also implemented strict control of the production and transportation of salt in the Qing Dynasty。Coastal areas spread all over the salt field，There are many forms of transportation and sales in the Qing Dynasty salt，But whether it is official sales and official sales、Official supervision business sales or official business sales，Overall is still officially run，The right to control the monopoly by the government。After the Yongzheng period，Deng on the coast of Shandong、Lai、Qing Sanfu，The Qing government implemented a civil movement policy，Salt Salt Listening to the People ’s Free Trafficking，Salt class spread into the ground and collect。The Qing government implemented salt civil movement in the coastal areas of Shandong，Nature related to traffic conditions，But it also reflects the development of Shandong's commodity economy in the middle of the Qing Dynasty。

North China is one of the main soybean production areas，Around the 17th century，Dedicated by the soybean oil squeezing -the value of the soy cake is found，Jiangnan and other regions to increase the demand for soy products in Jiangnan。Qianlong period，Jiangsu officials once called "Jiangsu folk use beans is very wide，A benefit from the borrowing of Shangdou from the East Province。Once the merchant ship is not，Not only does the tariffs receive less，Doudou is expensive，Public Food Ex shaped "。To meet the needs of beans such as Jiangnan and other places，North China soybean not only passes through Canal Yun，Even the "Banning of Micani Oshi" in the Qing Dynasty was also broken，Shandong and northern Jiangsu bean goods are traveled to Jiangnan and even Fujian Zhejiang through the sea road。Soybean has become a large agricultural product output from the outside of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty。Qianlong early，An only one of North China soybean goods contributed bet365 best casino games more than 20%to Jiang Customs tax，The rise of Shanghai is also closely related to the coastal trade of North China soybean goods in the Qing Dynasty。Shandong is not the main cotton main area，But family cotton textiles are quite common。Jiangnan Cotton Coastal Road Enter Shandong，Spinning Flower Fabric In addition to satisfying self -need，Can also go to the northeast and other places。At the same time，Sugar、Tea、Porcelain、Paper and other southern goods are also sold to Mainland North China from the north of the merchant ship。After the port is opened，The hinterland area of ​​the ports of the North China Coast、The types of goods are extended sharply，Leather goods、medicinal materials、Straw Hat Bad, etc.，Massive overseas products have also joined the ranks sold to the majority of North China。

Fourth，The status of North China coastal economic and trade activities in taxation has leaped sharply。

Taxation directly reflects economic and social development。The first and middle period of the Qing Dynasty，The status of the North China coastal economic and trade activities in the Qing Dynasty's taxation has leaped sharply。Tianjin was one of the locations directly under the Central Committee of the Central Committee during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The Ming Dynasty was Hexi，The Qing Dynasty reorganized Tianjin Pass。The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty，The source of its tax is mainly from the canal。Tianjin Sea Tax began after Kangxi opened the sea，It is a local miscellaneous tax，It was not a few at first。With the continuous development of coastal trade，The taxation of coastal economic and trade has gradually increased。During the Qianlong period，Regardless of the coastal taxes or Tianjin Sea Tax，The amount of tax increases significantly。Jiaqing period，Tianjin Sea Tax began to be included in the scope of the central jurisdiction，Actual affiliated with Tianjin Pass。According to Mr. Xu Tan research，During the Jiaqing years, the taxes brought by the coastal trade of Tianjin can reach 80,000 or more，nearly 70 % of the total taxation of Tianjin。This situation has similar embodiment in Shandong and northern Jiangsu region。

bet365 Play online games In the Qing Dynasty Shandong coastal, there is no centralized tax closing settings，After opening the sea during the Kangxi period，Submitting ship tax for coastal trade fixed examples，Only a few hundred two at the beginning。During the Qianlong period of Yongzheng，Shipping tax "increased year by year to increase than before"，From the 41st year of Qianlong (1776), it has reached more than 10,000。Xianfeng Nine Years，Shandong coastal bureau。Trial for less than a year，Taxes paid by Haikou, the province's coastal prefectures and counties, have more than 42,200。After Kangxi opened the sea，Gonglong soybean goods in northern Jiangsu may be allowed to pass Sea Road，Sales of Liuhekou, Odakuka Liuhekou。Later, when the Qing Liu was banned when the crossing was banned，Finally, in the five years of Qianlong, stable development，and actually Haizhou, around Ganyu、Soy products in Puyang and other places are also concentrated until Qingkou。Check the Jiang Customs Archives，Qianlong Five -year -old Qing Liu Xiangdu Retarts，Promote the direct growth of more than 10,000 two in the revenue of Jiang Customs Tax。Economic and trade activities in the coastal areas of North China have become an important source of wealth in the Qing Dynasty。

North China and South China、Jiangnan and other areas is the same，The socioeconomic change has shown a clear change in the "sea of ​​the sea" in the Qing Dynasty，And this change has been clearly displayed before opening the port。This change in North China also reflects three characteristics: First, compared to Jiangnan、South China and other places，Sea -based changes in North China have become late。If Jiangnan、This change in South China appeared in the middle and late Ming Dynasty，North China is mainly reflected in the Qing Dynasty more obvious。Second, the social and economic changes in North China are the results of the two -way promotion of officials and people。Social and Economics in North China is affected by the policy of the dynasty，The change of the sea of ​​the sea benefits from the direct promotion of the dynasty and the sea of ​​the dynasty，At bet365 Play online games the same time，It is also deeply influenced by folk forces inside and outside the region。Except for local people，Fujian and Yue、The activities of Jiangsu and Zhejiang's business in North China are quite active。Third is Jiangnan、Many changes in South China are prominently reflected in the integration of early economic globalization，and the North China region in the Qing Dynasty, especially the early and mid -term and the mid -term social and economy changes，More concentratedly reflected in the formation of serving the national market。

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(The author is an associate professor at the Institute of Ocean Development of Ocean University of China and Associate Professor of China Institute of Social History)