Dialectics of Marx's material concept
June 24, 2021 09:45 Source: "China Social Sciences" June 24, 2021, Issue 2193 Author: Xie Yongkang Li Jiaqi

Marx has criticized the mystery of Hegel's philosophy,guided its specific material concept,Therefore, it can be said that Marx's materialist position is stripped from Hegel idealism,instead of direct adoption of French materialism or Ferbaha materialism。We are generally near -generation materialism as an independent source of Marx's philosophy,Therefore, I have to face the combination of materialism and dialectics,If we show that Hegel's philosophy contains a possibility of a potential materialist position,So "materialism" and "ideal" must be understood as two basic factors of dialectics,To avoid the external combination problem of the two。This means,Marx inherited from Hegel's philosophy and even the entire classical philosophy tradition.,also includes the gene of materialism。Whether it is Hegel or Marx,All from the intermediary activity of the subject to understand the concept of material,and Marx's critical work is mainly to present the material concept wrapped in the mysterious shell of Hegel's philosophical philosophy。

If you understand the material from the perspective of the intermediary,Marxism's material view must be logically backing back to Kant's freedom。Although Kant claims that the freedom is that any means of knowledge cannot be touched,Is absolutely unknown,But after all, he "stipulated" the freedom,That is, the "inevitable" setting of cognitive rationality,Therefore, it can also be said to be a necessary condition Bet365 app download for the possibility of knowledge。and Kant after the German idealists, all of which will destroy the fundamental task,Efforts to dissolve the free things in the activity of the subject,In other words, it is dissolved in various forms of intermediaries,To explain how the material is produced from the intermediary activity,That is to say how its "freedom" regulations are abandoned。If the things that are free represents the direct knowledge of knowledge,Then idealists are trying to make this direct understanding through indirect or intermediary。The key to the problem is the productive problem of intermediary activities,Because the problem of dissolving free things in the intermediary activity,In essence, it is the problem that is free from the intermediary activities。This is the core logic of German idealism,From Kant's "My Thinking", it is bound to accompany all its "appearance",That is, with all its "objects",To Ficht's "Self -Setting and Never Me",Then go to Hegel's spirit "regulations",Is it a manifestation of this logic。and Marx specifies material concepts through social production,Although the position of materialism is guided,But the logical continuity of its classical philosophy of Germany is already obvious。

The terminal of German idealism is Hegel's absolute idealism,At this pinnacle,It is not difficult to see the quality of materialism it contains。The guidance of the spirit of Hegel's philosophy is substantial knowledge,instead of empty knowledge,But in order to control the substance of this knowledge,You have to set a "absolute" spirit,Although the "absoluteness" of this Bet365 app download spirit and the "substantialness" they desire are exterior。So we can distinguish between Hegel's philosophy for two major motivations,First is the absolute appeal of idealism,From this, the conclusion is inevitable to guide the subjective activity unilateral activity,Followed by the criticisms of Higgel's criticism of Jacob and Ferchit, the substantial desire,This desire requires absolute spirit to sink and potential experience in its specific experience。Therefore, absolute appeal requirements are required to leave experience,and the substantive appeal requires close combination with experience,These two opposite motivations are strangely combined in Hegel's dialectics。The motivation for this contradiction itself is a real human activity,or a kind of abstract expression of social production labor。Hergel advocates the unity of the subject and the entity,Profile spirit is a living entity,and Marx understands people as reality、Sensory and objective essential power of natural existence,Is the inner consistency。but but,Marx does not think this unity is a demand to be achieved,And the development of productivity has long been developed,One of the most significant facts in becoming a modern society。Marx is actually the motivation of the second aspect of Hegel's philosophy,Prerequisite to make it philosophical thinking and even human realistic activities。Based on this premise,We can understand history as a process that generates people and nature through labor。This process has "intuitive、Unsurbing Credit "proof,That is to say,We are already in humans and nature、Dialectical bet365 live casino games relationship between the subject and object,So real nature of nature,It is already "actual" and "can intuitive"。

From Hegel's philosophical position, it can be continuously transitioned to Marx's position,And many basic concepts have also changed,If the movement from spiritual consciousness to realistic human labor is the realization of the subjective,Then this subjective bearer becomes an unavoidable problem。People are no longer a spirit of spirit.,"Directly exists naturally",It is a natural existence that shows his "life"。Human and nature generate in the process of human production labor,and labor force should first be understood as a natural force。Labor as a natural force,First of all, it means that it is a human body -based activity,Physical labor is the substantial extension of human body with the help of tools to nature,and brain labor is a symbolic extension of concept to nature with the help of concepts。Through this extension,Human expansion has expanded the scope of humanization,And the nature has become a human inorganic body。Visible,People are not just the existence of nature,And the existence of "human",Is a "class" existence。Natural objects,Including the nature of the person itself does not directly exist according to the person's scale,The generation of human and nature also means the transformation and creation of people itself and nature。In this process,"Human" ability is manifested as a general and intermediary ability,This is the key to directly overcomes its direct and individuality。Whether it is concept or tool,Or is it a high -level form of a tool,All things that give them universality,Bet365 app download Give them a activity of civilized brand。Human labor is based on nature,Therefore, it is not as advocated by the bourgeois economist and philosopher,Simple labor is the source of all wealth。

Generalality also contains the dimension of the subjectiveness,This concept is also a material premise in Marx,And in material activity —。First,division of labor is an inevitable requirement for implementing the universality of labor。If the tool represents the functional extension of the human body,So division of labor means the functional extension of the human group,Tool behavior means that the specific part of the human body and the specific part of nature must be established inevitable and generally connected,The division of labor means that the specific part of the crowd and the specific part of the nature establish a universal and inevitable connection,Both are unified and specialized unified。division of labor can also be understood as the functionality of tools in human groups。Division of labor causes specialization,Specialized created socially。This aspect is the system of society itself,On the other hand is economic communication,Its core is commodity exchange。This social nature is essentially the essence of human beings,It can also be said to be the object of life of "human"。It meets the requirements of personal life to get rid of its direct nature,But there is a danger of alienation into a simple natural object or natural object。

The premise of human activity also means the limited nature of the human subject,It means the condition of the subject's freedom。In the subject -object、People -Nature In this objective relationship,Bet365 lotto review Personal individuals perform activities under the premise of nature and create history,The freedom purpose of the historical subject is combined with the inevitable laws of nature,"History of Nature" and "Human History" is inseparable,Restriction of each other。In the real life process,Naturally generally means that people have a prerequisite that must be satisfied,Constrained by material conditions,Follow the principle of "things"; history means the creation of human freedom,Create according to the scale of "people"。Here here,Freedom can be understood from two aspects,The first is the possession of the outside world,First is to the essence of its own category、The possession of your own nature。These two aspects are promoted with each other,Bet365 app download At the same time, it is also limited。Human beings exterior their own essence to nature,Turn into humanization into its own wealth scope,This process is also a transformation and possession of its own nature。We can understand this process as the main holding process of a human subject,That is, human beings have to make their own same sex through external objects,And this process always has the danger of losing self。Therefore,The core of the essence of human beings is essentially a tension between the object relationship and its own relationship,And humans have always overcome the alienation of the object relationship through critical actions,To maintain your own same sex。This is the essential structure of freedom。From "The Manuscript of Economics 1844" to "German Ideology",Then go to "Capital",Marx always aware of the boundaries and tension of the two,At the same time, it is always exploring the specific form of human intermediary activities,Whether it is alienated labor、division of labor or labor for production exchange value,It is the way of Marx's imagination of the material world,It is also a way to overcome it and achieve freedom。

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