Academic discussions on the essence of Marx’s new materialism，Although it has important academic value，But it seems to stay at the abstract concept or principle level of the epistemological tradition，bet365 code easy to ignore the relationship between people’s living conditions and social history that Marx was concerned about。The reason why new materialism demonstrates the "perceptual view of practice"，bet365 code because people (workers) as the main body create history，But the dominant position of workers in social history is missing，Workers need to regain their historical subject status，This is the liberation logic of new materialism。This liberation logic regardless of the value concern for the "human liberation" of new materialism，Or the historical logic as the objective condition and realistic support for liberation，Both have great theoretical and practical significance。

　"Activity and Activities of Sensual bet365 code Beings"The dialectical unity bet365 code of passivity

The dialectical unified relationship between activity and passivity in "perceptual human activities"，Not only constitutes the basis of all other forms of human consciousness，And constitute the premise of human bet365 code history。

Old materialism or idealism，Either start from the pure object in itself (before Feuerbach) or the theoretically intuitive person and world (Feuerbach)，Either starting from the abstract spiritual initiative that has no material and no object，Both obviously ignore the human perceptual reality and object dimensions bet365 code subject。Therefore，Although great thinkers like Hegel correctly understand labor as human self-generated action，Understand a person’s relationship to himself as a relationship to alien beings，Understand the realization of oneself as an alien being as becoming-like consciousness and like-life。But because labor within the perspective of its conceptual theory is only abstract spiritual labor，So its understanding of human actions is only "abstract、The nature of thinking，That is, self-awareness”。

　In this sense，New materialism is the "truth" that combines the sensibility of old materialism with the initiative of idealism。On the one hand，It emphasizes man as natural、Physical、Emotional、objective existence，is "passive、Conditioned and limited beings”。On the other hand，It emphasizes that bet365 code precisely because of this objectivity that we understand why the "existence of living individuals" as a "historical premise" is realistic、Activity and creativity、Activities of emotional people。

Viewed from the perceptual and realistic human activities of the dialectical unity of activity and passivity，bet365 code not consciousness that determines life，bet365 code life that determines consciousness。Religion、Concept、Ideologies such as self-awareness are generated from the historical process of people’s lives，bet365 code the reflection of the latter。Only by putting an end to the speculative illusions and "empty talk about consciousness" of the old philosophy，In order to understand "people's practical activities and actual development process"，Understanding history。This is how workers create history through the perceptual activities of generations，And the historical reality of a specific era constitutes the "certain material" of those who come later.、Boundaries not subject to their arbitrary control、Prerequisites and conditions”。

　Involved in the activities of "emotional bet365 code"Spontaneous bet365 code

The spontaneity characteristics inherent in the activities of "emotional people"，bet365 code also the realistic basis for the separation of rulers and workers，Thus in past social relations，The working class appears in the historical role of the ruled class。There are always some people in different societies who serve as "free people", "clergy", "nobles", "bourgeois", "educators" and "enlighteners" who can be superior to society and countless workers in different historical periods. Waiting for the ruling class。However，Looking at it from the materialistic view of history based on the activities of "sensual people"，The self-division and self-contradiction of this social reality，And the resulting social history “separates itself from itself，The reason why the characteristics of "and being fixed as an independent kingdom in the clouds" occurred，bet365 code due to the spontaneous characteristics of the activities of "perceptual people"，With the development of history，Material labor spontaneously or "naturally" forms talents (such as physical strength)、Required、Differences such as chance，This leads to the separation of material labor and spiritual labor，Start from here，Some people no longer need to engage in heavy material labor and specialize in spiritual labor。

The spiritual workers among the rulers “can realistically imagine something without imagining something realistic”，Consciousness thus transcends “perceptual activities”、Get rid bet365 code real world to construct "pure theory、Theology、Philosophy、Morality and other "super-historical truth system。The spontaneity of this separation，In terms of labor activities，Embodied as spiritual activities on behalf bet365 code ruler、Enjoyment and consumption and material activities on behalf bet365 code people、The contradiction between passivity and production；In terms of labor results，The unequal distribution based on the quantity and quality of labor and its products has thus become a historical reality。

So far，There is a conflicting relationship between the interests of a single person and the common interests of all individuals who interact with each other (the interdependence between individuals who have a division of labor)。In order to resolve this contradiction，A given society can only give the real interests of the ruling class a universal independent form of "morality" or "justice" (rather than the real interests of the ruled class representing the working class)，This independent form can only be illusory because bet365 code divorced from actual individual interests and overall interests，Here，The ruling class rules all other classes in a false name。Thus Marx pointed out，No matter bet365 code a democratic government、Aristocracy or monarchy，All struggles within the country are nothing but "illusory forms" that embrace the ruling class and are divorced from the people and their interests。

Obviously，These illusory community forms embody the contradiction between rulers and workers，bet365 code a vivid portrayal of social relations in the past，And Marx’s grasp of the essence of social relations，bet365 code related to the disillusionment with the illusion of "human essence"。Old philosophy is accustomed to treating rationality as、Concept、Religion、Freedom or other universal things are regarded as the innate "non-historical" transcendent essence of human beings，Marx pointed out tit for tat，Human nature is historical，Because the essential social relationship of "creation" is also historical。When divorced from the historical process of reality，To solidify a certain established social relationship、Zombified understanding，It will result in double "non-historical" and "non-critical" - not only alienated from the interests of the broad working class、The established social relations of opposition are eternally rationalized，And from it derives some very deceptive illusion of "human nature"。This is why Asia is characterized by hierarchy、Paternalistic、Classical ancient or feudal social relations (ownership forms) strongly emphasize the "loyalty" quality of people，The underlying reason why capitalist society, whose sole purpose is the self-expansion of capital, vigorously promotes human "independence" and "freedom"。Therefore，We may not be able to conclude that "the totality of social relations" is Marx's "definition" of human nature。Because the definition is based on the concept of "super history" (eternal truth)，They in turn see themselves as the normative basis and even the creator of historical reality。This is the way of thinking of traditional metaphysical essentialism，Rather than the interest of Marxist philosophy in constructing historical materialism by describing the social history of human activities。

Obviously these conditions serve as established forms of ownership or social relations，The subject status of workers is not confirmed，But bet365 code confirms the freedom of the ruling class that deprives labor，“Individual freedom exists only for those individuals who develop within the confines of the ruling class，The reason why they have personal freedom，Just because they are individuals of this class”。Opposite，The working class is in the transition of various unfree and non-liberated states，They are "generalized individuals" controlled by common relationships governed by the common interests of a certain class，Belonging to these social relationships。Social relations exist as alien “powers of things” that are independent of individuals and govern them，Therefore for the working class，The changes in these relationships constitute various forms of shackles for people，This new form of shackles，That is, capital and the bourgeoisie。

　The proletariat realizes bet365 code liberationbet365 code mission

Because of its own historical situation, the proletariat has got rid bet365 code special desire to rule others through the struggle for domination consciousness，And then in its dual historical mission with capital，Construction promotes the advancement of world history、The main force to realize human liberation。

With the emergence of a new social relationship between capital and the bourgeoisie，People as workers，He entered the stage of history as a proletarian。The proletariat appears in a universal historical situation of "deconstruction"，Within this class，All logical identities that do not touch the interests of the ruling class become empty talk。First of all, its general non-liberation historical situation lies in，bet365 code a “civil society class that is not a civil society class”，bet365 code "the level of disintegration of all levels"，bet365 code “a realm of universal character because of its own universal suffering”。Therefore，It does not destroy all slavery，No form of slavery can be destroyed。bet365 code not fundamentally revolutionary，bet365 code impossible to complete any kind of revolution。Therefore，The proletariat is getting rid of the previous religious power because of its own historical situation、Imperial Power、Monk、Nobility、The special demands of the bourgeoisie and others to dominate others through the struggle for dominance，Its only historical demand is to fundamentally liberate all mankind to liberate itself，“Liberation from all other social spheres thereby liberating all other social spheres”。The proletariat takes on the responsibility of promoting the advancement of world history、The decisive force to achieve human liberation。

However，Only place the opposition of "property and property" within the "opposition of labor and capital"，Only then can we understand the contradiction between the two and its world historical significance in promoting the process of human liberation。Driven by the nature of capital，Labor is constantly developing and controlling their productivity，Until the latter grows to a historic dominant force in the world，At the same time, there are also world-historic universal exchanges。Result，On the one hand，“The phenomenon of ‘propertyless’ masses also exists among all nations” (Universal Competition)，Changes that make every nation dependent on other nations、Thus making the transformation of "market" into "world market" an empirical fact，Every member of the proletariat is thus subject to the increasingly expanding alien power、Shock and control。On the other hand，They used to be "local individuals" existing in isolated locations and within narrow boundaries，Nowadays, bet365 code increasingly becoming "the existence of each individual directly connected with the history of the world" and "the historical existence of each individual in the world"。

The proletariat thus takes on the world’s historic mission with the objective conditions created by capital: to break the boundaries of capital itself，Access to the "Free Individuality" of Human Liberation。For that matter，Once the mission of capital is completed，On the one hand，“Production based on exchange value will collapse，The direct material production process itself is freed from forms of poverty and opposition。Free development of personality，...then，Suitable for this，Because bet365 code time and means created for all people，Personal meeting in art、Science and other aspects have been developed”。On the other hand，Alien forms of wealth and ability will throw away the premise of capital，Wealth will become "an individual need arising from universal exchange、Talent、Enjoy、The universality of productivity, etc.”，Become “the absolute expression of man’s creative genius”，And "this kind of play，No other prerequisites except previous historical development，And previous historical developments have enabled this comprehensive development，…become an end in itself。Here，People do not reproduce themselves in a certain way，But to produce his comprehensiveness”。

(This article is a phased result bet365 code "Research on Modernity in the Perspective of Practical Philosophy" (UNPYSCT-2016172), a youth innovative talent training program for general undergraduate colleges and universities in Heilongjiang Province)

(Author’s unit: School of bet365 code, Heilongjiang University)