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"German Ideology" (hereinafter referred to as "Form")，Now it has been regarded as one of the important births of the historical view of materialism。But，The manuscript of the "Form" was first compiled and published in the 1920s and 1930s，This determines that it is not the dominant expression of the historical view of materialism for a long time。According to the publishing order of Marx's works，The first "Public Explanation" of the Material History View was "Poverty of Philosophy" published in 1847; and in the history of Marxism and the history of development，The classic expression recognized by the historical concept of materialism is the preface of "Political Economics Criticism" in 1859 (hereinafter referred to as "Preface")。These two public expressions of the historical view of materialism，It also marks two major nodes of Marx's development: "Poverty of Philosophy" marks the formation of "historical principles"，that is, "Each principle has the century of its appearance"; "Preface" marks the initial completion of the work of "political economics critical"，That is, "The Manuscript of Economics of 1857-1858" (hereinafter referred to as the "Outline") and "Critical Economics。Book of First Branch。From this perspective，Writing "Form" before these two，It is the historical view of the historical materialism before the "historical principles" and "criticism of political economy"，It is the prototype state of the historical view。This prototype status，Although it already contains the basic connotation of the historical view of materialism and a lot of wonderful ideological sparks，but also contains a lot of contradictions and tension、Many immature and incomplete things。So，Only the form of "form" is placed in the whole process of Marx's thought development，Only to rationally estimate the status and value of this manuscript。

　　Preliminary establishment of the basic connotation of materialist history

In the development process of Marx，"Form" is affiliated with the thought pulse of "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844" (hereinafter referred to as "Manuscript")，The purpose is to criticize the idealist philosophy of Hegel and the idealism later，The ideological principles of establishing materialism，and criticize German philosophy、Conservative political position，Establish energy、The political position of the revolution。First，"Manuscript" refuted Hegel's absolute idealism with "objective principle"。From Hegel's view，The development process of spiritual spirit，It means self -awareness setting objectivity，Abandon the target through the reflection of self -consciousness，To achieve no difference between self -awareness and object。The political effect of this view，Often reached ideological reconciliation with the ready -made order: "It has not touched its own object in reality"，Therefore, it "just finds abstract for the movement of history、Logic、expression of speculation "。Compared with it，Marx advocates that there is an irreplaceable "objective"，It is impossible to be completely abandoned in self -consciousness。This，The historical process becomes a process of transforming the external object of people，This process always contains the revolutionary of the exterior world that is changing the outside world。Since then，In "Outline of Ferbaha" (hereinafter referred to as "Outline")，Marx further defines the famous "practice" concept as "objective activity"，This shows the ideological continuity between the outline and the manuscript。At the same time，Outline also advocates "Every mysterious thing that leads the theory to mysteriousism，Both can be reasonably solved in people's practice and the understanding of this practice "，thus opened up the ideological path to "Form"。

In "Form"，Marx's philosophical criticism and political criticism of German idealism，All have obtained a wider social historic vision。From Marx's view，German philosophy "Fall from bet365 best casino games heaven to earth"，A variety of abstract categories (such as self -consciousness、Class、The only person、People, etc.) Pretend to be the subject of history，So "find a certain category in each era"。This ideological view of ideal，Political conservative position closely related，This is the commonality of German idealism and Ferbaha's old materialism。The reason why idealists interpret history as history of thought，Because they belong to the thinker group in the ruling class，Its task is to explain the ideas of the ruling class as the principle of the times，Candidate the history of each era as "Concept's Self -Provisions"。Similarly，Ferbaha's point of view about social history is intuitive、Disposal，He can't see "The emotional world around him is by no means a kind of open -world.、The consistent thing，but the product of industrial and social conditions，is the product of history "。Compared with these two ideal views of history，The historical view of materialism advocates "rising from the earth to heaven"，Describe the "Real Personal Personal" and its life process with "purely experience"，Based on this, "depict the development of the ideological reflection and response of this life process"。Visible，From the perspective of Marx at this time，Criticism of the Materials History View of the Materials History，It means that the "history of abstract category" is restored to "history of specific experience"。Similarly，The historical view of materialism is also related to a revolutionary political position。In "Form"，Marx's division of labor、The development of productive forces and the relationship between communication starts with，Demo the dominance of the materialized power of economic relations，Qi Qi Qi's liberation prospects of the world's "unbearable" and the revolution are out of liberation，A call for loudness of "making the world revolutionize" was proposed。

　　The view of the historical materialism that is still to be perfect

But，Material History Views in the "Form" initial prototype，is not equal to the development of the historical view of Bet365 app download materialism。What needs to be asked here: Did Marx complete the task he set for himself? Has he fully implemented historic insights on abstract categories，As a result, a thorough experienced "historical science" is established?

We know，"Form" Establish a "historical science" attempt，It is from "the first historical activity", that is, "material production"。Based on this，Marx constructed a kind of material production to the need to produce，The historical narrative of people's production and relationship production again。but，General "production" concept，In terms of it as a "abstract category"，There is no difference in concepts such as "self -awareness" and "people" with the same general "self -awareness" and "people"。It is also a product of a specific historical period and social form，The product of the capitalist industrial society。So，Interpreting history as the general history of "material production"，Interpreting history as the general history of "material production"，Therefore, the category of this category is based on the historical particularity of the generation。If some scholars say，This may promote an understanding of "division of labor" that was originally effective in the capitalist era to the era of capitalism。For this，Marx made a clear reflection in the Outline: "For the various regulations that are generally applicable to production, so it must be pulled out，It is also to not because of the unity ... The difference in essence。"" "，The use of "form" in the "capital" category also shows a certain amount of non -historicity。For example，It is also to not because of the unity ... The difference in essence，On the one hand, the serf workers who are bound to land ownership，On the other hand, it has a small amount of capital and dominates its own labor。"here，"Capital" refers to the specific economic relationship of a capitalist society，but just an abstract "accumulated labor"。For this，Marx also reflected in the "Outline": "This is because it is because it is just put aside the Bet365 lotto review 'production tool'、‘accumulated labor’ became the special of capital。”

Visible，Although "Form" already contains the basic connotation of the historical view of materialism，But it is used as the prototype of the historical view of materialism，I did not implement the historical principles contained in this historical view to the end。The historical view of materialism is used to explain the category of history (such as general "production", "capital" and other categories，itself is also historic; for this，"Form" has not fully established a matched epistemology and methodology。That's for this，"Form" does not completely get rid of the influence of Hegel's philosophy he criticized，That is the impulse to promote the entire history from the abstract category。

　　Criticism of political economicsPerfect with the historical view of materialism

This kind of Hegelism remnants，It is gradually eliminated in Marx's subsequent works。In "Poverty of Philosophy"，Marx's vulgar Hegelism by criticizing Pulu Dong，The principle of "each principle has its own century" proposed，As a result, the condition of historic reflection on the historical concept of materialism is preliminary。In the Outline，Marx and Hegel's idealist ingredients have achieved further breaks。As mentioned earlier，According to the perspective of "Form"，Historical interpretation should start with specific experience descriptions of "real individuals"。But the "Introduction" of "Outline" advocates，"Chaos Appearance" such as "Experience"，It is precisely not the starting point of thought。This is because of，Once we want to specify this "specific"，I still have to use abstract concepts。In this sense，Human thought inevitably is a process of "from abstraction to specific";，Start from the specific experience，It is actually impossible。If you can't see this，Thought is easy to ignore the abstract category (such as "production", "capital", etc.) as the nature of the "abstract category"，As a result of the idealism of the historical outlook without knowing it。

This，Historical materialism and Hegel -style idealism，bet365 best casino games It is also presented as a "from abstraction to specific" process。The difference between the two，It is not that the former starts with the specific but the latter began in abstraction，but in: idealism believes，The self -deduction in the abstract category can generate a specific overall, while materialism believes，Any abstract category is a given、Historical specific overall products。As Marx said，"Hegel is in an illusion，Understand realistic as self -comprehensive、The result of the thinking of self -deepening and self -movement "。Compared with it，From the perspective of materialists，"subject，Society ... always appeared in front of the appearance as the premise "。It is based on this principle，Marx can make self -criticism in the abstract scope of "Form" in the Outline。It can be said，until here，The historic principles of germination in "Form" have reached the depth of self -reflection，Historical materialism itself has a historic understanding。This understanding is achieved，Obviously depends on Marx's political economy critical work，Specific analysis of the special social form of a capitalist society。In this sense，Marx is not the first to complete the historical view of materialism，It will be applied to political economy criticism afterwards，Instead, it was gradually established and improved in the process of political economics criticism.。

To sum up，"Form", although the basic connotation of the historical view of materialism is preliminarily explained，But it is just the two ideological nodes of the "historical principles" and "criticism of political economics".。Marx during the "Form" period，Want to "rebel" Hegel，It is still under the influence of Hegel。This kind of Hegelism is residual，Not the unique value of "Form"，but the immatureness of "Form"。After 1859，The ideological connotation of "Form" has been largely abandoned in the criticism of political economics and the "Preface" based on this。​​Perhaps because of this，Marx finally abandoned the effort to publish the full manuscript of the "Form"，and advocate "hand over it to the mice's teeth to criticize"。Bet365 app download Of course，"Form" as a later appear、Draft for the unbwaling，The literature value value that has not been published in public publishing works。but，For the development of the theory itself，The more important task is: properly and cautiously estimate the ideological level of "Form"，Truth seeking truth from facts to measure its position in Marx's development，Therefore, I just treat Marx's lifelong ideological achievements。

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Tsinghua University)