Since the 1970s，Global ecological problems are increasingly prominent。Marx and Engels stated in the Declaration of the Communist Party that the world market has been opened up，Economics in various countries、Political and cultural exchanges are continuously deepened，The people of all countries in the world have become more and more closely linked。Not only that，To solve the severe ecological crisis also requires the joint efforts and active operation of countries around the world。The ecological Marxism in Western Marxist thoughts that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s is a social theory of social civilization to ecological civilization，It is the most influential trend of Marxism abroad today，It provides an important theoretical thinking for human beings to solve the global ecological crisis。

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Follow the Ecological Marxism

The natural environment continues to deteriorate，Global ecological issues highlights the widespread attention of ecological Marxist scholars，They analyzed the cause of the ecological crisis from different perspectives。The 1960s and 1970s was the early stage of the development of Ecological Marxism，Representatives are the prestigious Frankfurt School members Herbert Marcuse。Marcase means that under the capitalist system，The essence of the benefit of capital makes it naturally become exploited、Ploot、The controlled object，Under the throbbing of capital logic，Under the manipulation of the capitalist market mechanism，More and more attractive products in Western society are manufactured and promoted，People are full of false needs of material desire，Alienation consumption has become a means and way to prove the purpose of life。But，In modern society，Alienation consumption makes people a slave to the product，Become a "unidirectional person"，Society has also become a "unidirectional society" that only pursues the maximization of profits。Alienation labor and alienation consumption leads to excessive development and plunder of natural resources，Natural resources are consumed bet365 live casino games a lot，The ecological environment is destroyed，These direct reasons for the waste of natural resources and the ecological crisis。Naturally, it is considered "data" and material objects to be developed，It is the existence under human control。Malcuscer's positive role in affirming science and technology in promoting historical development，He also further pointed out that science and technology has also become an accomplice that destroys nature，Science and Technology to maintain the rule of capitalism，Strengthen the manipulation and control of the environment and public consciousness，As a result, the ecological crisis is intensified。

The 1970s and 1980s was the second period of the development of Ecological Marxism，Main representatives are William Leiss and Ben Agger。Rice thinks，Environmental problems and ecological crises originated from people's deep -rooted concepts of controlling nature，That is some kind of ideology that controls nature，Science and Technology is not the culprit of the ecological crisis，It is just a powerful tool to control nature。Rice proposed that "natural resistance means the resistance of human nature" through Hawkheimer's exposition。in the 17th century，Capitalist ideology that controls natural concepts mainly manifests as positive effects，That is, it has positive significance in changing the living conditions of material survival and hope for technology。but，to the 20th century，Ignoring the negative effects of the internal connection between science and technology conflict with social conflicts。other，In modern industrial society，People’s material life needs require a large amount of energy and resources as support，The worsening ecological situation makes it naturally overwhelmed。Rice criticized the satisfaction、The concept of happiness and endless material consumption equivalent，It is incorrect to think that people's dissatisfaction and setbacks in the labor field through crazy consumption，It is the root cause of and the root cause of the Ecological crisis。

Agel has made outstanding contributions to the concept of "Ecological Marxism" and its basic ideas has been widely spread and recognized in the world。He thinks，The ecological crisis of capitalism has replaced the economic crisis，The expression bet365 Play online games of the crisis also shifted from the field of production to the consumer field。To relieve and compensate monotonous、Identify、The pain caused by lack of creative alienation labor，Coupled with the false needs inspired by the advertising publicity，People often seek satisfaction through excessive consumption。But，This over -consumption and alienation consumption did not reduce people's pain，and also beyond natural tolerance，It becomes a direct source of the ecological crisis。Alienation consumption and alienation labor promotes each other，It not only provides necessary conditions for alienation labor，It also provides possible for people's recognition and dependence on the capitalist system。

The 1990s was the third period of the development of Ecological Marxism，Main representatives are James O’Connor, etc.。Ocomnner proposed a dual crisis theory，The economic crisis that believes that capitalism is derived from the contradictions of capitalism，In order to pursue more profits, capital will inevitably increase the exploitation of workers，The consumption capacity of severely exploited workers will become lower and lower，As a result, the exchange value cannot be achieved。To get more surplus value，Environment and land will become the direction of some capitalists tending to transfer costs，Then cause impact and destruction on the ecology。other，The characteristics of the infinite expansion of capitalist production make the rhythm and cycle of capital operation and the rhythm and cycle of natural development cannot be matched，Capitalist production has obvious anti -ecological properties，Capitalist production restricted and restricted by ecosystems will experience insufficient production and economic crisis。Efforts to break through the limit of capitalist unlimited production of ecosystems will develop and abuse natural resources，This leads to ecological crisis，The ecological crisis characterized by production conditions and scarcity of natural resources has also exacerbated the economic crisis。Capital accumulation and global imbalanced development structure will inevitably increase the exploitation and plunder of developed countries to the energy and resources bet365 best casino games of underdeveloped countries，As a result, severe natural resource failure and environmental pollution。The technical usage in capital logic also worsen natural conditions。Ocomnaon thinks，Capitalism and sustainable development are incompatible，Capitalism has unsustainable。

　　The possible path for cracking the ecological crisis

Marxist natural view deeply attracts ecological Marxist scholars，Many of them try to deal with global ecological problems with the natural view of Marxism，Seek possible paths for cracking the ecological crisis。"The Manuscript of Economics in 1844" and "German Ideology" emphasized the basic status of nature and its first in nature，"Capital" and "Anti -Dulin Theory" provided an important theoretical source for the relationship between Marxist thinking and nature for ecological thinking。

Malkase thinks，Can't just regard nature as a material、Raw materials and objects，should understand and grasp it from the perspective of vitality，Perseverance as an important force for interacting partners who are in harmony with humans and important forces to promote human liberation。Malkuse advocates treating nature as a subject，Treat the relationship between man and nature as the relationship between the subject and the subject，instead of the relationship between the subject and object。From "stripping" to "humanitarian possession" in the attitude towards nature，This is an effective way to conform to nature and realize natural liberation。other，Malkase advocates abandoning false needs and alienation consumption，Seek the meaning of life by making full use of resources and labor to meet real needs。More importantly，Marcase realized，From the surface，Ecological crisis or ecological and scientific and technological relations issues reflect the alienation and crisis of human and natural relationships，In fact, behind the alienation and crisis of human relations and crisis is the alienation and crisis of people's relationships，It is a concrete manifestation of the overall alienation of capitalism。Malcuscei is deeply influenced by Marx，He advocates "restoration of aesthetics" in nature、Natural liberation and people's liberation，The liberation of human beings is a more fundamental and critical part of resolving the ecological crisis。

bet365 live casino games Rice thinks，The new idea of ​​controlling nature is to reinterpret the concept of controlling nature。He proposed the future ideal society and named it "Society that is easier to survive"，It advocates minimizing the per capita use of resources and other substances to the minimum value，Promote the harmony between man and nature，"It is the main purpose of ethical or moral development，instead of the innovation of science or technology "，It should be understood naturally as "Control of the relationship between humans and nature"，The irrational and destructive aspects of the desire of the control，Respect the nature of nature，Ability to improve the responsible use of scientific and technological means，Control the harmonious relationship between nature and humans，Establish a social system that can cultivate and protect this ability。In a capitalist society，It is necessary。Rice proposed，Use a solution to establish a steady economy to deal with ecological problems，That is, the standard for turning the person's consumption from quantity，Seeking changes in expressing demand and meeting demand。People’s needs are many aspects，The means to meet the needs are also diverse，The satisfaction of a person should be obtained from the activities they can engage in，That is, in the field of production rather than get in the consumer field，Should spare no effort to engage in various freedoms for people、Autonomous、Creation Conditions of Creative Activities。

Agel proposed，Use the "Dialectical Method of Expecting Destroyer" social change model to overcome alienation consumption，Then overcome the alienation of the relationship between man and nature。Agel thinks，Infiniteness of human desires and limited ecosystems are contradictory，Continuous plundering and destruction of natural resources will lead to ecological crisis，When industrial production declines and the supply of goods is crisis，People will have disappointment about the desire to consume that cannot satisfy the habit of，and start to question the capitalist system and reflect on the new outlook on happiness，These dynamic sources that constitute social reforms，Promoting people to form a new view of demand and expectations。Agel advocates "steady bet365 live casino games economic theory"，Slow economic growth rate by decentralization and non -bureaucratic ways，Lift the ecological crisis。

Oconn believes，The capitalist system cannot solve the ecological crisis at all，Ecological socialism is the only correct choice to overcome the dual crisis of economic and ecological crises，That is to combine ecology and socialism。Ocomnaon thinks，Ecological Socialism should be "to make the exchange value belong to the use value，Make abstract labor belong to specific labor "。He advocates shifting from the pursuit of "allocation of justice" to the pursuit of "production justice"，Promote the construction of national democratization based on ecological democracy，Adhere to the principle of "Protection First"，Strengthen the protection of people、Natural protection and community protection，and promote profit -oriented production steering -oriented production。

　　For the theory of Ecological Marxist theory

Reflection and questioning

It is not difficult to find from the argumentation of Ecological Marxist scholars，Their ecological Marxist theory has the following features。

First，Can find the root of the ecological crisis in the capitalist system and production method。The logic of pursuing the maximization of profit by analyzing the capitalist society，Clarify the essential characteristics of capitalism behind false needs and alienation consumption，advocates changing capitalist production methods。In the analysis of the relationship between people and nature，Some scholars can explore the essence of natural liberation and human liberation based on Marxist ecological thought，Analyze and solve the ecological problem between man and nature on the basis of social relations。

Second，The main direction of solving the ecological crisis is in the field of production rather than consumer。They expect through free and autonomous labor、Stable economy and organize production by demand to reduce dependence on alienation consumption and goods，Reduce the consumption and waste of energy and other substances，Find the meaning and value of life from the production field，Meet people's real material and mental needs。

again，Its ecological Marxist thought is incomplete。Most scholars are still the ideological construction of improvementism in the capitalist system，Lack of strong relying on ecological bet365 live casino games crises and human liberation -the proletariat，No Marxism with class struggle as the core revolutionary struggle。

Last，Its ecological Marxist thoughts are not short of utopianism。Whether it is hoping to develop ethics and moral solution to ecological crisis，Or "Dialectical Law of Expecting Destroy"，and the steady economic model all shows that their ecological thoughts are ideal。Its ecological Marxist thought lacks realistic anti -funded principles，If they can propose to solve the way to solve the ecological crisis from the perspective of the ecological constructionism of capital logic，and fully consider the advantages and functions that contemporary socialist countries can play in the use and protecting the environment，So I believe that ecological Marxism will provide a deeper and feasible theoretical reference for solving the global ecological crisis。

　　(Author is an associate professor of Marxism College of Heilongjiang University)