From the perspective of knowledge sociology，Tuergan's thought was the product of the deep crisis of social transformation in France (Western Europe) in the late 19th century。European society fell in the middle of the 18th century，After hundreds of years of commercial revival and the accumulation of overseas colonization，The industrial revolution broke out in just decades、Ideological Enlightenment、Political Revolution and Social Improvement。This series of revolution and reforms dismiss the traditional feudal feudal，The wanton expansion of capital、The decline of political authority and the disorders of moral value follow the "collective disease" followed by。to the era of Turkan，The old system of the collapse of the earth has formed a unique transformation panoramic chaos with the anxious state of the new society that is still born。European and American World is in scale、Deep、The unprecedented transformation of the intensity has caused a long -lasting surprise and response in the ideological world，It has spawned various character genres and diagnostic solutions。Tuergan's thought of moral science and moral society reconstruction thinking is one of the "showing learning"。

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Press Tuergan's point of view，The state of serious morality and legal misunderstanding of Western Europe in the 19th century is the "illness" of the transition period。In this "old -fashioned Bet365 lotto review gods, all of them have been old or died，and other gods are not born "(Moral Hiatus)，The traditional "church -manor" society collapse in the political and economic revolution，The new society form based on division of labor is still on the horizon; the moral system that has not yet formed economic functions that matches the in -depth division of labor，"Cooperation morality" of civic society、Democratic construction of political countries and the cultivation of social conditions and folk customs are still in a very unopened state。This is the root cause of the extremely miserable in the 19th century in Western European society, especially the economic field。Turkan wrote: "The ancient ideals and the gods that can reflect these ideals are dead，Because they cannot satisfy the new desire that has appeared on the horizon，The new ideal used to guide us life has not yet appeared。Therefore，We find ourselves in a transition period、A period of moral indifference，This moral indifference reveals all kinds of tragic phenomena，We watched these phenomena in pain and anxiety。”

Compared with the vintage trend of the 19th century、The theory of emptiness design and revolutionary theory，Tuergan more inherited the academic flow of empiricalism，Looking at social problems from the perspective of a natural science (moral physics)。According to the "Guidelines of Sociology Methods",，Social world has the "SUI GENEIS" operating rule，The task of moral science is to compare history、Comparison of "empirical science methods to discuss the facts of moral life"，The cause of the formation of important Bet365 lotto review moral elements such as the country from the perspective of social history、Production mechanism and evolution trajectory，With the help of "statistical" and other methods, explain the sociological mechanism that regulates people's minds，Existing the unique moral structure of each society and the relationship between social history between each other，According to this, the self -holding method of society as a moral life body under new historical conditions，Scientific basis for rebuilding as a modern moral society。This is the essence of Tuergan moral science。For this，He formulated a magnificent research plan，and gathered a group of like -minded scholars ("Nian Jian Xue School") to religion、National Facts and other "social facts" conduct research。Where is it in Turkan，These seemingly irrelevant research actually has the same purpose，As what it says，Society is not pure abstraction or ideal，Instead, the accumulation of specific social organs and social facts，Even the revolution cannot raid the society to the ground。Therefore，If you want to know the politics of European countries、Economy、The future form of morality，It is necessary to study the previous system and practical activities，Find its evolution trajectory and the main factor that causes changes，Based on this analyzing possible future development direction and existence form，This is the only way to solve the European crisis during the transition period。

　　Moral science builds a new form for modern society

Social transformation will inevitably involve the reshaping of the moral Bet365 app download psychology and organizational structure of the social and various fields，It also involves the problem of the fit between the dimensions of society。According to the original ideas of "San Ximen and Socialism" and other works，The reconstruction project mainly involves two aspects: (1) Change the secular system and specifications，Keep them consistent with the new needs of social development; (2) reshaping the common concept system (IDEOLOGY)，The moral foundation of these systems。It can be said，"Sociology Tutorial: Physics of Folk Style and Rights" and "Basic Forms of Religious Life" and other works are exactly the specific and micro exhibition along this idea，and provide a deeper support for learning。

Where，Turkan clearly pointed out that "the essence of society and religion is the same"，Society must adopt a general form of religious life，That is, "a unified system for beliefs and etiquette formed by the formation of the holy objects"，Its content and form change due to sometimes，The study of his moral science is trying to build a suitable religious form for modern society。Through personality、Contract、Professional group、Social History Research on Elements of the Country，Turkan thinks，With the value of general people、Human religion, which is the teach of dignity and rights (moral individualism), will become the religious form of a new society; this collective ideal will be permeated to various fields such as civic society and political countries，Become a limited property view、Justice contract、Principles of "secondary sacred existence" such as professional ethics and citizen morality，They Bet365 app download form a layer of stacking intertwined、Mutual Cape、The moral mechanics structure that fits with each other，Create a matched etiquette to show、The collective ideal of maintaining the moral individualism of the maintenance and reproduction。

　　Tuergan thought as one of the sources of the western scholarship

The modern Chinese history since 1840 is a transformation history。Traditional China is "Xili East Invasion、West Xue Dongjian、West Tide East、Western -made East plant "was forced to fall into the new world order created by the West，Open a reconstruction process of human order and social system。In this "era of social change"，This is trying to create a set of "more mature、More setting "or even a system that is a system that is the country to resolve the country should consciously recognize，The new culture and new order of the world are not a single country or civilization or a choice of "not this"，but the overall problem of the world: Who can integrate the Chinese and Western civilization essence to create a new value concept and social system，Who can occupy the peak of the future world。As Mr. Luo Rongqu said，China's modernization, the more forward，The more urgent it is to need to re -understand the historical traditions and lengths of the Chinese and Western civilizations，Find the fit point of both parties。That's for this，Contemporary China should surpass the current historical threshold，Review the transformation of the past 200 years with an overall view of modern history，Sort the road selection of each stage、Reason for gains and losses and succession relationships，Especially analyzing each bet365 live casino games once influence、Western doctrine that is affecting China，Explore its fit point with the transition China，to outline the ideal scene of New China。This is the most fundamental theoretical problem at the moment and the historical mission of contemporary social sciences。

Inheritor of the French Revolutionary Moral Heritage、commentator of thinkers such as San Ximen and Marx，Turkan's research method of "moral science" through its unique "moral science"，combined the socialist tradition and individualist thoughts since the 19th century，Qiqi a collective consciousness with moral personalism、Limited Property Rights -Economic Society of the Contract of Justice、The composite political form of "Professional Group -Political State" is the transformation map of the main element。Tuergan's research method and the transformation scheme of "Turkkism"，Not only does it affect the influence of Western social reconstruction in the 20th century, especially after World War II,，And as Mr. Chen Tao said，Turkan "The substantial impact on domestic sociology and even the entire social science field may be far greater than any Western sociologist"。Mr. Wu Wenzao, the sage of Chinese sociology, once said that Turkan's sociological thought was "the only scientific sociological system in contemporary contemporary"，Its impact on Chinese sociology can be seen，It is extremely necessary to sort out its impact。

　(This article is the key topic of the Party School of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee of the Communist Party of China "Research on Thalgan Religious Thought" (2019xzd005) achievement)

(Author Unit: Sociology Teaching and Research Department of the Party School of the Communist Party of China)