From the perspective of sociology of knowledge，Durkheim’s thought was the product of the deep crisis of social transformation in France (Western Europe) in the late 19th century。European society since the mid-18th century，After hundreds of years of commercial revival and overseas colonial accumulation，Industrial revolutions broke out one after another in just a few decades、Ideological Enlightenment、Political revolution and social reform。This series of revolutions and reforms are dismantling the traditional feudal-ecclesiastical system，The wanton expansion of capital、“Collective diseases” such as the decline of political authority and disorder of app bet365 download values ​​followed one after another。To the era of Durkheim，The disintegrating old system and the anxious state of the new society that is still gestating form a unique panoramic chaos of transformation。The scale of the European and American world、Depth、The unprecedented transformation in terms of intensity has caused lasting consternation and repercussions in the intellectual community，Have spawned various character schools and diagnostic schemes。Durkheim’s thoughts on app bet365 download science and app bet365 download social reconstruction are one of the “explicit theories”。

　　Transition crisis diagnosis spawns app bet365 download science research

According to Durkheim’s point of view，The serious app bet365 download and legal anomie in Western European society in the 19th century was a "disease" during the transition period。In this "old-style gods are old or dead，The app bet365 download hiatus when no other gods were born"，The traditional "church-manor" society collapsed in the political and economic revolution，The new social form based on division of labor and exchange is still on the horizon；Society has not yet formed a app bet365 download system that matches the economic functions of deep division of labor，The "Cooperative Ethics" of Civil Society、The democratic construction of the political country and the cultivation of social conditions and folk customs are still in an extremely imperfect state。This is the source of extreme misery in Western European society, especially in the economic field, in the 19th century。Durkheim wrote: “The ancient ideals and the gods who embodied them are dying，Because they cannot satisfy the new desires that are already on the horizon，The new ideals to guide our lives have not yet emerged。Therefore，We find ourselves in a period of transition、A period of app bet365 download apathy，This app bet365 download indifference reveals all kinds of tragic phenomena，We have painfully witnessed these phenomena and are anxious about them。”

Compared with the various retro trends in the 19th century、Utopian Design and Revolutionary Doctrine，Durkheim inherited more of the academic source of positivism，Examine social issues from a natural science (app bet365 download physics) perspective。According to the perspective of "Code of Sociological Method"，The social world has a "sui geneis" operating law，The task of app bet365 download science is through comparative history、"Empirical scientific methods such as comparative ethnography and comparative statistics to discuss various facts of app bet365 download life"，Present the reasons for the formation of important app bet365 download elements such as the country from the perspective of social history、Production mechanism and evolution trajectory，Use "statistics" and other methods to explain the sociological mechanism of specific norms governing people's minds，Outline the unique app bet365 download structure of each society and the social historical kinship between them，Explore the self-sustaining way of society as a app bet365 download living body under new historical conditions，As a scientific basis for the reconstruction of modern app bet365 download society。This is the essence of Durkheim’s app bet365 download science。For this，He formulated a grand research plan，And gathered a group of like-minded scholars ("Annals School") to study religion、Carry out research on “social facts” such as countries。In Durkheim，These seemingly unrelated studies actually have the same purpose，As it says，Society is not a pure abstraction or ideal，It is the accumulation of a series of specific social organs and social facts，Even revolution cannot raze society to the ground。Therefore，To understand the politics of European countries、Economy、The future shape of morality，We must study past systems and practices，Looking for its evolution trajectory and the main factors leading to change，According to this, analyze possible future development directions and forms of existence，This is the only way to solve the crisis in Europe during the transition period。

　　app bet365 download science constructs new forms for modern society

The great transformation of society will inevitably involve the reshaping of the app bet365 download psychology and organizational structure of society as a whole and in various fields，It also involves the issue of fit between various dimensions of society。According to the original ideas of "Saint-Simon and Socialism" and other works，The reconstruction project mainly involves two aspects: (1) Changing secular systems and norms，Align them with the new needs of social development；(2) Reshape a common concept system (ideology)，As the app bet365 download basis of these systems。It can be said，Works such as "Sociological Course: The Physics of Folk Customs and Rights" and "Basic Forms of Religious Life" are developed specifically and slightly along this idea，And provides more profound academic support。

among them，Durkheim clearly pointed out that "the essence of society and religion is the same"，Society must adopt the general form of religious life，That is, "a unified system of beliefs and rituals (practice) formed around sacred objects"，The content and form change with time，His research on app bet365 download science is an attempt to construct a suitable form of religion for modern society。Pass to personality、Contract、Professional groups、Research on social history of countries and other elements，Durkheim believes，With universal human values、Humanistic religion with dignity and rights (app bet365 download individualism) as its teachings will become the religious form of the new society；This collective ideal will permeate various fields such as civil society and the political state，Becoming a limited property concept、Justice Contract、The principles and limits of “secondary divine beings” such as professional ethics and civic morality，They form a layered and interlaced pattern、Mutual horns、Coherent app bet365 download mechanics structure，And create matching etiquette to demonstrate、Preserving and reproducing the collective ideal of app bet365 download individualism。

　　Durkheim’s thought as one app bet365 download sources app bet365 download spread of Western learning to the East

The history of modern China since 1840 is a history of transformation。Traditional China’s “Western Power Invasion Eastward”、Western learning spreads eastward、The tide from the west to the east、Under the pressure of "Western control and Eastern control", we were forced to fall into the new world order created by the West，Started a process of reconstructing the order of people's hearts and app bet365 download system。In this "era of great app bet365 download change"，This is an attempt to create a "more mature" set、Countries that have a more stereotyped system that is even copied by other countries should consciously realize it，The world’s new culture and new order are not a matter for a single country or civilization or an “either/or” choice，But the overall problem of the world: Who can integrate the essence of Chinese and Western civilizations to create new values ​​and app bet365 download systems，Who can occupy the peak of the future world。As Mr. Luo Rongqu said，China’s modernization is moving forward，The more urgent it is for us to re-understand the historical traditions, strengths and weaknesses of Chinese and Western civilizations，Find the common points between both parties。For that matter，Contemporary China should transcend the current historical threshold，Reviewing the transformation of the past 200 years with an overall view of modern history，Combining the path choices at each stage、The relationship between gains and losses and succession，Especially analyze each past influence、Western theories that are influencing China，Explore its compatibility with China’s transformation，To outline the picture of the ideal new China。This is the most fundamental theoretical issue at present and the historical mission of contemporary app bet365 download science。

As the inheritor of the app bet365 download legacy of the French Revolution、Commentators of thinkers such as Saint-Simon and Marx，Durkheim through his unique "app bet365 download science" research method，Combines the socialist tradition and individualistic thought since the 19th century，outlines a collective consciousness based on app bet365 download individualism、Limited Property Rights—Economic Society of Just Contract、The transformation picture in which the composite political form of "professional group-political state" is the main element。Durkheim’s research methods and “Durkheimian” transformation plan，It not only had a profound impact on the European and American world in the 20th century, especially the reconstruction of Western society after World War II，And as Mr. Chen Tao said，Durkheim’s “substantial influence on domestic sociology and even the entire field of social science may be far greater than that of any Western sociologist”。Mr. Wu Wenzao, the sage of Chinese sociology, once said that Durkheim’s sociological thought is “the only scientific sociological system in the contemporary era”，The impact on Chinese sociology can be seen，It is extremely necessary to sort out its impact。

　(This article is the result app bet365 download key project "Research on Durkheim's Religious Thoughts" (2019XZD005) app bet365 download Party School app bet365 download Beijing Municipal Committee app bet365 download Communist Party of China)

(Author’s unit: Sociology Teaching and Research Department, Party School of Beijing Municipal Committee app bet365 download Communist Party of China)