It is different from Western society as individuals with unique personality and characteristics，Chinese society pays more attention to society，Emphasize the relationship between self and others。That is to say，Individuals in Chinese society are more vulnerable to others，The influence of the companion group is also greater。Especially since reform and opening up，Due to economic development、Changes in the concept of marriage and intergenerational relationships，The absence of both parents or unilaterals, while weakening the influence of families on the development of young people, more highlights the importance of the companion group。but，The current related research is mainly based on Western society, especially the United States as the background，Studies rarely from oriental society。In our country，Some scholars analyze the development of teenagers based on the perspective of the interaction between the companion group and the companion.，But mainly concentrated in the field of education，Nothing to social and economic behavior、Follow physical and mental health。In fact，The companion group of the companion group for the youth's socio -economic behavior、The effect of physical and mental health is greater than the impact on education。，The focus of existing research is to perform causal proof of the companion effect，Application for social policy、Insufficient consciousness of analyzing the focus by the existence of the companion effect。

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Family is the breeding center of human nature，But teenagers are often in the companion network，Bet365 app download "Asian Culture" that is completely different from the adult world。No doubt，The family has an important impact on the first socialization of the individual when he was young，But these influences gradually weakened later，Replaced by the affected by the companion group。Pancolic influence mainly occurs through two ways: endogenous interaction and exogenous interaction。The former refers to the change of individual behavior as the group members' behavior changes，If the adolescent smoking is affected by the smoking behavior of their classmates; the latter refers to the change of individual behavior as the characteristics of their group members change，If youth smoking is affected by the gender composition of his classmates。These two ways represent different analysis paths and policy meanings。

The interaction between the companion group and the companion provides an important perspective for understanding the development of young people，Sociology、Psychology、Many scholars in economics are committed to analyzing the effects of peer effects on the growth of adolescents。This analysis can be summarized into three aspects: First, the companion effect and education，Mainly explore the academic performance of the companion group for adolescents、Education expectations、Bad learning behavior, etc.，Including political participation、Society Add、Career choice、Consumer Entertainment, etc.; Third, the companion effect and physical and mental health，Including diet disorder、Obesity、Sleep、anxiety、Depression, etc.。Because the social communication boundary is blurred and hidden，Researchers often just carry out data collection and observation on the basis of assumptions。This kind of collection and observation is also subject to the convenience and research of data，Therefore, specific research is Bet365 lotto review often based on neighborhood、Dormitory、Class、Grade、School, etc. define or select as a companion group。Related research conclusions present two obvious features: First, cross -sample research results are inconsistent，That is, with the differences in the research sample，The effects of the peer effect on adolescents are different; the second is that the companion effect has obvious situation differences，The impact on the different behaviors of teenagers is strong and weak。A basic trend is that the impact of the companion group on educational behavior and its results should be less than the impact on socio -economic behavior and physical and mental health。

　What the influence of the companion group on individuals may be the core question

The inconsistencies of the results of cross -sample research and the differences in situations prompted researchers to reflect on the existence and theoretical model of the companion effect。Research focuses on gradually shifting to explore the companion group for different gender、Age、race、Cognition、Whether there is a difference in the influence of self -control，and group homogeneity、Group condensate、whether the structural factors such as group scale and other groups have a regulatory effect on the occurrence of the companion effect。This type of study can be called non -equal or heterogeneous analysis of the companion effect，The question of its tried to answer is "Is the companion group have the same effect on all members"。But theoretically，Non -equal analysis of the peer effect should also include another aspect，Is the group member who has the same influence on the formation of the companion effect — it is the uniform effect of all individuals，Still some individuals play a dominant role。For example，Education expectations of primary and secondary school students are affected by the average education bet365 live casino games expectations of members of their group members，Still the main group high、In the influence of or low education expectations? further，Average education expectations for group members，Group high、Is the influence and size of different individuals in different individuals in different individuals? This is the basis of the companion effect from theoretical research to policy application，It is a reduction in or eliminating the negative factors of companions through social intervention、Establish or enhance positive factors，to form the best companion composition，Guidance、The key to promoting the healthy development of young people is。

How can the influence of the companion group on individuals may be the core question of the study of the companion effect。About this，A common consensus is the approach of space or social distance。But this approach cannot directly explain the occurrence of the companion effect，Researchers must figure out the social process and mechanism behind it，can you constantly understand this important social phenomenon。Based on Cognitive Development Theory、Social learning theory、Social Impact theory、Analysis of the theory of social network and social capital points this process and mechanism to four possibilities。First is the influence of cognitive。It refers to the interaction between individuals and companions will promote its cognitive development，Raise or change the individual's understanding and understanding of the surrounding world，So that the way of behavior changes。The second is the standard influence。It assumes that there is a mainstream tendency in each group，and this tendency to produce a direct pressure on members of the group，and form a companion effect。Third is information impact。When an individual thinks that others have the information that they do not know Bet365 lotto review and obey other people's opinions、Take the behavior of others、When making the most favorable social choice on your own, it reflects the effect of information effect。Fourth is resource impact。It refers to the impact of the resource sharing of group members on the collective and individual levels on the members of the group。Where，Normative impact is direct，That is, the group specification directly leads to the behavior correlation of the group members; and the influence of cognitive、Informatious impact、Resource impact is indirectly。

　　Correct use of the principle of peer effect multiplication can improve the overall welfare level of society

Digging causality mechanism is the basic task of scientific research，It is also the core of the accumulation of scientific knowledge。But the cause and effect certificate of the companion effect is facing great difficulties。Group similarity，People in the same group often have similar characteristics and behavior，It is often regarded as a proof that the companionship affects the results of individual behavior。But，The similarity of the group observed in the experience is not necessarily the result of the mutual influence of group members。For example，Male artists leave long hair，So can we say that male artists have long hair because of their mutual influence? not necessarily。Individual social communication is selective，Therefore, male artists have long hair and may also be the result of choice，That is your own tendency、Like、Male artists who are willing to stay long hair choose each other，A group of male artist groups with long hair，instead of affecting each other。That is to say，There are at least two explanations to group similarities: one is to affect the effect，One is the selection effect。The influence effect and selection effect are two Bet365 lotto review completely different social processes。But due to the non -experimental research data of social science research，It is difficult for researchers to ensure the randomness of the sample，Selectiveness that cannot control individual social communication，Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the impact effect and select effect。That is to say，Researchers have difficulty to prove that the impact of the companion group on individual behavior is causal。

other，Social interaction is also at the same time，The behavior of individual behavior and the members of the group is at the same time。Assume that the companion effect exists，So this impact also occurs at the same time，Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the influence of individuals on the companion group and the influence of the companion group on the individual。In specific research，Assume that A and B in the group are interacting，When studying the effect of B on A，It is difficult for us。The essence of this problem is to explain the variables and rivers are determined by due to variables，There are two -way causal relationship，Using traditional statistical analysis models will cause a lot of problems。So，It is necessary。

The peer effect has the characteristics of social multiplication。This means，Public policies and effects for a small number of people will be amplified through companion interaction。That is to say，Without increased investment in all aspects，Principles of the multiplication principle of correct use of the companion effect can improve the overall welfare level of society。So，Research on the effect of enhanced the companion effect，Understand and grasp the influence of the companion group on the development of young people and its way of existence、action mechanism，The introduction of peer effects in the formulation of social policies and related systems has a bet365 live casino games special significance of the perspective of companion governance。

　(Author Unit: School of Humanities and Economics of Northwest Institute of Technology; Department of Sociology, Xi'an Jiaotong University)