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Space Technology Application Expansion Urban Social Studies

May 20, 2020 03:26 Source: "China Social Sciences", May 20, 2020, No. 1929, author: Ye Ya Jian

　　In the early days of the development of sociology (late 19th century to early 20th century)，Because the subject status is not clear，Corresponding discipline specifications and research methods are also being explored，Sociology research during this period shows a miscellaneous appearance。The "miscellaneous" mentioned here has multiple meanings。First is the disciplines involved in it，Philosophy、Economy、Population、Social policy、Politics、Psychological、Scholars in many disciplines or fields such as biology participated in sociological research to varying degrees; the second is that the research purpose is very mixed，Different scholars due to their own professional or occupational influence，There are many differences in research orientation; the third is that the research method is very mixed，Because sociology at this time is basically a experimental discipline，Various research methods or technologies may be used for attempts。Of course, urban sociology is no exception，Charles Booth research is a good example。

　　Life experience forging Social research desire

　　Although later generations call Boss as a sociologist，But the origin of the Booth has nothing to do with scholars。This British born in 1840 is a businessman，In 1866, I started operating the shipping business from Britain to Brazil with my brother Alfred，In 1901, he served as chairman of the Bes Auto Shipping Company，In 1904, he was also appointed as a member of the Wangjia Privy Court，I have the right to meet with the king private meeting and provide opinions。

　　Booth's second identity bet365 live casino games is social reformers。This has a lot to do with its life experience。In the early years of Bes not only do business，Also actively participate in local politics，In 1865, he also participated in the campaign as a Liberal Party member。He was shocked by the dirty and poor of slums during the voting process，This has gradually given up religious beliefs，and have a strong sense of responsibility for improving poverty and social conditions。After living in London，Booth met his wife Mary's cousin、Social improved group Fabian Society member Bibis Weber，Member of the Association of Charity Organization Oaktavia Hill、Kannon Bunit and others，and often talk about social problems with them。This has prompted Bes to join social reforms。

　　and social researchers are the third identity brought by Booth's occupation and value concepts。When doing business，Bes is accustomed to making business decisions on the basis of investigating data and data on a large amount of market，The attention of social issues also adds a clear awareness of his social survey。1885，Henry Heideman (the first Marxist in the UK) of the improvementist politicians published the results of the Social Democratic Party ’s Federation on poverty。The results of the survey show，Most of London's 25%population lives in extreme poverty。Booth visits to Heideman for this，I think the report is a bit exaggerated，Decide to do a survey on the status of London workers。

　　The survey method presents researcher value judgment

　　Booth's survey is inseparable from the British social situation in the 1980s。After two industrial revolution，In the late Britain of Victoria, although Britain，But the capitalist exploitation and oppression observed by Marx and Engels decades ago have accumulated accumulated Bet365 lotto review social turmoil。Autumn of 1883，A booklet written by anonymous missionaries "The Travana of the Dentaling London" appeared in the bookstore in London，It has a huge impact。Almost overnight，The British are aware of the severe facts of urban slums，Stiring the society's anger and sympathy。Booth's survey coincides with the right time。

　　The entire survey is poverty、Effects of industrial and religious influence，Covering the degree of family poverty、Housing、Occupation type、Population flow、Salary level、Work conditions、Prison、Ji Ge poorly、Religious charity、Local security and other extensive content。The Booth Investigation Team After a long -term work from 1886 to 1902，A great achievement in the history of social survey: "Life and Labour of the People in London。The book showed a panoramic display of the poverty situation in London at that time，attracted widespread attention at that time，Finally, it also promoted the establishment of a pension system in 1908。This large -scale social survey hosted by individuals has also achieved the position of Bes in the history of social sciences，He won the Medal of the Royal Statistics Society in 1892，and served as the chairman of the association from 1892 to 1894。，He also became the Royal Poor Poor Committee (1893-1895)、Customs Committee (1904) and Royal Poor Law and Relief Committee (1905) members，Member of the Royal Society，Have Oxford University、Honorary Degree from Cambridge University and Liverpool University。

　　The most distinctive achievement of "The London's Life and Labor" is the 12 Maps Description of London Povery，These maps cover the Greenwich from the west to Greenwich from the west to the east、From Hampsted in the north to the London City of Clapepen in the south。Bet365 app download The ratio of the map is 1: 10560，Take the street section between each two intersections as the unit，Mark each unit with different colors，Reflected different levels of poverty and wealth，Even the degree of poverty on both sides of a street section is different，will also be marked separately。The deeper the color, the more serious the poverty，If black indicates "the lowest level/standard crime status"、Dark blue means "very poor"、Red means "middle class"、Yellow means "rich"。Except red and yellow，The rest of the colors indicate poverty，and correspond to the poverty state of eight levels。

　　Booth's map shows，Poor areas can be found in all parts of London，And Booth also found out after statistics，At the beginning, the 25%poverty rate in London in Heideman's report was an exaggerated word，The actual situation is more serious，33%of London people live in extreme poverty。When he submitted the report to the Royal Statistical Society in May 1887，Get a wide range of reports from the newspaper，Because he reported "The Dark London"。

　　Technical application can cross the research boundary

　　The use of facial maps to show that social conditions are a pioneering lobby in the history of social science research。in 1858，A pastor of Liverpool Abraham Hume once draws the census results of the local religious population into a map，But its scale is small。And Booth's survey is based on statistical science，and the scale of investigation is huge、Destiny for a long time，Have strong science。These maps are exhibited at two locations in London after the production is completed，Invite the public to visit and put forward correction opinions，At the same time, these maps were also displayed to the academic world，And claiming to use graphics to display the human condition Bet365 app download as the most easy to understand and test。

　　Booth shows the true nature and degree of poverty in London to the people and politicians，Different from the previous descriptive articles about poverty in the past is，His survey not only describes the tragic situation of the poor，It also allows people to form the concept of the poverty -stricken population，I saw the relationship between slums and the surrounding environment。This also highlights the spatial nature of poverty from academic theory。You can see on the map，How frequent the streets of poor streets，In many places，The middle and upper classes occupy the main road of the city，The secondary roads and alleys on both sides of the main road are the gathering place for the poor，The streets of the middle and upper class and the streets of the poor are often only one street exit。This shows the relationship between the city's "front desk" and "background" in space，It also highlights the space complexity of the poverty of urban poverty，The middle and upper classes cannot be alone on this issue。

　　In the next ten years，Booth and its investigation team is continuing to investigate，Constantly correcting the map，and cover a larger range than the investigation in 1889。from 1897 to 1900，The investigation team walks in these areas accompanied by the police，Vividly record the cleanup of slums and the reconstruction of the street，Reflected the demolition of ten years、Reconstruction and change of population composition。Further analysis of map changes，The slum removal plan from 1889 to 1899 improved the material environment around the region，But the poor in this area have to look for cheap housing around，Caused the surrounding economic conditions to decrease，Explain that the improvement of space organizations can not have much effect on the lowest class。

　　The map is a spatial technology，It turned out to be limited to the use of geography，But today also played a wide range of role in the field of social sciences。The London investigation of Charles Bes created a precedent for using space technology in urban research，It provides a visual method for studying urban phenomena and urban problems。Actually，Draw the survey data into an explanation that can be provided by the map，It will be more powerful than simply explaining data with mathematical models and text。Bes’s poor map of London not only provides a basis for solving poverty problems，Also assumes the potential cause of these problems。For example，He found that the building density of poor streets is too large，All available spaces are used to build a house，Full of the poor family，Between the house is a narrow alley，Very poor air and light。These discoveries put forward new requirements for the area and construction specifications of the building，Several architectural bills introduced later formulated the minimum street width、Building height and ratio of the two，Standards the distance from the street to the street、Keep an open space behind the neighborhood，Urban construction regulations such as the construction form of house construction are prohibited。Booth also advocates，Simply transforming the existing neighborhood is not enough to solve the problem，To deal with over crowds，Expanding to the suburbs is the only way。This is expected to have a suburbanization trend for decades after Europe and the United States。

　　City is a typical artificial space product，Among them, it contains countless spatial problems，So using spatial technology in urban research is an inevitable。The research results of Bes highlight the value Bet365 lotto review of the space technology of the map for social research，time to this day，The map is still one of the core technologies of space sociology research。It tells people，Social phenomena are not just abstract numbers and papers，It is also a specific visualization map。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Sociology, Public Management College of South China University of Agricultural University)

Editor in charge: Changchang