Field Survey and National Book Writing as one of the core components of modern social sciences，The inevitability of its appearance has an inseparable relationship with the modernity of western society itself。

Tendice accepted Burezil's judgment in the book "Community and Society": "The concept of 'society' was not the concept of the people '，but just the concept of the "third level" ... The third level society has become the source of their common judgment and tendency，At the same time, it is also a manifestation of this joint judgment and tendency ... Any urban culture is prosperous、Fruitful place，Society is presented as an indispensable organ。Rural areas know little about these。"Cities north of the Alps have gradually analyzed for modern business people and forming a franchise city，And this also confirms Tengnis's judgment: modern European society is a third -level solidarity mechanism formed after a full -structure collapse，This change is not unable to find in other parts of the world，The situation is not exactly what Burenili said，Rural areas know very little。The change of Tang and Song dynasties in China，The rapid fans and mysteriousization of the Hinduism after the Emperor An Emperor's overwhelming and the rise of La Jippt，and the rise of Jewish religion after the Maximi era，Mo Shi and producers gradually obtained the dominant position of ethics and religion closely linked。

The third equalization process in Europe after the 13th century is different from other places in the world，The fundamental reason is that the third level itself is eliminated。But even so，One fundamental problem that plagues Europe is，The third level has never been the most important person in politics and religion，Under the change of fast，How can it be an organizer in the modern world? Especially when the process of rationalization is ultimately promoted, the French Revolution has become after the universal anarchist trend of the 18th century，Re -understand human beings fundamentally，Based on this, understand the third level itself，Become the most fundamental and urgent ideological task。

This cannot be done by observing the world around -if you simply observe Edinburgh、Paris and London can complete this task，or just can penetrate the modernity of modernity through the experience around you, to achieve a complete understanding of humans，Maybe anthropology、Nationalology、Field surveys and national history will not appear。Skyworthy，The real driving force for anthropologists to go to the field is three。bet365 best casino games First，The modernity of European society is based on the severe collapse of the social structure。2，From Renaissance to the French Revolution，The rationalization process of the third level finally brought a serious crisis to modern civilization。third，At the same time，This world has retained a lot of structured society for observation and comparative analysis。National Chronicles as a text，Its goal is to describe and analyze the specific method of collective existence of human existence，and through the accumulation and comparison of materials，Finally outline the collective integrity and general appearance of the existence of people。The author does not agree with what Adams said that anthropology is the son of enlightenment; on the contrary，Anthropology and ethnicology appeared in the attitude of "anti -natural law" from the beginning，And this discipline consciousness has never been shaken today。

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Facing the discrete crisis of European society，The original core task of anthropology and ethnology is how the collectiveness of the existence of the existence of empirical materials is inevitable。and in modern society, which is highly developed in individualism, is still necessary。initial，This effort is closely linked to the re -study of classical science，Especially the relationship with law is extremely close，The general direction can be divided into the following types。

The first is starting from the ancient legal system，The most important thing is Mein，Let's call it "the theory of the relative charter"。Mein used the European Europeans as its own research scope，Understanding his thoughts simply relying on legal history research is not enough，His logic starting point is the father and long -term system of the Indo -European family -this is also the source of experience in the dominance of Weber's dominance。From Mein's view，The destructiveness of natural law thought to European society comes from the fact that the root cause of the law is the legal nature of the father and the elderly，Instead, it is assumed that the individual's natural legal independence。The collectiveness of his community、The occurrence of the lord's power is from the occurrence of the country，Throw back to the original Indo -Europe Family's father's law。More important thing is，His fierce opposition to see the law of justice as a legal basis in any sense，and the conflict between the community law and the sacrifice justice as one of the basic legal issues。Mein is not a scholar，He has worked in India for many years，A high degree of understanding of the actual situation of India's society is very high。

The second is starting from the history of heroes，The main representative is Morgen。Morgan is the bet365 live casino games earliest scholar who consciously consciously passed the field survey to handle the relationship between classical society and the relationship between civilized society，His research on the Yiluo Kuiku Alliance is explaining，Ancient Greece、Indian society and contemporary America are consistent in the pursuit of freedom and political value，and this political value comes from the morality of the Indian samurai group。Morgen believes that the evolution of human politics starts from the one -dollar government of the chief，The Indians are the dual government ruled by the typical chief and heroes，Classical City State is the three Yuan government composed of the people's conference，The original king was not evolved from the chief，But from the category of heroes，Barcelona in Greece is the result of this evolutionary process。The obscure state of human existence、Times of Mother Power、The marriage -level system without the clan and the concepts of property publicity and the government of property actually refer to the same era，And this era has always been in theoretical speculation，The clan system is marked by the existence of the samurai group。That is to say，Morgen placed the charter of the relatives seen by Mein in the position of pure philosophical speculation，And his own research is to deal with many fundamental mechanisms brought by the development of hero politics later。

The third is started from religious and mythical traditions，When it was Marinovsky, was called "Myth Charter Theory"。Early representatives were Bahofen，Babhafen was one of the most important classical scholars in Germany in the middle of the 19th century，His "Mother Rights Theory" is considered as a long -term as a relative method，Dialogue Mein's patience theory，But in fact, he and French historian Kuron Ji jointly promoted how to understand the state of the existence from religion。The so -called mother rights，The fundamental experience comes from his understanding of individual religious forms in Demoltel worship and Er Ruis's mystery，This also inspired Nietzsche's later research on the alcoholic god。From the view of Bahafen，Human individuality is not the product of modern society，Early human religion presents the tension between human collectiveness and individuality。His understanding of his mother's power is almost completely opposed to Morgen，It is precisely the mother's right to achieve human equality and desire for individual value，and patriarchal tend to form a grand political system。Baghoven's relationship between Demol and Athena and Aflotteter，It has even used the structural analysis method commonly used by Leve Schraus later。

Early anthropologists, although almost all started from the experience of bet365 live casino games the Indo -Europeans，But the research context formed by their re -thinking about classical science has deeply affected the field work of anthropology。We can clearly see，Radrif-Brown's field investigations all their lives all their lives are determined to discover how the local relative system develops into a law system，When he visited China, he attached great importance to the doctrine of "Xunzi"，Not accidental。From Edward Taylor and Robeson Smith to Fraser and Marlinvsky，All are committed to finding and demonstrating witchcraft outside the relative system、Religious、The fundamental significance of myths and rituals for generating and understanding human social order。Morgen's identity research has been integrated into Marxist anthropology，Research on the Boyz's Gacus Later、Weber's anthropological theory and the research series of Soviet ethnicology and Chinese social history survey are not difficult to find its strong influence。Anthropology based on the experience of Indo -European people. The three descriptions of human existence collective dimensions are the core indicators for modern society to explore and understand the overall situation of human beings。The part of the identity method plays a great role in classical social theory，For example, Marx focuses on the third level problem，Tuergan's social theory is almost completely centered on sacrifices，Weber's social theory uses the samurai law as the basic starting point。We can even see the ancient Greek samurai competition in the Kura study of Marinovsky，I see the property system of Roman France in the research of a gift in Mos，Seeing the anti -relationship of Roman politics and Greek politics in the study of the political system of Lichi in Lichi，etc.。

　A possible ways to get out of the Western central theory 

This field strategy that is limited by Indo -European and European experience is of course a problem，But it does not mean that non -Western anthropologists can clearly jump out of the dilemma of this Western center theory。For example，Chinese anthropology research on "community"，In fact, the long -term reference is the Indo -European people，Especially the Celtics' village experience，Therefore, the village of Han people is described as a basic social organization，Even trying to find the evidence of the Han family's own family also originated from the family and the chief system，Although Turgan has clearly denied this possibility at the beginning of the 20th century。The continuous reflection of community research methods since the 1990s did not realize，The question is not whether the village is a closed world -Mein has never thought so，but whether the community is the basic social unit and political bet365 Play online games model of Chinese society。Similar to the clan system, etc., which look full of Chinese local experience，It is also included in the framework of the Roman clan research to deal with it，Although the African clan system is still used as an intermediary for comparative research。

Anthropological research that can really get out of the experience restrictions on Indo -Europe is from Grandano，Although most of his methodology turns from the Indo -European people，For example, a large number of analysis of the Eskimo research and gifts as a reputation competition mechanism with a large number of analysis，At the same time, I also intended to emphasize the Chinese relative system、The difference between the Arab relative system and the Indo -Europe relative system。His most important breakthrough is based on time research -no need to say，Research on Social Rhythm of Eskimo in Moskimo，Of course, it also includes the season analysis of Turkan on Australia，Taking time as part of the social structure to deal with。But Gelan Yan has realized that time is a dimension of the cosmic cycle in China，The difference between the internal time of the political structure of China and the non -time nature of Indo -European legal power is one of the most valuable discoveries in Grandan's Chinese research。

Later than Grandan Yan, but also attaches great importance to Chinese experience, is Fei Xiaotong's teacher Shi Luguo，His experience based on Tonggus people，also includes some Turkic experience，Scared aware of the limitations of Indo -European experience，Therefore, the inspiration of the theory of communication clearly advocates the association between the dynamics of the social structure and the history of migration，thus breaking through the static structure of Indo -Europe experience。We can increase the dimensions of the collectiveness of human collectiveness，One is the periodicity related to the space -time system，One is the evolution method of social organization that is dynamic generation theory。Of course, the latter is not discussed among the Indo -Europeans，For example, Nietzsche，But in the Tonggus people, it does constitute a complete experience presentation。Get a complete、Non-Indo-Europe Human Existence Map Scenery is the most contributed to the American Social Studies of Levi Strauss，He showed a ideological picture and understanding of society through analysis of the American mythology system and understanding the possibility of the society.。In this regard，He wants to thank Ge Lan Yan for more than just research on the relative system -the author even thinks that his relative system research has not really separated from the theory of the relative charter，But his mythology is indeed based on Grandan bet365 live casino games words about time cyclical research，Almost completely get rid of the time system of Indo -Europe，Forms a set of cosmic -based metaphysics。related to it is the unique category of heroes in the Americas，A heroic concept that is only responsible for opening up the universe cycle but few politics，The author will nicknamed a solid hero during the lecture。The meaning of the solid hero is completely cosmic theory，instead of political science，Compare it with Kalele's heroes，Can see the significance of this breakthrough more clearly。

Although Levi-Strauss is not a long-sized field survey，But his students' surveys of Indian society around South America and Brazil became the peak of the survey of anthropological fields after World War II，It is also one of the most rich fields in theory。For example，Clastus also realized that the American heroes were hostile to the society and could not become a politician，and Daskra's distinction between four basic natural concepts，Or Castro's understanding of the Indian body theory，All from this area，and deeply affected by the mythology of Levi Strauss's mythology。The distinction between the American myth and Indo -Europe mythology，We can distinguish four basic mythology in the world，Australian mythology system represented by Alche Lingga，CICC mode represented by the American -East Asian mythology，Politics of Indo -European -Heroes of Heroes，and Flash -Arabic system in the god of the gods。These four mythology outlines the collective form of human existence from another aspect，At the same time, the field work of anthropology and ethnology can serve a large -scale civilization comparative study。

The last point to be explained is，Although as far as the field survey work，Anthropology and ethnicology are almost the same，But as far as the background of the history of thought and the discipline，There is still a big difference between the two。Different from the legal background of anthropology is，The root of ethnicology lies in philosophy。Since Published "History Philosophy"，The relationship between the spirit of the national spirit and the spirit of the world becomes the core issue of the concern of the ethnic science，Ethnicology is not what Radchriv Brown said is a science that collects and describes the status of all ethnic groups in the world。In fact，Since the 19th century，Human collective consciousness is divided into two areas that are interconnected and different in society and the nation.，The significance of the nation as a carrier of collective consciousness is how people obtain a way to get freedom through the collective nature of culture。This is completely different from the strong legal atmosphere of anthropology，The cultural anthropology Bet365 app download in the United States is actually closer to ethnicology，and Nietzsche's national science thinking has not yet received enough attention。Mr. Pan Guangdan is committed to studying the nation's position for life，The purpose is to find the spirit of the spirit of a nation constantly upward。

In this sense,，We can also regard modern social sciences as the third level of the European people to find the intellectual effort to seek freedom，Whether China may form a full understanding and explanation of the world in the same sense，Naturally, it is also closely linked to our desire to pursue freedom。To do this，It is necessary to have a clear cognition of Chinese issues，At the same time, we must also sincerely understand the society and culture of various places in the world，and under the premise of comparative research，Constantly promoting cultural consciousness。Field survey not only tells us，The culture of each place is worthy of respect，They are a specific way of presentation of human collectiveness; at the same time, they are also reminding each field worker to maintain humility in front of others。If there is any special feature of this species of human beings，That is the desire for freedom，The road where each culture leads to freedom is finally part of our existence value and purpose。

　　(The author is a professor at the Social and Human Academy of Xiamen University)