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Europe in the 18th century，Many things related to China can cause Europeans' love，Of course, it is impossible to miss the figure of the art of opera in the Song and Yuan Dynasties。

　"Delete and White" initial biography in Europe

It is known that the first opera work translated into Europe is the "Zhao's Orphan" of the Yuan Dynasty Ji Junxiang，Time was in the early 18th century。The missionary Matsu who preached in China at that time was proficient in Chinese culture，and want to do something in mission，But he has different views on the headquarters of the European Jesuit in the missionary method，Make his work prohibited from publishing in European churches。In order to make your own text meet with readers in Europe，Ma Jeemo and Orientist Fu Ermeng, who worked in the French King's Institute and the Oriental Scholar of the American Academy of Literature，with a view to publishing his own related works in Europe，Especially "Chinese Notes"。In order to say that Fuermun，Ma Jesso not only mails him a brush、"Selection of Yuan Song" and other Chinese items and books，It also translated the "Zhao's Orphan" included in "The Selection of the Yuan Song" together，and declare that Fu Ermond can publish this translation with his own name。In this sense,，"Zhao's Orphan" is a gift from Matser as a gift to Fu Ermeng as French and passed on to Europe。Of course，This is also related to Matser that it can learn more about Chinese language and Chinese culture by mastering Chinese opera vocabulary。

The "Zhao's Orphan" translated by Ma Ruose is not yet published in Europe，This seems to be circulating in Europe，So that Bluma Bet365 app download also asked Father Du Hardy whether there is a Chinese drama translated by Matser。It may be this preheating，"Orphans of Zhao" translated by Ma Jesshy to Father Duhd，Father Duheard did not sign Fu Ermun and Matser's consent，Includes this work into the compiled "The All -in -law of the Chinese Empire"，and officially met with European readers in 1735，Open the mode of translation of Chinese drama works。

but but，Because Matser believes that "singing is difficult to understand — especially for Europeans"，"Allusion and Modification" that Europeans do not understand "，Therefore, when translating Ji Junxiang's "Zhao's Orphan" adopted the "Delete and Leave White" strategy，Only parts related to the translation only when affecting and storytelling to make the translation of narrative and complete。This，Make opera works with unique cultural and stylistic opera at the first time Western Biography，It has been eliminated with unique features as the art of opera，It is closer to the style of drama in Europe in the form of style。but but，This does not affect European readers' love and welcome to "Zhao's Orphan"，In "Chinese Empire" is constantly translated into English、German、Russian、In the process of Italian and other processes，At the same time, the "Zhao's Orphan" translated by Ma Jeemo's "Zhao's Orphan", which also drives a variety of languages, is widely spread in Europe。Of course，Among them, there is also a phenomenon published by the "Zhao's Orphan".，If in 1736 and 1746, two single -line French texts were launched in Hague and Nuremberg.，Help readers get "Zhao's Orphan"。

Ji Junxiang's "Zhao's Orphan" is based on Sima Qian's "Historical Records of Zhao Shijia"，Mainly describes the family of Zhao Dun, the loyal minister of Tu'an Jia,，and Cheng Ying、Gongsun Ji Jiu、Han Jue and others to give Bet365 lotto review birth to righteousness、Shezi Baoshan，Finally, the tragic story of the orphans for the country is abolished。"Zhao's Orphan" translated by Ma Jeemo does not meet the "Sanzhi" requirements of the drama creation in Europe at the time，Therefore, it is considered "a lot of facts piled up together，There is no time to have the same time，There is no place or action "，The self -reporting home unique to the art of opera at the same time is also accused by European critics，I think this style is very funny。but but，Criticism and accusations Although there are，But more of the welcome and acceptance of the show，So that rural women are proud of reading the Chinese drama "Zhao's Orphan" and showing off to others。

　　Lift the European adaptation creation boom

More importantly，"Zhao's Orphan" in Europe has a significant impact on its literary and artistic creation，Let Europe set off a "orphan" adaptation and creation boom。In this adaptation creation heat，The most prominent is the adaptation of the drama，and the results are quite a lot。For example, the British William Hacc in 1741 completed its drama "Chinese Orphan"，1748 Italian opera writer Peter Luo Tastazio completed his opera "Chinese Hero"，In 1753, French Grand Literature Hero Voltae completed its drama "Chinese Orphan"，1759 British Murphy completed its drama "Chinese Orphan"，In 1774, a writer who claimed to be Friedrics completed his drama "Chinese or Just's Destiny"，In 1783, a well -known German writer Goethe published his drama "El Pino" for only two scenes，It is also said that Polkler in Poland has also adapted the drama of "Zhao's Orphan"。Based on this, there is a "orphan" drama in the case，It can be seen how much influence in the European drama industry at that time。

but but，These adaptation works are mostly in the story structure、Character settings and even themes of themes have changed Bet365 app download greatly。If the Voltaire drama "China Orphan", which affects the larger Voltaire drama，Its main character has become Genghis Khan、Zang Yi、Idami、Wo Kuota、Wo Siman、Abeli、Aidan, etc.。The story of the drama has also changed from the original loyalty struggle to the dual -line structure of war plus love，The original kind of adulterer persecuted loyal ministers and caused the spirit of civilians and chivalry to become the loyalty of the loyalty of the Song and Yuan dynasties.、The moral eunuch of the oath to protect the lonely。In the original work, after 20 years, the adulterer was finally killed、Vengeance Xue Hate Orphans，There is no specific image in this drama，Become a person who never appears。

As for why Voltaire is so adapted，He once said，"Zhao's Orphan" "Makes people understand the spirit of Chinese，It is even more than that of this statement that this great empire has made and will be made "，And he has always admired China's culture and civilization，Oppose Rousseau and others to slander the Chinese civilization，Therefore, to prove to them the superiority of ancient Chinese civilization、The excellent customs and admirable morals owned by China，So based on "The Orphan of Zhao", this "Chinese Orphan"。It can also be said，Voltaire is to further clarify the image of "Civilization China" in his mind by adapting "Zhao's Orphan"。It should be said，"Chinese Orphan" in Voltaire is successful，After the creation is completed，Not only is it extensively staged in France，and also many times to Sweden、Poland、Russia and other countries staged，and being translated into English、Russian and other text publishing。

"Chinese Orphan" in Voltaire is not as satisfactory，Not only does Rousseau Criticism that has always been right，"A rampant writer who can see his flaws can barely feel bet365 live casino games the beauty of it"，I gave up the British writer Murphy who gave up because of the adaptation of "Zhao's orphan"，I also think it is a failure，Lost the main theme of the original，To this end, he also enumerated all of them。Murphy re -adapted "Zhao's Orphan" by the main person of Voltaire's drama，I cleverly avoided the love line of Genghis Khan and Idami in Voltaire's works，"Orphan" also appeared on the stage and finally the enemy's enemy。Murphy's drama although the chivalrous core of "Zhao's Orphan" and the spirit of revenge，But in order to meet the requirements of the "Sanji"，The narrative of the drama has also been completely changed。Murphy’s "Chinese Orphan" has a certain film for British reality at the time，And the psychological needs of the people，Therefore, it is very popular with the audience，His personally was named "Patriotic Master" title。Another example is "Chinese or Just's Destiny"，Its main character is Han Tong、Kanbul、Lili Fa、Lanfu、Su Lun、Emperor, etc.，The relationship between Han Tong and Lanfu is like the relationship between Tu Anjia and Zhao Dun，But "Orphan" Kanbul is an adult as soon as he appeared，and add Han Tong's daughter Lily Fa，It is to increase the love story of Lily's hair and Kanbul，and through the emperor's awarding Lanfu and Lily to get married to promote the development of the story，The relationship between Han Tong and Lanfu is like the relationship between Tu Anjia and Zhao Dun。"Chinese Heroes" in Petro Metastazio again，This is an adaptation of the Austrian Queen's purpose，Since the queen's adaptation of the drama cannot exceed five actors、The performance time cannot be too long、Do not have any cruel scenes and unpleasant plots。"Chinese Heroes" based on these requirements，Not only Lange、Sino、Li Xinjia、Five characters bet365 best casino games of Ulania and Minteo，The story also has no plot of revenge on "Zhao's Orphan"，It has become a palace entertainment comedy with a reunion ending，It has become a palace entertainment comedy with a reunion ending，Ru Sino is an orphan，Lange sacrifice his child to protect the orphan。Although the show also uses Chinese elements as much as possible on the stage layout，such as painting、Porcelain、Pagoda, etc.，But it is still more reflected in European interest。

"Zhao's Orphan" once ordered in the 18th century Europe to set off a "orphan" boom，In sorting out the exchange of Chinese and European drama exchanges, I also believe that "Zhao's Orphan" is an important milestone in the west of Chinese opera，But if you look at the strictly perspective of opera art，It is difficult for us to say that "Zhao's Orphan" has realized the real West Biography of opera art。First of all, Martham's translation of "Zhao's Orphan" adopted the strategy of "delete the song and leaves white"，Eliminate the important features of the symbiosis of Chinese opera art music，Failure to make European audiences truly contact the literary charm of Chinese opera。Next，"Zhao's Orphan" spreads in Europe，I did not bring the performance characteristics of Chinese opera art into the European theater，European audiences have not been able to appreciate opera art singing、Nonde、Do、Performance charm。again，Judging from the criticism and acceptance of European audiences for "Zhao's Orphan"，None of them recognize the structural mode of "Zhao's Orphan"，Even the European Author even adapted from "Zhao's Orphan"，Most of them are because the story is in line with their actual needs，instead of standing in the publicity and dissemination of "Zhao's Orphan"。From these aspects，"The Orphan of Zhao" translated by Matser bet365 Play online games only realized the spread and influence of Chinese culture or Chinese literature on Europe in the 18th century，and truly realize the spread of Chinese opera art in Europe，Let them "really understand Chinese drama"，After the 19th century Rulian and others translated the whole white translation of Chinese opera works。

(Author Unit: Institute of Opera Research Institute of China Art Research Institute)