The Mediterranean is the birthplace of ancient Greek and Roman Bet365 app download，It is also the place where Eastern and Western civilizations converge and merge。Mediterranean Bet365 app download is dominated by Greek and Roman Bet365 app download，Also includes Egypt in the Mediterranean region、Two Rivers Basin、Phoenician-Carthaginian Bet365 app download。In the process of the formation and development of Mediterranean Bet365 app download，These surrounding civilizations have also made great contributions。

　　The birthplace of diverse Bet365 app download

The Mediterranean is the birthplace of diverse civilizations，Egyptian Bet365 app download once existed、Phoenician-Carthaginian Bet365 app download、Hebrew Bet365 app download、Greek Bet365 app download in the Aegean and Balkan Peninsula、The Etruscan Bet365 app download of the Italian Peninsula，There is also the Celtic nomadic Bet365 app download in Gaul、Scythian nomadic Bet365 app download in the northern Black Sea。

Speaking of ancient Mediterranean Bet365 app download，We must mention the Phoenicians，Although its ancestral home is in Lebanon、Syria、Palestine area，But they are a business nation，Merchant ships reaching all corners of the Mediterranean。1200 BC to 800 BC，Is the peak period of Phoenician Bet365 app download，Powerfully promoted the development of Bet365 app download in the Mediterranean region。

4000 BC，Egypt enters civilized society。As early as the Cretan Bet365 app download period (about 2500 BC-1500 BC)，The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty had diplomatic relations with Crete。The Mycenaeans can be said to be the beginning of the later Greek native Bet365 app download，Them and Syria、Regions such as Asia Minor have commercial and political connections or conflicts。To the time of Herodotus，Greek Bet365 app download entered the glorious classical era，Unprecedented enhancement of national consciousness。Even now，The Greeks still do not deny Egyptian Bet365 app download、Phoenician Bet365 app download、The influence of Babylonian Bet365 app download on Greek Bet365 app download。The result of two centuries of struggle between Greece and Persia，It is Alexander’s Eastern Expedition and the establishment of the Hellenistic world，Greek Bet365 app download penetrated into Central Asia and India。The opening of the Silk Road，It also spread the legacy of Hellenistic Bet365 app download to China。

Although the Romans rarely made any achievements of their own in culture，But they are not resistant to the advanced culture of the outside world，But adopt the principle of borrowing，For your own use，Almost all the mainstream parts of Greek culture are accepted by them。The Hellenization of the Romans is an unavoidable fact，But the Romans were not completely "Greek"，They have their own choice，Modified Greek culture according to your own needs。Until the Roman Empire，Unified Mediterranean Bet365 app download has truly emerged，But this does not mean that there are no other elements of Bet365 app download and heritage。Christianity is also an integral part of Mediterranean Bet365 app download，And is the main inheritor of the cultural heritage of Greek and Roman classical Bet365 app download。

The unified Mediterranean Bet365 app download marked by Roman Bet365 app download since the 3rd century，Invaded by the "barbarians" from the north。395 years，Division of East and West Rome。476 years，Destruction of the Western Roman Empire。But，“Barbarians” are still proud to accept Roman culture and Christian culture。With the establishment of the Arab Empire in the 7th century，The unified Mediterranean Bet365 app download no longer exists，Civilizations coexist once again in the Mediterranean region。

　　Oriental Bet365 app download factors influence Mediterranean Bet365 app download

Since the Renaissance，Western academic circles have always regarded Greek and Roman classical Bet365 app download as the source of Western Bet365 app download。Under the dominance of Eurocentrism，The so-called "Aryan model" appears in academia，Believe that Western Bet365 app download was created by the "Aryans"，The origins can be traced back to the Greek and Roman times，The Mediterranean is the source of European Bet365 app download。

But，Some scholars have raised questions about this，The most famous is American sinologist Martin Bonnard。He stated in "Black Athena"，The roots of Western classical Bet365 app download are in Asia and Africa，He wants to replace the old "Aryan model" with the new "Aryan model"。He thinks，Even in the time of Herodotus，The Greeks all admit that their Bet365 app download has absorbed the achievements of Eastern Bet365 app download。

Professor Oswin Murray of Oxford University in the book "Early Greece"，The concept of the "Orientalization Era" (750 BC-650 BC) in Greek history was first proposed from the perspective of art history，And apply this concept to the entire society of this period。Walter Burkert accepted the "Orientalization Era Theory"，In-depth discussion of the possible influence of Near Eastern Bet365 app download factors on Greek culture during this period。

Although these views emphasize the influence of Eastern Bet365 app download on the origin of Greek Bet365 app download，But these are scattered、Fragmented traces of influence are not enough to explain the independence of Greek Bet365 app download、Wholeness and unity。Greek Bet365 app download in the Cretan era、Mycenaean or even Archaic times，It was indeed affected by Asia Minor、Phoenicia、Babylon、The influence of Egyptian Bet365 app download。But，In the subsequent historical process，Greek Bet365 app download embarked on the path of independent development。Regardless of political system、Cultural Form、Looking at social composition，It is difficult for us to distinguish between Greek Bet365 app download and Egypt、Phoenicia、What do the Babylonian civilizations have in common。They are all civilizations with independent characteristics，Have their own Bet365 app download forms。Therefore，Taking ancient Greek Bet365 app download as the source of Western Bet365 app download，It can still be established。Later Roman Bet365 app download and what was passed down to later generations through Roman Bet365 app download and Christianity，It is the legacy of Greek classical culture (including Hellenistic culture)。In this sense，Greek Bet365 app download is one of the earliest regional civilizations in the Mediterranean region，It is also the basis for the formation of Mediterranean Bet365 app download in the Roman era。Tracing to the source，Ephhoenicia、Egypt、Babylonian-dominated Eastern Bet365 app download factors，Did participate in the creation and development of Mediterranean Bet365 app download。

　　The Silk Road connects Rome and China

The Silk Road connected with the Mediterranean around BC。This is already the period of the Roman Empire，The Mediterranean became the inland sea of ​​the Romans。As early as the 2nd century BC，Zhang Qian and other Chinese envoys knew the Tiao Zhi beyond the rest of peace、Li Xuan。Although there are different definitions of the two places，But they all point to distant western countries，Antioch on the east coast of the Mediterranean and Alexandria in Egypt，This is possible。

1st century BC，China’s silk has been trafficked to Rome。End of the 1st century，Chinese envoy Gan Ying was ordered to go to Daqin，Although unable to arrive for some reason，But he brought back rumors about Da Qin，Especially the directions of Daqin (Plough) and Tiaozhi，They are undoubtedly related to the sea，This “sea” may be the Mediterranean Sea。Although Daqin is far away from China，But through the land and sea Silk Road，Large quantities of silk still came to Rome。The war between Parthia and Rome may have hindered overland trade on the Silk Road，But the maritime trade between Rome and Parthia and Tianzhu was unimpeded，Much profit。

End of the 2nd century，Roman merchants have arrived from the sea to the southern tip of China。Although they may be from India，And pretending to be a Roman emperor，But this matter is of great significance，This is a sign of the opening of the Maritime Silk Road from the Mediterranean to China。Roman Empire Period，The geographer Ptolemy once recorded，A Roman caravan set out from Tire on the east coast of the Mediterranean to China。They seem to have arrived in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty，"Book of the Later Han·Biography of the Western Regions" records "Far Country Mengqi"、Dou Le" comes to offer，Some scholars believe that this is the caravan。In view of the poverty and confusion of ancient Chinese and foreign records，Various speculations about the academic community，We can only refer to it。But one thing is certain，The opening of the land and sea Silk Road，It has undoubtedly expanded the contacts and exchanges between Mediterranean Bet365 app download and Chinese Bet365 app download。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of History, Nankai University)