my country's economic and social transformation is based on "progressive changes"。This changes occurred，Based on policy adjustment rather than system reform。So，To understand China's economic and social reform process，The key is to understand my country's policy process logic。

Bet365 lotto review Is a theoretical tradition

In our country，"Top -level Design -Local Rules" mode is a very important governance mode。In reality，For some policy problems that need to be integrated in response，The central government will introduce guidance documents，Then give a certain level of local governments to formulate the "detailed" power，From this local rules -the design of the top -level design of a general policy。This policy process，policy design from the central government、The policy of the central government's policy anchor to the local government's rules，It can achieve the central government's control of the policy agenda，You can also take into account the local "flexibility"，It is a typical national governance mode in my country。

From the perspective of social construction -policy design theory，Build an explanation of the top -level design of China -the theoretical basis for local rules，Need to understand the interaction of China's institutional situation and policy issues itself。and the opening of my country's decision -making process，The policy process has gradually transitioned bet365 best casino games from the original "closing decision" to "open decision -making"，This deepen the necessity of overall response to certain social problems。In this process，External social groups should put pressure on the government as a whole、Construction of social problems，Therefore, the government's policy agenda and decision -making。Theoretically,，On the one hand, the attributes of the policy itself affect the political process; on the other hand，Under the perspective of the policy process，Policy will produce complex resource effects and discourse effects，thus affecting the political process。Institutional situation based on China，Under the framework of social construction and policy design，Insight at the top -level design -local rules process，We found a profound theoretical tradition of policy research -the theory of policy influenced politics。

　　Two dimensions of "Policy Construction Politics"

For my country's "top -level design -local rules" process，"Policy Construction Politics" is an appropriate and suitable logical concept。"Policy Construction Politics" includes the construction process of two dimensions: dimension one，The impact of policy attributes on the political process; dimension two，In the process of "top -level design -local rules"，The top -level design of the reshaping of the policy subsystem and the construction effect of the subordinate policy subsystem。

From the perspective of policy attributes，"Top -level Design -Local Details" often originated from the needs of the central government's overall response。This overallness，It means decentralized、A response based on local governments cannot respond to the pressure of external policies as a whole，At this time，The central bet365 best casino games government must "make a statement" on the policy as a whole。It is during this time，The central government is placed in a jungle of meaning and interests，The policy design of the central government is often a result of "political consultation"。and this negotiation is often based on the role of the central government and specific government departments。The central government can use a very diverse discourse framework to realize the social construction of the policy field，The logic of the construction of a specific policy field is changed and the anchor is constructed，Manipulation policy Question、The logic of the policy tools and the target population，To achieve policy design。This process of manipulation and construction will also generate system distribution effects: "separation" and reconstruction of the target population，Political resources of different target groups，One can explain the results of policy design，and allocation of policy income and burden。

From the constructive effect of "top -level design"，The "top -level design" based on the pressure response of the overall policy will "anchor" the policy process。This anchor mainly includes three layers of logic: logic one，Policy framework structured。At this time，Relevant policy controversy is embedded in a specific "policy framework"。Logic 2，"top -level design" to reshape the vertical decision right allocation，Sinking with "decision -making power"，"top -level design" creates more subordinate policy subsystems，and then created "New Politics"。Logic 3，In the process of policy anchor，For different target groups，Whether it is de facto or symbolic bet365 Play online games "empowerment"，All will significantly affect the logic of policy changes。For example，Policy participation strategies of certain key target groups will change，Affecting policy changes。Final，"top -level design" created new topics，It also created a new politics within a specific issue。Under the "constraint" of policy construction，Based on "New Politics"，Local governments will be based on their own political and economic environment，Policy "re -design" under the policy framework，Therefore, the entire logic of reconstruction policy as a whole。

　Laying political construction of complex policy

Under the logic of "policy construction politics"，The attributes of the policy itself have important theoretical significance for the construction of China's differentiated governance model。But in different policy areas，Policy itself needs to make an overall response, which is also important。This means，Once the policy itself does not need to make an overall response，China's governance process gives very diverse space for local experiments，For example, "test mode" can be regarded as the most critical governance structure。but，Once integrated response is needed，At this time，The technical complexity of the policy itself is the key to understanding different governance modes。

But，Different policy processes reflect the "elastic governance" logic of the national governance process，is for different policy areas，Given the complex impact of a given specific policy，The Central Government can "selective power" for policy decision -making power，can promote learning effects，Social risks brought by the overall decision -making，To achieve bet365 live casino games the stability of overall governance。This can also understand the theoretical significance contained in "top -level design -local rules" and "hierarchical experiments"。For the "hierarchical experiment"，Local governments have brought experience in policy tools，You can also observe and disperse the policy risks that specific policy tools may bring。Final，Central Government through prudent and optional control experiments，"up and down interaction" between the central land，Implementing stable policy changes。

but，The central relationship logic built by the top -level design mode，Different policy learning between the superior governments dominated by the hierarchical experiment。The top -level design has achieved the choice of policy goals and policy tools，and "decentralize" the specific regulations to the local government，It is a clear political strategy that responds to external overall pressure。In the policy design of the overall response，The central government often assigns symbolic interests，Therefore, the specific policy design sinks into the local government，Let the local government achieve differentiation response。At this time，symbolic interests means sinking in the field of political conflict，or，The top -level design reconstructs political fields。At this time，Power relationship due to the sinking of decision -making power，Political conflicts are decentralized to the subordinate subsystem，So the potential interest allocation pressure，and the social conflict of interest distribution may also sink。Such policy detailed design may bring decision -making risks，Do not impact the stability Bet365 app download of the governance system as a whole。

From this we know，The core of this governance model is that the central government will selectively allocate vertical governance rights for different policy fields，The relationship between central land is not just power -interest game relationship，It may also be a symbolic interests of the hierarchy -substantial interests，and risk aversion -scattered cooperative relationship。In this process，The central government does not fully motivate the clarification of policies，or，"The intentional institutional blur" is the original intention of the central government。Interested confusion，Not only gives local governments experimenting and selected power，Local governments have more sufficient incentives and autonomy，It helps to improve the ability to solve social problems through "trial and error" and "learning"; at the same time，It also gives the central government a greater interpretation and control of the space for local government policy processes，So as to obtain more symbolic interests for the central government，and the ability to avoid risk avoidance and risk dispersion through local political processes。

In short，The "Policy Construction Politics" model has greatly inspired research on the Chinese governance model。As China enters the transition period，The continuous opening of the political process，From the governance mode of the central relationship，"Top -level Design -Local Details" will be a governance model with other central relations，An important manifestation of becoming my country's "elastic governance"。

(Author: Department of Public Management Management Department of Public Management of Huazhong Normal University; Bet365 app download Institute of Public Policy Research, School of Public Management College of Renmin University of China)