On the continuity and discontinuity of historiography
May 22, 2020 02:23 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences Journal" Issue 1931, May 22, 2020 Author: Niu Runzhen
The compilation of traditional bet365 bonus bets books takes biographical official bet365 bonus bets as the main body，The official bet365 bonus bets compilation of biographies has been divided into general histories since "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"、Two paths through generations。Later scholars compared "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"，On Sima Qian、The pros and cons of Bangu，Or General bet365 bonus bets，May last for generations。Master of general bet365 bonus bets，Worship Sima Qian by virtue of "Historical Records"；Those who persist in the era，Zong "Han Shu" praised Ban Gu。Both factions hold one side，Constant debate。
There are constant disputes between general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets
Among them，The most typical ones are the Tang Dynasty historian Liu Zhiji and the Southern Song Dynasty historian Zheng Qiao。Liu Zhiji advocated establishing epochs as bet365 bonus bets，Praise the "Book of Han" for "investigating the beginning and end of the Western Capital"，The poor Liu family’s ruin and prosperity，Baoju generation，Written into a book，The words are concise，Things should be kept secret。Research by scholars，Yi Qicong。Since now，No change to this way”。("Six Family of Stone") in the book "Shitong"，Every discussion of "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"，The tendency of "Class A and Horse B" is everywhere revealed。Zheng Qiao advocates general bet365 bonus bets，He said: "All rivers have different trends，We must meet in the sea... all countries have different paths，Must pass through Zhuxia。" ("Tongzhi·General Preface") "The principles of the world，No way；The Way of Ancient and Modern Times，No way，The meaning of communication is great！”
Zheng Qiao advocates writing a general bet365 bonus bets with the consciousness of "knowledge"，Oppose to establish chronology as bet365 bonus bets，Said: "Historians according to the bet365 bonus bets of a generation，Cannot understand the bet365 bonus bets of previous generations，Compiled in one book，You cannot cultivate by knowing the book of the world，Therefore, the events of future generations are not dependent on the events of previous generations。” (Volume 3 of "Collected Works of Zheng Qiao" "Book to the Prime Minister") Not only that，He also criticized Ban Gu's "Han Shu" for cutting off the connection between the past and the past in bet365 bonus bets，“Since Bangu, dynasty has been regarded as bet365 bonus bets，There is no meaning of mutual cause，Although there is the saint Zhongni，I don’t know the profit or loss。The way of understanding，Lost since then。The words are the same，Return to discipline，One emperor lasts for several centuries；Pass and pass again，One person has several transmissions。Astronomy，A symbol that lasts through the ages，Written "Astronomical Records" for generations to come；《Hong Fan》Five Elements，Family Book，The Preface to the World: "Five Elements"。Like this，How can it be better than traditional texts！Those who speak differently，Then the former king is not listed as the queen，Later affairs do not follow the past affairs。Counties are divided into regions，The source of ignorance；Ceremony、Le Ziwei Changzhang，It became a policy of special customs。Like this，How can it be better than Duanjue！” ("General Chronicle·General Preface") Yuan、Ming、Qing scholars gathered around Liu Zhiji again、Zheng Qiao’s Theory，Everyone has his or her own opinion，Benevolence and wisdom are hard to come by，In the final analysis, it is the debate surrounding general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets。
General bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets are not opposites
The bet365 bonus bets is complicated，The compilation of bet365 bonus bets books cannot be a style and model，Even when writing biographical bet365 bonus bets books, one should not stick to a single paradigm，General bet365 bonus bets and chronology cannot be neglected。
Republic of China period，"Shi Tong Ping Yi" written by Zhang Shunhui，Comments on Liu Zhiji’s Commentary on "Hanshu"，Said: "Know several Si language，Danjue "Hanshu" Zhongji、Ear of Rumor！Ruo Fu’s Ten Records，Through the past and present，Why is it a special generation?！The person who later wrote the book，Talk about rules and regulations，The source of Mibusujue，Qiansouyuanshao。Good profit and loss，Unable to explain without a summary。This is the only way to judge the chronology of the book，The body of general bet365 bonus bets，It cannot be abolished。”
Contemporary historian Mr. Liu Jiahe has a keen eye and broad knowledge，Written "On the Spirit of General bet365 bonus bets in the bet365 bonus bets of Dynasties "Hanshu"" ("Journal of Beijing Normal University" Issue 3, 2012)。He asked Ban Gu directly，Exploring the purpose of writing the book，Ban Gu’s own words recorded in "Han Shu·Xu Zhuan"，Revealing the general bet365 bonus bets spirit of "Hanshu"。Ban Gu said: "Any "Book of Han"，Emperor Xu，List of lawsuits，King Jianhou。Quasitiandi，Unify Yin and Yang，Explain Yuanji，Bu Sanguang。Divided into states，wutujiang。Poor management，The Wanfang。Wei "Six Classics"，Zhu Daogang。Zong Baishi，Like the article。Han Yagu，Through the past and present，Text，Wei Xuelin。”Comprehensive bet365 bonus bets of Han Dynasty，And it is not limited to the Han Dynasty，Cage Heaven and Earth，Extensive knowledge of ancient and modern times，It’s not like what Liu Zhiji said: “Studying the beginning and end of the Western Capital... including one generation”。Mr. Liu Jiahe followed Ban Gu’s words，Intensive reading of "Hanshu"，Examine how Ban Gu used "all things"，Written the bet365 bonus bets of the Western Han Dynasty with the momentum of "going through the past and the present"，Deeply explore the spirit of general bet365 bonus bets contained in the "Eight Tables" and "Ten Records" of "Hanshu"。"Han Shu" written by Ban Gu，How to implement the spirit of general bet365 bonus bets？Ban himself did not explain，We cannot obtain the client’s “confession”，We can only "determine" it based on the principles of things。
Mr. Liu Jiahe borrowed a sentence from Guo Xiang，Straight into Ban Gu’s soul。"Zhuangzi Tianyun No. 14" records that Laozi and Zigong discussed the differences in the governance of the Three Sovereigns and the Five Emperors。Guo Xiang’s note: “Inheriting the flow of hundreds of generations will lead to today’s changes。”Mr. Liu Jiahe interpreted this sentence as “the spirit of general bet365 bonus bets is consistent with the spirit of the times”。Ban Gu wrote "Han Shu"，It is precisely the essence of "inheriting the flow of hundreds of generations and adapting to today's changes"，Combining the spirit of the times with the spirit of general bet365 bonus bets，Make "Hanshu" an important link in the "continuous tradition of Chinese bet365 bonus bets and historiography"。From a formal point of view，"Hanshu" is a chronological bet365 bonus bets，In terms of its content and spirit，Another connection between the entire bet365 bonus bets of China、An important part of connecting the past and the next。This is in line with the reality of "Hanshu"，This is also Ban Gu’s original intention in writing bet365 bonus bets。
This is what Mr. Liu Jiahe said in the "Book of Han": The Great Doctrine of the Great Doctrine，It also inspired us to understand a truth: general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets are not opposites，They are all forms of recording bet365 bonus bets，Only the time limit is different，The spirit is consistent。General bet365 bonus bets "Through the Changes of Ancient and Modern Times"，The bet365 bonus bets of dynasties "inherits the flow of hundreds of generations and adapts to today's changes"，The purpose is to "change"。General bet365 bonus bets connects the past and present，Observe historical changes；Chronological bet365 bonus bets specializes in a certain era，Inspect its changes and inheritance relationship。"If you are poor, you will change，Change the rules，Tongzejiu。”“Long-term adaptation” is the common pursuit of the compilation of general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets。
Both Liu Zhiji and Zheng Qiao are ignorant，I didn’t really understand Sima Qian、Ban Gu’s original intention in writing bet365 bonus bets books，Excessive emphasis on editing form，It can also be called "Historical Law"，While ignoring the spirit contained in "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"，That’s why we each hold one end，"Weaving" chronological bet365 bonus bets with one's own will、General bet365 bonus bets "routine"，Confused、Internet scholars。Later generations of scholars are often influenced by them，According to General bet365 bonus bets、Duandai stands in line，Contrast general bet365 bonus bets with chronological bet365 bonus bets。Mr. Liu Jiahe reads "Han Shu"，Let’s first see what Ban Gu said，Let’s see what Liu Zhiji says，What outsiders and posterity say is ultimately not as good as what I say。The original intention of his writing can be seen from Ban Gu himself，And then get a glimpse of the spirit of "Han Shu"，Having broken the "trap" set by Liu Zhiji，Having dispelled Zheng Qiao’s guess about the Book of Han。In fact, Zheng Qiao also had grievances，He reads "Hanshu"，Read Liu Zhiji instead of Ban Gu，Fell in "Stone"。Since Mr. Liu Jiahe Hongwen was born，The thousand-year-old fog laid by Liu Zhiji，Swept away once。
Writing a bet365 bonus bets book based on "Tongbian"
Now that we understand the relationship between general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets and the principle of "transformation"，So what should we do？
First，We should first understand that bet365 bonus bets has a soul、Spiritual，It is the spirit and soul that give life to bet365 bonus bets。Therefore，We say bet365 bonus bets is alive，Not dead。Whether writing a general bet365 bonus bets or a chronological bet365 bonus bets，Pursuing theory through change is the inexhaustible source of vitality in bet365 bonus bets。This is how ancient historians，Today’s historians should do the same。
Second，General bet365 bonus bets "Through the Changes of Ancient and Modern Times"，Must be based on dynasties or divide bet365 bonus bets into different periods，Combining and inspecting generation by generation and paragraph by paragraph，Then we will connect again，Summary、Summary of changes in ancient and modern times and the principles of success and failure，Seeking certain laws in historical development。The compilation of general bet365 bonus bets cannot be separated from the study of chronological bet365 bonus bets，Because the system and content framework of general bet365 bonus bets are built on the basis of integrating the research results of chronological bet365 bonus bets，No chronological bet365 bonus bets in the data、Accumulation in content and academic aspects，It is difficult to write a high-level general bet365 bonus bets。General bet365 bonus bets is a collection of chronological bet365 bonus bets、Summary and sublimation。
Third，Writing chronological bet365 bonus bets，Seeking a change in one generation，Must uphold the spirit of general bet365 bonus bets and the spirit of the times。Every era has its own spirit，Revealing the spirit of the times mainly relies on summarizing the historical characteristics of this era，However, a historical summary of a certain era，Need to compare before and after，In order to have a more accurate grasp。This requires historians to write chronological bet365 bonus bets，Must have a macro vision，Have training and literacy in general bet365 bonus bets，Able to be exclusively appointed by Broadcom，Through thick and thin experience。The chronological bet365 bonus bets written by him，Only in this way can we truly achieve the goal of “inheriting the past generations and adapting to today’s changes”。
Fourth，Thoughts、Academic、Culture、System、Famous objects, etc. are the basic connotation of bet365 bonus bets，Many of these contents are inherited and run through ancient and modern times。Ideological progress guidance system、Changes in famous items and other aspects。From Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties，Every generation planned the palace according to the celestial phenomena，Due to the continuous progress of ancient people’s understanding of celestial phenomena，The layout of the palace has changed in each generation。If you only see the changes in Miyagi，But we cannot see the progress and improvement of the system and ideology behind Miyagi，It is difficult to understand the changes in ancient and modern times，It is also impossible to grasp the changes in a certain dynasty。
This tells us，Whether it is general bet365 bonus bets，Let’s do research on chronological bet365 bonus bets，Thoughts、Academic、The foundation of systems and other aspects should be in place，In this way, it is possible to achieve the state of "impossible change and long-lasting improvement"。The so-called "archaeology does not examine people below the third generation" and "does not study books after the Han Dynasty"，You can only tie yourself up。I have often heard some scholars argue that the emperors of the Qing Dynasty's "imperial gate to listen to government affairs" was inherited from the Ming Dynasty，As everyone knows, "listening to the government while sleeping on the road" had already formed a system in the Han Dynasty。Feng Youlan emphasized that the governance of Qing Dynasty requires a thorough knowledge of Sinology，In fact, Sinology、Studies of the Tang Dynasty、Everyone who studies Song Dynasty must pass，Only to understand Qingxue，This goes back to Guo Xiang’s comment。
Therefore，We can say that general bet365 bonus bets and chronological bet365 bonus bets are two different historiographic forms of "tongbian"，General bet365 bonus bets will integrate the past and present and seek changes，Dating the bet365 bonus bets of epochs and inheriting the past, seeking changes in the present。Compile general bet365 bonus bets or chronological bet365 bonus bets，The two must observe each other，You cannot oppose the two。Should be based on the requirements of "Tongbian"，Grasp the priority of the two，Every method has its own relaxation and relaxation，Only in order to compile a successful bet365 bonus bets book。
(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 bonus bets, Renmin University of China、Distinguished Professor, School of bet365 bonus bets, Beijing Normal University)
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