As a person who is a person in history，Sima Qian summarized the emperor's martial arts of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "，Internal repair method。"" Foreign Yidi "mainly refers to the Huns that continue to fight south，Lift the military threat of the Huns; "internal practice" refers to improvement、Create a series of systems，Rectification of social order，Strengthen centralization。and fiscal reform as a part of the "internal repair"，It is both the economic guarantee of "foreign Yidi"，It is also the economic basis for strengthening the centralized centralization。

　　Bet365 app download Stable agricultural production

Western Han Dynasty，Continue to implement the field system since the Shangyang Reform，Ordinary farmers，Hundred acres of fields per household，There are military meritors，Increase the number of field acres in the height of the title。Although in actual execution，Farmers may not be able to get a hundred acres of fields，But it can basically ensure that farmers have a certain land。but，Land is granted or returned，Once it is set under personal name，Land returns to personal possession，Buy and sell under legal conditions，Gradually private。Once the land becomes a product，Land mergers become an inevitable result of economic operation。Emperor Wen's wrong time has pointed out the harm of businessmen to merge farmers' land，Specifications on "Guizu"，but under the conditions at that time，Limited actual effect，Haoqiang landlord、Lord of Industry and Commerce、Bulletin continues to become a "carriage" for land mergers。Emperor Wudi "Foreign Yidi" and a series of public projects，Fiscal expenditure is huge，Extra the burden of farmers。Hao Qiang's House and Grassroots illegal Bulletin 巧 巧，Make "Rich Tian Lian Bo，Poor Plants Establishing Places "became prominent bet365 best casino games social problems，Seriously affecting social stability。For this reality，Emperor Hanwu took two measures to suppress the wave of land mergers，First, Dong Zhongshu's "restricted people's name field，Insufficient，The Road to the same "。It is determined according to the identity and status of the private households to determine the number of fields occupied，Cut the land that exceeds the prescribed regulations to state -owned，Divided to landless farmers，The way to block the landlord's strong merging farmers' land。Yuanfeng five years (before 106)，Let the thirteen thorough history，Six questions about asking things，The first is "Qiang Zonghao Right，Tianzhai Overfield，With strong lingering，Widow with the crowd "，Dong Zhongshu's proposal or order。The second is to deprive the landlord land through "calculating" and "sue"。"Calculating" is the property tax，Also known as "赀 赀"，declared by individual，10,000 yuan per 10,000 yuan per 10,000 yuan，Less than 10,000 dollars for exemption。This was originally a special tax for industrial and commercial people，After the land becomes a private property，It is also incorporated into the scope of taxation。Because property calculations are declared by individual，Landlord、Handicraft owners conceal it without reporting，There are mostly available。Four Years of Yuanxuan (Bupou 119) Emperor Wu ordered to report tax evasion，Report content Once verified，Make property for property，The semi -reward of the family property，Is for "Ceremony"。Nearly half of the big landlords nationwide、Big handmade industry owner、Big businessmen are confiscated for their homes for sue。This move increased national fiscal revenue，More importantly increase the number of state -owned land，At the same time, the landlord is strong，Failure to stabilize the grassroots social order，Guarantee politics and order。

　Official business salt and iron Fengyu Finance

Salt is a necessity for the daily life of the majority of people，Iron is agricultural、The main tools of all production bet365 live casino games industries such as handicraft industry，Boiling salt and iron smelting is the largest profit industry。Since the Warring States Period，Salt and Iron Private，Create a large number of wealthy businessmen。Early Western Han Dynasty，The owner of salt iron is an important member of the land merger team。Emperor Hanwu used the northwest of soldiers，Military expenses required huge，and salt iron owners have huge wealth，The urgency of the uncle's house，But take the opportunity to merge farmers，Makers who become the factors of social instability。Most of the natural resources they rely on getting rich are obtained through illegal means，Caused the loss and damage of the country's natural resources。Three years of Yuan Qian，Doctor Zhang Tang recommends salt and iron official camp，，Salt and iron officers are set up by the country，Unified responsible for the production and sales of salt and iron，so that the salt and iron entering the state treasury，It has received the effect of "the people do not benefit and use the country for the country"。Salt and Iron Officials，Detaled the interests of private salt iron owners，Fierce criticism and opposition by them。Emperor Han Zhao held a salt and iron meeting，Discussion of the financial gains used as the core of salt and iron officials when Discussing the Emperor Hanwu。，Sang Hongyang pointed out: "There is always a salt iron for today，Non -independent benefits，It will be built with the foundation，Lipeng Party，Forbidden Moisturizing，The road of absolutely good deeds also。"" "。Therefore，The result of the discussion is to continue to implement the salt and iron official camp，and inherited by the future dynasties。

　　Reform currency system unified currency

The legal currency of the Qin Dynasty is divided into two types: gold is upper currency，Take 镒 as the unit; copper coins are coins，Weight half two，All are cast by the country。Early Han，Liu Bang stimulates economic recovery，It is difficult to use with Qin Qian，Casting "Pod Money"，The result caused the price to skyrocket。After that, the money bet365 live casino games has changed repeatedly，Allow private coin，Lu Houshi retracted the right to the cointer。Five years of Emperor Emperor Emperor (first 175)，Let go of private casting money。Copper coins are weighed currency，Its circulation price is based on its quality and weight，For ordinary users，Calculate the price with its text。To get huge profits，Privately impersonally pretend to be copper coin，As a result, inferior coins are full of market，Farmers and the country are deeply killed。Emperor Wen Shi Yiyi pointed out that private money casting seriously affects market and agricultural stability，It is recommended that the national monopoly copper ore、Control copper、Uniformly cast money，Unfortunately failed to implement。In view of the wealthy businessman's "Fortune Poverty", the reality of "Li Min's Poverty" has caused the increasingly serious reality，"More cointellarly uses for emphasis，And the deception and the apprentice "。But because of the defects of institutional design, the stolen casting of the illegal merchant, and the accumulation of accumulation, the effect is very small。Yuan Qian five years，Wu Di unified issued five baht money，Strict shape and weight，Standards the surroundings of the surrounding and middle square holes of the five baht，Standard for money diameter、Pores、thickness，Wen Zhong is consistent。But because of the scattered coins of the country，The quality of the coin is difficult to unified，Leave a gap for the stolen cast，Theft casts still repeatedly ban。Yuan Ding four years，Emperor Wu's Xiayu stop the county casting money，Money and coins cast before are melted，Uniformly cast from the three officials of Shanglin，Non -Shanglin three official money must not be circulated，Severe punishment of the offenders。So far，The coinable right is completely collected by the central government，Jia Yi's proposal finally realized。

Emperor Hanwu's currency reform，It is significant。From a macro level，The ancients have pointed out，"Food" and "Capital" are both "the foundation Bet365 app download of the people"，"Food Footwear，Then Guo Shi people rich，Education into "。The stability of currency is the guarantee of "cargo"，It is the circulation of national regulation of goods、Guarantee market stability、Leaning of stable people's livelihood。This can not only effectively crack down on the "change of merchants with currency，Multi -Jelly Cargo Fighting "speculation，More importantly, you can deprive the strong landlord、illegal merchants Jia uses illegal means to gather huge wealth，to inhibit the road of both，Stable Guojin，Resolve social contradictions， Maintenance of social order。From the micro level，1 is to ensure quality。The three officials of Shanglin are three officials under the Water Hengdu Captain: Copper for the raw materials、Zhong Guan and the technique responsible for engraving。From all aspects of raw material collection to finished product inspection, there are people responsible for，Strict quality standards and process processes，High quality cointer，Private weakness stolen cast，Even if the stolen casting, there is no proficiency in the diagram。Second, you can control the circulation，Adjust price，Guarantee market stability。Third, the central government controls the copper material uniformly，The road to the stolen cast from the source。Because of the high quality of the three officials of Emperor Hanwu，Five baht money has been used in the Sui Dynasty。

　Both loses the level of prospecting the country and the people

"Both Losses" is the collection of the government of the government to operate the county's tribute items、Transportation、Distribution。The system stipulates that local governments must pay a certain local special product from the central government every year，Long -distance transportation of the county and country far away，Excessive cost，Even more than the value of the tribute items，or tribute deterioration; some tributes are treasured in where the county is located，But in Beijing, it is just ordinary items。Especially the tribute stipulated by the central Bet365 lotto review government is not produced by the county，You need to buy it at the origin of the origin and then transport it to the central，Provide space for the profit of the businessman。To solve these disadvantages，Two years of Yuan Ding，Sang Hongyang "Places the same amount of currency"，The reason why it is called a balance，Sang Hongyang explained that "the county's loser officers give each other to transport，and the tribute to the distance，So I lose "。The specific content is to set up an average losing order under the Central Division Farmers，Each county and the country set up corresponding agencies and officials，Turn the prescribed region's tribute to the most cheapest items in the local area，Sold by Jun Loading officers to sell the item to the place required for，Income belongs to state -owned。This，Reduce local transfer fees，Reduce cost，The profit obtained by the businessman in the process of circulation is transferred to the Treasury，At the same time, it also promotes the exchange of materials from various places，enriched the material life of various places。but but，All inputs have solved whether there are any problems with material regulation and interoperability，But there are still the disadvantages of raising prices in various places。Then Sang Hongyang created a plain method，"Dozens of people in the Grand Agricultural Ministry，Division Master County，Frequent counties of county loses salt and iron officials，Let the distant parties use their expensive businessmen to turn the traffickers，Eastern。Ping Pingzheng in Beijing，Both are lost by the World Commission。Calling Gongguan Treatment of Cars，All give up to Great Nong。The officials of the Great Peasants are full of goods，Selling is expensive，Buy it for cheap。So，Wealthy businessmen have nothing to do with Dali，，and everything must not be raised。Therefore, the heavenly things，called ‘Pingzhuan’ ”。That is, setting up a balanced price in Beijing，Materials to the Beijing Division in various places、Various Bet365 lotto review appliances produced by workers，Uniform control from Pingzhuan，Gui sells，Buy it if you are cheap，The speculation of the owner of the industry and commerce owner。

Economic foundation determines the upper building，Hanwu Emperor Wenzhi Martial Arts Relying on the accumulation of wealth in the early Western Han Dynasty，On the other hand, relying on its financial reform。The core of its reform，It is to regulate economic operation with national strength，Military costs that guarantee "foreign Yidi"，Strike Haoqiang Landlord、Industry and commercial people coaxing prices、Poly accumulation、Actions that merge farmers' land，so as to stabilize agricultural production and peasant life，Created the glory of the unified empire。

(This article is the key project of the National Social Science Foundation "Historical Investigation of the Evolution of the Qin and Han Farmers" (15AZS008) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Suzhou University Social College)