The title of my speech is "Global Vision and Multiple Paths to Bet365 app download"。The "multiple paths" here are a "critical weapon"，For "single road"，So first we need to explain the origin of "single road"。

Bet365 app download，As the name suggests，It is a diachronic process，It has historical attributes，But Bet365 app download research does not originate from history，It can even be said that it does not originate from any discipline，It is a product of international policy。

After World War II，With the beginning of the Cold War and the rise of the national liberation movement，More than 40 former colonial countries competing with the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union，Becoming the top priority of U.S. world strategy。U.S. National Security Council Document No. 68 states: “In the current situation of polarization of power，The failure of the liberal system anywhere is a global failure。”The Kennedy administration believed more，Suffering from colonialism、A new country that seized power in a revolution and fell into deep poverty，Is the soil most likely to accept communism，For this，America must start a fight，And this battle is in "living in the village、Expanding in the spiritual world of people on the hill，We also need to control the spirit and policies of local officials”，So need to build a set for any region、The people of any nation have a theory attractive enough to replace the communist doctrine。Bet365 app download theory came into being。Rostow, the main founder of Bet365 app download theory, once served as the White House National Security Advisor、Director of the Policy and Planning Commission of the State Council，His identity is one of the signs that this theory is ideological rather than academic。Under federal funding、Spurred by the interaction between corporate funding and academic reputation，1950s-1960s，A group of social science scholars in the United States have invested in the construction of Bet365 app download theory。In order to achieve the purpose of "wooing" and "tempting"，The theory is based on the dichotomy between developed and underdeveloped，Taking the opposition between tradition and modernity as the main axis，Take Western countries as the paradigm，Describes a standard path to Bet365 app download for non-Western countries。The route to establish a liberal market economy、Multi-party competitive representative politics、Protestant ethical secular culture and contractual civil society as the core，In urging countries to abandon their national traditions、While changing course，Consider contemporary America as the end point of Bet365 app download，Devilizing Soviet Bet365 app download as "heresy" and "disease"。Japanese scholar Shimizu Yuhisa calls this set of Bet365 app download theories in the name of fake academics the "Kennedy-Rostow line"，It couldn’t be more appropriate。

"Theory first"，Historians in the West, especially the United States, followed closely。They adhere to the nation-state-based examination method that has been pursued since the establishment of the history discipline in the 19th century，Compare the history of each country with that of Western Bet365 app download，Specially in "What's in the West，Making a fuss over non-Western Bet365 app download”，Thinking all things that the West has but does not have in the West as the inherent flaws of non-Western Bet365 app download。Some people compare this approach of Western historians to a drunkard looking for his car keys on the ground under a streetlight，When the police asked him why he was looking for the keys here，The drunkard replied: "Because this is the only place where there is light。"It is under the guidance of this "Western street light"，Modernized historiography has been led astray。

Since Western Bet365 app download theory is not based on universal experience，It is ahistorical，Also non-scientific，So it is constantly being falsified in practice。More than half a century，World development is becoming increasingly unbalanced，The continuous widening gap between developed countries and less developed countries is the best explanation。In this case，There are endless doubts about the Western view of Bet365 app download history，The most subversive one is the global view of history。

The so-called global historical perspective，In short，It is beyond the narrow vision of the nation-state，View the Bet365 app download from a macro perspective、Historical method that examines all mankind as a whole。

The global historical view of historical materialism was pioneered by Marx and Engels。In a series of chapters such as "German Ideology", "Communist Manifesto", "Das Kapital"，Marx and Engels repeatedly pointed out，The beginning of capitalism in the 16th century、Bet365 app download、A new era of human history in the "Trinity" of globalization。In this new era，Capital connects the modern world，In this world，The fate of each country is related to the fate of other countries。(Engels) This means nothing more，The world as a whole has entered the modern voyage，If the world is a large system，Countries are subsystems，The operation of subsystems cannot be separated from the larger system，At the same time, they also interact with each other。That’s it，Extract a single country from the world system and talk about Bet365 app download，Inappropriate in itself。In the "Trinity" modern world system，Capital accumulation is the driving force，Unbalanced development is a basic feature，Therefore, different positions in the capital chain have become key factors in determining the fate of each country。Different locations will result in different modern endowments、Different starting points、Different rates，Even the goals at certain stages are different，Then how come they follow the same path？The global historical view of historical materialism completely denies the possibility of the same path for all countries，Shaken the foundation of Western classic Bet365 app download theory in terms of methodology，Opening up a new path for Bet365 app download research。

When global historians study the history of Bet365 app download of various countries，Attach great importance to the use of comparative methods。Their comparison method is different from traditional comparison，They are not looking for the "shortcomings" of other countries against the West，Instead, it points out the different characteristics of the Bet365 app download process of non-Western countries，Revealing the non-universality of the Western model。They found out，After independence of emerging countries，As part of accepting the colonial legacy，There was indeed a tendency to become completely westernized in the beginning。Latin America in the early 19th century，Eastern Europe after World War I，Part of Islam after World War II、This is true for African and South Asian countries，But the results all ended in failure。After World War I，The "newly built" Eastern European and Balkan countries generally implement a completely free market economy，The result quickly became the provision of agricultural products to Western industrial countries、Primary product exporting countries of mineral products，Economic dependence on industrial countries is far greater than the latter's dependence on them。Result，After the Great Depression，These countries have insufficient room for maneuver，The losses suffered are far greater than those of industrial countries，Paves the way for the loss of national sovereignty；Whether it was Poland or the Czech Republic after World War I，Or African countries such as Congo and Zaire after World War II，They all copied the Western representative system，Dozens or even hundreds of political parties suddenly appeared，But no one can hold even a majority of more than a quarter in the parliament，Some even cannot convene parliament，Leading the country into conflict and internal strife for a long time，The government cannot function properly。In fact，The late-developing countries have not yet had a successful example of copying the West。

　Through comparative study，Bet365 app download historians have discovered many development characteristics based on their respective national conditions。

In politics，Because the original world system was superimposed on the colonial system，So the deprived country realizes，To develop in a world system dominated by capitalist metropolitan states，Must strive for national independence。The background and process of these Bet365 app download seizing power in the form of revolution are very different from the history of the formation of Western nation-states，The country’s political system will naturally not be a Western model。Socialist Bet365 app download follow the path of unifying anti-imperialist struggle and proletarian revolution，What was established was the Soviet or people’s democratic dictatorship。Latin American colonies adopted the method of national liberation struggle，The military occupies an important position in the new regime。Situations similar to those in Latin America have also occurred in other regions，In Japanese and African History，It is not uncommon for soldiers to interfere in politics。

In economic terms，First，The new Bet365 app download process of emerging countries is initiated from the top down，This is different from the bottom-up Bet365 app download launch method in the West，The government plays an important guiding role in economic life。Secondly，Most of the economies of emerging countries have taken the path of subordinate economies (that is, economies that are subordinate to the needs of the original sovereign country)，To import substitution economy，The process of returning to an export-oriented economy，The success or failure of transition and the external environment、The timing of transformation is closely related，Middle East oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia and South Korea and Singapore in East Asia have achieved success，And Argentina、Latin American countries such as Bolivia are repeatedly wandering between import substitution and export orientation，The economy came to a standstill。This shows that the success or failure of transformation is highly contingent。Finally，Before the Soviet Union and reform and opening up, China’s socialist planned economy was separated from the capitalist world economic system，Take the road of self-reliance，Also brought about rapid economic growth。Afterwards，China’s Reform and Opening Up，The implementation of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics has achieved great success that has attracted worldwide attention。All these are explained，Times are different，Different world market positions，Countries can only proceed from their own actual conditions，Explore different development paths。

In the cultural field，Islam、Buddhism, the two major world religions, still exists，Hindu、Catholicism also has a large number of believers，These beliefs are very different from Protestantism，Even serious opposition，But they can all be connected with Bet365 app download to varying degrees。The traditional culture of various countries can also become a promoting factor for Bet365 app download，The legacy of the Japanese Bushido spirit、The non-material tendency that Indian culture insists on、Multicultural integration achieved in Latin America，All prove that the traditional-modern binary opposition constructed by the West cannot be established。

In society，Tribalism in the Arab World，Latin America’s multi-ethnic integration is an arduous task it faces in its Bet365 app download process，The West has no such experience at all，It is impossible to provide useful prescriptions。From the perspective of family-owned businesses and cooperative corporations that have played an important role in the economic success of Japan and East Asia，In their Bet365 app download process，Human ties have not been completely replaced by contractual relationships。

There is another unavoidable topic in modern history，This is the so-called "European Takeoff"。According to Western classic Bet365 app download theory，World Bet365 app download is brought about by the European economic takeoff，Europe’s take-off began with the Industrial Revolution，The Industrial Revolution originated in Britain，So explore the road to success in Bet365 app download，Let’s start with why the Industrial Revolution broke out in Britain or Europe。For this，Many Western historians have learned from European pre-industrial societies、From the Middle Ages、Until the ancient Greek era to find the reason，Finally concluded that Western culture has unique advantages，As the first cornerstone of its Bet365 app download theory。Global history research seriously questions this conclusion。They start from a global perspective，Discovered through research，As late as 1750，Even until the beginning of the 19th century，The economic center of the world is still in Asia，Still in China，This is enough to show that Europe has not always been at the forefront of world economic development，Its civilization has no natural advantages。As for the rise of Europe in the 19th century，That was entirely a series of accidents。Including，China implements silver standard，Western colonists used African slaves to obtain large amounts of silver at low prices in the Americas，By exchanging Oriental goods，Accumulated wealth through trade；Meanwhile，Population growth in areas with developed agricultural economies in Eurasia has led to insufficient arable land、Forced to cut down forests on a large scale、Seriously affecting residential heating and industrial fuel supply、As a result, the economy is constrained by the old biological system, that is, the bioenergy system、Under the situation of economic involution，Britain happened to discover easily mined coal mines in areas with the most mature agricultural economy，Developed new energy，And started with the invention of the mine steam pump，Embark on the road to mechanization，Start the Industrial Revolution，Take the lead in applying industrial achievements to military and trade，Thus leading to the so-called "take-off"。Global historians say，Even if we admit the Industrial Revolution，It cannot be said to be a "British" revolution，Because in Asia、The impetus for this revolution exists in both America and Africa。

Finally, I would like to point out，When examining history as a whole from a global perspective that transcends nation-states，The relationship between human beings and nature is highlighted，This will help people reflect on the Bet365 app download process。So far，The core of the concept of Bet365 app download is still development，That is, unlimited economic growth。In a world economic system dominated by capitalism，The needs of economic growth are the needs of the market and the need to pursue profits，Development still only means profit and wealth，But the result is an uncontrolled increase in energy consumption，Leading to a sharp decline in biodiversity，Climate changes，The consequences of radioactivity seriously threaten human survival。The good news is，This view of development is being questioned。China’s “Five-in-One” Development Concept，Incorporating ecological civilization into the scope of development，Bolivia has recently proposed a development path for “happy life”，These are new explorations of the road to Bet365 app download。

In short，We still live in a world economic system，Every country must find its own survival and development path in this system，And on the premise of not harming the interests of other countries and the world as a whole。The path to Bet365 app download is diverse，Exploration is endless，America is not the end of Bet365 app download，The Western road is not the only right way。In this community with a shared future for mankind，Countries should respect each other’s choices，At least not with a Cold War mentality or an oppositional mentality，Forcing other countries to follow a certain path for your own benefit，And cover this path with the theoretical cloak of social science。

　　(The author is Vice Chairman Bet365 app download National Committee Bet365 app download Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference、Executive Vice Chairman Bet365 app download Central Committee for Democratic Progress。This is the summary Bet365 app download author’s speech at the opening ceremony Bet365 app download first “Academic China” International Summit Forum)