The concept of national sovereignty is accompanied by the rise of the nation -state。Western thinker Jean Budan、Hu Guo Grandus、Thomas Hobbes and others explained this concept。Based on the theory of sovereignty，Modern nation countries are more reflected in the form of absolute kingship，and develop into a sovereign state with modern meaning。So，In the study of politics and international relations，The connotation of sovereign countries and nation -states is basically the same。Modernization process is first manifested as the process of building a modern nation -state，In this process，The concept of national sovereignty becomes important。National sovereignty is a country's independently handling internal and external affairs、Manage the highest power of the country，There are irregular features。

　Bet365 app download National sovereignty

The specific performance of the concept of national sovereignty in political practice，It is the emergence of a large number of ethnic countries under the background of the national liberation movement。At the same time，National sovereignty also faces challenges from different directions，Concentrated in the two backgrounds of globalization and regionalization。

First，The challenge of globalization on national sovereignty is concentrated in the three waves of globalization。

The first global wave appeared in the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century。This period，Output capital output large -scale UK，The United States also actively adopts the policy of external bet365 Play online games expansion。Germany has developed rapidly on the basis of the Second Industrial Revolution，Actively seek overseas colonies，Finally collided with Britain。

The second global wave appeared from the end of World War II until the 1970s and 1970s。During this period，Joseph Naito and Robert Kouhan proposed the theory of compound mutual dependence on each other also reflects the new challenge of globalization on national sovereignty。At the same time，A large number of non -national behavior at this stage appears。On the one hand，The impact of international organizations on the sovereign state deepen。On the other hand，Many active non -governmental organizations have appeared within many countries。

The third globalization appeared after the 1990s，Expressing the accelerated innovation of financial derivatives and the further integration of the international economic structure。The challenge of globalization on national sovereignty during this period，On the one hand, based on global trade，The internal vertical integration of transnational companies。On the other hand, it is manifested as the emergence of new interferenceism。

Second，Regionalization has also brought new challenges to national sovereignty。

The emergence and development of the European Union and the EU concentrated reflects the new trend of regionalization。Form regional super national behavior on the basis of national countries，This is the challenge to national sovereignty。For example，EU laws in the EU governance framework，The laws of governance authority and architecture are higher than the law of sovereign countries，Therefore, the EU governance once showed the characteristics of strong hard law governance。Of course，Brexit and other incidents indicate，The further development trend Bet365 lotto review of the EU is yet to be observed。But，EU's practice in recent decades has indeed clearly showed the challenge of regional super national behavior on traditional national sovereignty。

　　The deconstruction effect of digital revolution on national sovereignty

In addition to globalization and regionalization，The third major factor that currently affects national sovereignty is digitalization。Digitalization has long -term features，Not only the characteristics of the information revolution，It also includes the characteristics of the intelligent revolution。So，Digital transformation is a concept of a broad -spectrum system。Current，The deconstruction effect of digital revolution on national sovereignty is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

First，The erosion of national sovereignty on the multinational digital platform。This is concentrated in the practice of small and medium -sized countries in the international community。Most small and medium countries cannot resist Facebook、Google、Twitter、The influence of large multinational digital platforms such as Apple。There is only one choice plan for these countries to integrate into the future smart society，is to accept the hegemony of these multinational digital platforms。multinational digital platform is entering the governance field of most sovereign countries，At the same time, most sovereign countries seem to be unable to perform effective restrictions。For example，in 2021，The Australian Federal Parliament officially passed the "Mandatory Protection Act of News and Digital Platforms"，to restrict the market share of Internet giants such as Facebook。For this，Facebook will soon announce the release of all news about Australia，Australia can only announce the improvement of the above bill after a few days。

bet365 best casino games Second，Domestic digital platform controls the digital ability of the country。Due to digitalization requires a lot of computing resources and talents，and the governments of most sovereign countries do not have this resources and abilities，Therefore, they often use the method of purchasing from domestic or international companies to develop digital facilities。At the same time，For international competition needs，Some countries often tend to support local digital platforms in policies，import a large amount of resources into these digital platforms，This makes these digital platforms very better than the country in controlling digital capabilities。

third，The division of national sovereignty in private rights。Current，Based on the private digital currency of Bitcoin and other private rights，The architecture of the private rights blockchain。Although many countries have adopted regulatory policies on digital currencies such as Bitcoin，But you can still see the price of Bitcoin hit a new high in 2021，once exceeded $ 60,000。The development of this private rights blockchain is based on anarchist concept，The characteristic of its decentralization itself is the challenge to national sovereignty。At the same time，The increasingly active dark network and black market transaction on the basis of the Bitcoin architecture，It makes it easier for some multinational criminal activities to get rid of the impact of sovereign countries。Another，Some multinational digital platforms also affect and cooperate with private rights blockchain，It may disintegrate the country's economic sovereignty。For example，Issuing currency is the country's most basic economic sovereignty，However, in some countries, it may be mastered by multinational companies and Bitcoin systems。

bet365 live casino games Fourth，The influence of the media on the ability of the country's public opinion。In the past, the state's control of public opinion and ideology was often implemented through official media，But with the rise of the media，Each individual may become the center of public opinion。The occurrence and development of some important public opinion events often exceed the ability of the country's public opinion and influence，Show the feature of "emerge"。After the event broke out，The development route of some public opinion presents many new features，To a large extent, challenge the country's ability to control public opinion。

　Construction of National Digital Sovereign

Face the challenge，Many countries are not willing to bear the loss of sovereignty，Instead, it will be re -mobilized，Efforts to establish a new sovereign in the digital field，That is national digital sovereignty。This effort is mainly manifested in the following aspects。

First，The rise of national digital localism。The spread of the influence of large multinational digital platforms in the world，Some countries have begun to emphasize digital localism，Emphasize the localization of data and servers，Emphasis on the asset attributes of the data in the future。For example, the "General Data Protection Regulations" issued by Europe emphasized that the transnational platforms should make relevant facilities and data from localized storage，Global flow against these elements。

Second，Take antitrust measures for large domestic data platforms。Digitalization requires some gathering effect and scale effect，can greatly improve the efficiency of digitalization，But the scale effect inevitably brings a tendency to monopoly，It may have the effect of improper competition for small and small digital companies。So，China、United Bet365 lotto review States、European countries and other countries are in the process of promoting the development of the digital economy，Both of them are fair competition as the core content。

third，Bitcoin and other private rights blockchain strengthen supervision。Many countries have recently strengthened the supervision of Bitcoin。For the consideration of the goals such as currency sovereignty and carbon neutral，Some countries take more stricter measures，Strict restrictions on local Bitcoin mining enterprises，This makes Bitcoin -related companies have to transfer to some relatively loose island countries (such as Malta), etc.。

Fourth，Strengthen the supervision of public opinion effects generated by the media and other media。Due to the increasing influence of social media on public opinion，Relevant regulatory authorities in some countries have begun to emphasize the management of the qualifications of self -media practitioners and behavioral specifications，to strengthen the country's digital sovereignty in the field of public opinion。

Looking at it overall，The game of digital sovereignty in the country has just begun。On the one hand, it is manifested as the erosion of multinational companies and capital to national digital sovereignty，On the other hand, it is manifested as the state hopes to obtain the dominance of the digital field through the construction of digital sovereignty。So，Digital sovereignty will become a new content of national sovereignty。In the construction process of digital sovereignty，National digital ability is the key。As a new field，Computing power in the digital field、Algorithms and data are three most important elements。Almost all sovereign countries show the willingness to control digital power。But，Digital ability is the basis for transforming willingness to be turned into actual governance Bet365 lotto review efficiency。So，How to build a sufficient and powerful national digital ability in the new digital revolution，is the most important factor in dealing with the changes in national sovereignty in the digital age。

(The author is the Dean of the School of Political Science, East China University of Political Science and Law、Professor)