Recent，General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting the work of ancient books in the new era"，Make strategic deployment on comprehensive and in -depth promotion of ancient books。Out of the arrangement and research of the abundant literature，It is an important connotation of the work of ancient books in the new era，It deserves to be paid high，Promote all -strength。

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Ancient books are abbreviations of ancient books。The lower limit of the generation of ancient books in my country is generally stuck in the beginning of the Republic of China，Forms are mainly paper publishing books and writing books。but but，The upper limit and early form formed by the formation of ancient books，It is not clear enough。

Liu Guojun's "Brief Crossing Chinese Book History" (Higher Education Press 1958 edition) pointed out，The earliest official book in my country is made of bamboo or wooden boards。Make it with bamboo is called "Simplified Celebration"，Make it with wood called "Edition 牍"。Qian Cunxun During the study period of Jinling University (1927-1932), Liu Guojun's "History of Chinese Books" class。He published in English in 1962、Later, in the book "Book of Bamboo: Ancient Chinese Word Records" is revised in Chinese and Japanese Chinese，Slightly the same view with Liu Guojun。Li Lingjin divided the early books into three types: "Books" (including inscriptions, etc.)、"Book" (document) as a file、"Book" (ancient book) as a classics。The third "book" and the second "book" are closely related。The third book may be with the "historian culture" in the early literature，Various documents with historians have a greater relationship with the history official。For example，The earliest ancient book during the Warring States Period，such as "Poetry"bet365 live casino games , "Book", "Yi"，is directly selected from the ancient memorial、Lefu，Source is a document file (Li Ling: "Jane Ancient Books and Academic Source Stream"，Sanlian Bookstore 2004 edition)。

Jane contains a more complicated name。Roughly relatively slender bamboo and wood slices are simple，The relatively wide bamboo and wood boards are 牍。Since the material is easy to get，Production、Writing simple，You can use a rope to make a volume with a rope，to carry long documents，You can also engraved with teeth、Section、Sealing anti -counterfeiting、Secret and other functions。Therefore，Before the paper pass，Jane is the main writing carrier。

"Shangshu · Da Shi" said "but the ancestors of Yin have a book and there is a book"。Because the "album" shape is like a simplified album，Scholars believe that the Shang Dynasty has used Jane。"The Book of Songs · Explosion the Cars" chanting the expedition to the expedition "，Fear of this brief book ";" Zuo Zhuan "Xiang Gong's twenty -five years in the chaos of Cui Yan，"Nang Shi's hearing the history of the great history，Perseverance of Jane "，can be regarded as Western Week、Reliable records of bamboo slips in spring and autumn。The earliest real thing discovered at present is Chu Jian in the middle and late Warring States，Later Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Jianyu all unearthed。Western Han paper has been discovered many times，Juyan、Dunhuang、Putting Masan and other places also have text or maps，Obviously used for writing。The story of Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty，It means a major improvement in papermaking (Pan Jixing: "History of Chinese Paper"，Shanghai People's Publishing House 2009 edition)。"Junior Study" Volume 21 "Paper Seven" recorded "Xuan Xuan Pseudo" stated:，Non -Lord Yuye。Those who use today，All with yellow paper。"" This explanation，Before the end of the East and Jin Dynasty, the paper became the official writing carrier，Jane is still applying a lot。

Jane's literature is roughly divided into two types of documents and classics，corresponding to the second book that Li Ling said、The third book。As far as the intention bet365 Play online games and the circulation situation at that time，The two are indeed quite different。The former as "On Heng · Beitong" is "with a document to the world"，is often transferred to the reading at a specific range or path，Limited time limit。The latter belongs to the "Three Immortal" in Xianggong's "Three Immortal" in the twenty -four years of "Zuo Zhuan"，Kong Yingda said "saying that the words are required，Geek can pass，No body，Its words still exist "，Pursue cross -space communication。It is worth noting that，If the document spreads to future generations，It will fade away for instant、Practical color，Converted into historical data and cultural resources，thus transforming into a classic library。In addition to the above Li Ling,，There are still many cases in this area。The Criminal Law of the Ministry of History of the Sui Book of the Sui Book will "see the consumer，Edited as Criminal Law "。Du You's "Tong Dian" compiled the historical history and contemporary document archives of the former North Korea，The creation of the history of the system of achievement。Earlier Warring States、Qin Han、Jane's Document in the Wei and Jin Dynasties，Rare documents recorded in the development and evolution of Chinese history and Chinese civilization，Of course, it should be the same as the ideological and cultural classics，Integrated into the category of ancient books today。

　Jane's literature has unique value

The Warring States Period and Qin and Han dynasties were in major nodes in my country's historical changes。The Shang and Zhou dynasties relying on the "Concord Wanbang" of the "Confucian Wanbang"，Fighting in Spring and Autumn、Merge of the Warring States Period，Qin and Han unified empires that are implemented by the county system。Learning from the government is broken，Private Studies Black，Written Bee Qi。The chapter system created at the time and the scripture culture are proceeded.、Far -influence。Jian Jian as the original record and direct relic of this historical process，It has unparalleled special values ​​of the handed down literature。

The handed down classics bet365 live casino games are vulnerable to artificial damage in circulation。Sui Niuhong's "Please open the way to present the book" will be Qin Huo、Tianbao II also、End of the Han Dynasty、Yongjianandu、Zhou Shi entered the "Five Ma" of ancient books。Mingren Hu Yinglin's "Shao Mountain Fang Cong · Classic Classic Conference" added: "However, since the book has been after the Six Dynasties，Five Matthew: Great Career One also，Tianbao II also，Guangming San Ye，Jingkang Si Ye，Shao Ding Wu Ye，Ten Er'er。"" "Bing Bing，People's preferences and screening also cause serious decline of books。and the ancients intended、Jane 牍 牍，Can be stored for a long time under appropriate conditions，Have the opportunity to make many literatures lose and recover。More than a dozen Confucian works in Guodian Chujian，Written in the period when Confucius transitions to Mencius，Most of them have not been passed down (Pang Pu: Between Confucius and Mencius -Guo store Chu Jian's ideological and historical status "，"Chinese Social Science" 1998, No. 5)。Yinque Mountain Han Jian "Sun Ying's Military"，Destry before the Tang Dynasty。"Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi" is called "Han Law" for a long time "，And in Zhangjiashan Han Jian、Kong Jiapo Hanjian and Hujia Pacific Field Han Jianzhong，Both the law of the system。Yuelu Qin Jian "Number"、Zhangjiashan Hanjian "Counting Book" and Sleeping Tiger Hanjian "Arithmetic"，All earlier than the handed down "Nine Chapters"。Hujia Pacific Field Hanjian "Calendar" and "Ri Zhi" cooperate，The century calendar that started from the first year of the first year of Emperor Hanwen (before 163)，"Tai Chu Calendar" formulated by Emperor Hanwu。Since Jian Yan is still unearthed，You can look forward to，Warring States、Qin Han、The types and contents of the literature existing during the Wei and Jin Dynasties，Most of them may see the day after a thousand or two thousand years of hidden，to offset the loss of these literatures in the process of handing down，Reappear the classics of the year。

Document is circulating in the world，In addition to consumption，There may Bet365 app download also be distortion problems，Sometimes you can rely on Jian Ji Jianzheng。"Book of Rites · Tan Gong" Johor lobbying: "，Tao Siyong，Yong Susan，Utawa，Dance Sisi，愠，Qis Sigh，Sigh，Pie Si。"Among them," Dance "has different passbooks，It is difficult to speak (Sun Xidan: "Book of Rites"，Zhonghua Book Company 1989 edition)。Guo Dongjian "Sex Fate" 34、No. 35 wrote: "Kis Tao，Tao Si Fen，Feni Yong，Yong Susan，Utawa。Dance，End of Hi Zhi。愠，worrying Qi，Qis Sigh，Sanshi Fushing，Fuzzuo。，愠。"" By survey，It can be seen that there are many disconnects in the "Book of Rites" here，Especially the ultimate reflection of the "dance" directly with the initial form "愠" of "dance"，Learn a serious confusion in logic。

Earlier，Insufficient unearthed quantity，and most of them are fragmented，Jane's meaning in academic research is generally only evidence history、Make -up History，At auxiliary、Supplementary status。Now due to the accumulation of information，Especially there are Qin Jian like a sleeping tiger、Liye Qin Jian、Zhangjiashan Hanjian、Sleeping Tiger Earth Slip、The number of Han Jane in the Hujia Pacific Field is more、Early preserved Grand Materials unearthed，By proper arrangement and mutual survey and cooperation，Jane's Literature is already in the border defense system、Document System、Law System、Research areas such as choosing good and funeral customs have become the main historical basis，In some topic discussions, even the only source of information。

　　Jane's sorting has its own laws

Compared with the ancient paper of ordinary paper，The arrangement of Jane's literature has its own characteristics or laws。This is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

First，Getting of Jane's Image、Publishing is extremely important。The collation of the handed down classmates is usually based on the starting point of the workbook。Jane's finishing will take the clearest image as much as possible and publish it as the basic task。This is because Jianye's literature belongs to the special form of writing，Except for the except Bet365 lotto review the text is accurate at the text，layout、Leave white、Makes and other specific expressions are difficult to convey them one by one。Jianye on the handwriting or is not clear，Adopting conventional photos and infrared images at the same time has almost become the current standard configuration。In recent years, it is found that the back scratches may be connected with the editor，Even if it is not written，Also often take pictures、Published。

2，More links for text finishing、Difficulty。Organization of the handed down classics，Mainly collation、punctuation and comment。Jane's literature comes from the ancient man's hand，The editing rope in the volume mostly rotten or lost，Some Jane is severely broken，You need to identify it first、Jane Fragrance Fragment、The order reconstruction of the individual of Jane's individual in the volume，restore the text to the original appearance of writing，Then you can enter a similar process compiled by ancient books in paper。

third，Working process tortuous complexity。Although the handed down classics have continued to organize and study for thousands of years，There are still problems that still have such problems。Jane's Literature has been unearthed for a long time，Text、Text is often full of doubt，It is impossible to achieve the goal of text recovery through one or two collation。After initial arrangement，After many scrutiny revisions，can gradually become complete，Da Zhishan。

Fourth，Time requirements are more urgent。After being unearthed，Easy to deform、Bad，Is a natural "endangered ancient book"，Need to deal with it in time。Jianjian has been unearthed and failed to finish，New information is constantly emerging，The overall work pressure of the industry is increasing.。

For this，Jane workers need sufficient ideological preparation and responsibility，Consciously、Actively invest in sorting and reorganizing。Publication of the results of finishing results，You can only collect the picture version and simply interpretation，instead of interpretation punctuation and annotations Bet365 app download as necessary factor。When the task is particularly heavy，Only publishing can also be used as a choice。Research institutions of universities and other units cooperate with Jane's collection department to promote collation，It should continue to be encouraged、Support。Survey of Jane's Resources、Statistics，Coordination of Simplified Materials，Digitalization of Literature of Jianye，Involved in surface width，Trust the competent department of cultural relics to pay more strongly、Promotion。Under the guidance of "Opinions on Promoting the Work of Ancient Books in the New Era"，Related aspects, work hard and communicate and collaborate，I believe that the Jian Jian who can be unearthed in time will be sorted and published in time，Do these precious literature protection、Basic work used。

(The author is a senior professor of humanities and social sciences in Wuhan University、Director of Jane Research Center、"Expert Committee of Ancient Chinese Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance Development Engineering")