In the history of political thought，The political discourse of the interaction of the 16th and 17th centuries has experienced a huge change，Can be called the "political revolution"。The specific results of this revolution，is the "national reasons (national rationality)" relative to "moral rationality" and "citizen rationality" gradually become the keywords of political science。

For the source of the word，"State reasons (rational)" is the combination of "state" and "reason)"，The emergence of this new concept changed the connotation of politics and gave birth to the establishment of modern nation -states。If it is said to be in ancient city -state countries，Personal ethics consistent with national ethics，There is no conflict between morality and politics，The concept of "national reasons" clearly advocates: national interests are the highest goals and most important evaluation standards for political life，Under the necessary circumstances，Various measures that may violate established morals or laws to defend national interests。Guicadine、Machiavili, etc.。This article attempts to use "national reasons" as the perspective，The main text is based on Marx's "Critical Criticism of Hegel French"，By revealing Marx's transcendence of the "national view" of liberalism and Hegelism，Refining the new form of Marx's political civilization。

Generally speaking，"National bet365 live casino games reasons" requires three questions: Why do countries need countries? What should the country be?，There are two typical theoretical forms since modern times: one is the view of liberal country，One is the Hegelist country view。The former comes from Christian's dualist political view。This national view fundamentally rejected the attempt of secular 僭 僭 僭 僭，and treat the country as "evil with evil"、Tools that promote justice，The country is a negative secular existence in this meaning。Differences with this，The "national reasons" carried out by Hegel in "Principles of Law" both oppose the need and legitimacy of liberalism on the "country"，I did not accept the dualist values ​​of Christianity that closely related to it。Although Hegel also realized，Modern citizens，"For specific people as special people, it is the purpose，Every special person is through the intermediary of others，At the same time, it is also unconditionally through universal formalized intermediaries，Affirmation and being satisfied "。At the same time，He also affirmed "political economics" and "this science makes thoughts honored，Because it finds the law for a lot of accidents "。But he still resolutely advocates，The "special nature" of civil society should be based on the "universality" of principles。Original，Compared to British and French countries，Hegel is located in Germany is a post -Development country，In order to respond to the challenges of developed countries such as Britain and France，Must find a kind of later living、The power of overtaking in the curve，"Country" is bet365 live casino games a choice that is not allowed。In fact，Hegel is not talking about the specific "country" or "system"，Instead, it is a country as a "idea"。"Country" is the actualization of the absolute spirit，It is the reality of the ethical concept。

This can be seen，Hegelism's "national reasons" and the "national reasons" of liberalism have obvious differences: Liberalism adheres to the self -sufficientness and autonomy of civil society，Perseverance of the country as "tool" and "night guard"，Emphasize the "relative nature" and "activeness" of the country; while Hegel regards the country as the concept，It is regarded as "the marching of God on the ground"，What emphasizes the "organic" and "absoluteness" of the country。From Hegel's view，Liberalism in the country that liberalism is demonstrated in the social context of the citizens，The content is too small，Therefore, the civil society of liberalism should be regarded as the "required system" that should be abandoned by the state。In reality，"Liberalism" represents the evolutionary modern mode of Britain and the United States from the bottom up，Higgelism represented by the country is dominated by the country、top -down modernization model; in modernization in modern times in modern times，The former can be called "Anglo Model"，The latter can be called "Prussian Mode"。Although these two typical modes have sufficient legitimacy basis，But there is obvious differences in the status and functions of the country。

From Marx's view，Hegel's national view is the application of speculative philosophy，The error lies in the difference between the reality between the bet365 live casino games political and political system of the political country and the political system。But Marx is also sure，Hegel "regards the political country as an organism，Therefore, the differences in power are no longer regarded as different mechanical，Instead, it is regarded as the difference between life and reason，—This is a big step "。In other words，If liberalism starts from the "national society", starting from the "country" position，regard "country" as a supplement to "civic society"，Then Hegel recognizes the relative independent of the "country"，This rejected the reasoning of "liberalism"。Compared to the legislative power claimed by liberalism、The three powers of administrative power and judicial power，Hegel's national form distinguishes the kingship、Legislative rights and administrative power，and closely associate the three into an organic body。and Marx showed the idea of ​​political civilization in the process of criticizing the form of Higgel's political power。

One，As far as kingship，Hegel affirmed the generality and decision power of the constitutional monarch。Marx refuted Hegel's "monarch's sovereignty" with "people's sovereignty"，I think Hegel completely reversed the relationship between the two，Because "the people's sovereignty is not generated by the king，The king is generated by people's sovereignty "。At this time, Marx obviously rely on Ferbaha's point of view: "Just like not religious creators，but people create religion，Not the national system creates the people，but the people's creation of the national system。"" National system shows bet365 Play online games its original face，That is the freedom product of man "。

Its two，About administrative power，Hegel will judge right、Police rights to give the public society and peers，The administrative power is regarded as an objective aspect of the monarch's inherent sovereignty，I believe that this objective aspect is "intermediary" between the subjective aspect of the monarch's inherent sovereignty through the "bureaucracy" as the subjective aspect of the monarch，so。But Marx thinks，The same given by Hegel to administrative power，It is completely "fiction" and "superficial"。Because the administrative power here is just the "bureaucracy" between the monarch and the civil society。Hegel did not clarify the content of bureaucracy at all，"Just make certain general regulations for the" form 'organization of bureaucracy'，And bureaucratic politics is actually just a kind of ‘formalism’ ”。

3、About legislative rights，Hegel believes that the legislative power itself is part of the national system，The national system is the prerequisite for legislative power; on the other hand，I also believe that the national system has been continuously improved through the law、The nature of the forward movement inherent in the universal administrative office，Get further development。From Marx's view，Hegel just regards the conflict between the national system and the legislative power as "the national system and your own conflict，It is a contradiction in the concept of the national system "，He not only did not take this "real conflict"，Instead, it is "organic unity"，"This is just a set of empty mysterious 遁 遁 遁 Bet365 app download 遁"，Therefore, he was caught in the "two laws back"。From Marx's view，Only after the principle of being the people becomes the national system，"Legislative power represents the people，Representative will will "，Only to truly eliminate the so -called "two laws back"。

If Hegel's so -called country，It is based on German philosophy and cultural traditions，German -style "response" for the British and American liberalist views，So，Marx when I wrote "The Critical Critical Criticism of Hegel France"，Obviously still on the extension of Filbaha philosophy。Therefore，Based on thinking and existence、The dual relationship between concepts and reality criticize the philosophy of Hegel，The essence is the criticism of idealism for idealism，This critical path has certain similarities with the philosophical foundation of liberalism。But not only here，Marx when criticizing Hegel's relationship with the country and the country，Not only revealed the basic status of civic society，It is also displayed at the level of the "country" that is different from the citizen society，Different from the political form of the Hegel national view，This is the "people's sovereignty" relative to "monarch's sovereignty"、Compared to the "agency system" of the "level system"，and the relative independence of the "administrative power" of the two。Compared to previous researchers, under the judgment of "Civil Society" decide the "country"，Ignoring the excavation and demonstration of the "country" level，From the "national reasons", we cut into the excavation of Marx's political civilization thought，I believe that Marx accepted the theoretical bet365 live casino games results of liberalism critical，I did not fall into the inferiority of Hegel's speculative philosophy，Instead, a new form of political civilization is constructed in the "leap critical" of the two。

(Author unit: Nankai University School of Philosophy、Research Center for the Construction of Political Philosophy and Harmonious Society of Nankai University)