In the past one hundred years，The exploration of the origin of Chinese civilization has made great progress，The academic community has a certain consensus on many issues。More and more researchers realize that，The origin of civilization is a process of continuous complexity of society，And there are stages。more than five thousand years ago，The rise and large-scale expansion of Xiyin bet365 sportsbook review has caused cultural integration and cultural integration in vast areas，Many areas in eastern China have taken a decisive step in the origin of civilization。Seven or eight thousand years ago，The rise of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review has also affected vast areas，Formed the first large-scale cultural contact and cultural collision in eastern China。

　　The rise of Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review

Around 10,000 years ago，Signs of Neolithicization appear in different areas of eastern China。In South China，Yu Toad Rock Site in Dao County, Hunan Province、Clues to ancient cultivated rice were discovered at the Xianrendong site in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province。In North China，Evidence of millet agriculture was discovered at the Donghulin site in Mentougou District, Beijing。Therefore，Formed the basic pattern of two agricultural origin centers in the north and the south。The cultural landscape has also undergone a series of corresponding changes，Pottery appears、Grinding stone tools and settlement, etc.。About 9,000 years ago，Jiahu bet365 sportsbook review is distributed in central Henan。Jiahu cultural sites discovered so far，Except for the Jiahu site in Wuyang County, Henan Province，There are also Shigu ruins in Changge City、Xin'an County Huangpo Site、Bancun Ruins in Mianchi County、Dengzhou City Baligang Site, etc.。The main device combination is amphorae、Double-eared shoulder pot、Corner jar、Square mouth basin、Straight mouth, flat bottom bowl, etc.。

8,000 years ago，There is a type of zigzag cylindrical jar remains that entered North China。This period，The Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review appeared in the Xiliao River Basin，Features zigzag cylindrical cans。The zigzag cylindrical jars of the Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review mainly feature vertical and horizontal zigzag patterns，The zigzag cylindrical jars discovered at sites in central and southern Hebei Province are all decorated with horizontal and vertical zigzag patterns，Indicates that it may not originate from Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review。In the northern region，There should be another bet365 sportsbook review that features horizontally engraved and vertically arranged zigzag cylindrical jars，This bet365 sportsbook review may be the source of the later Fuhe bet365 sportsbook review, which is also characterized by horizontally carved and vertically arranged zigzag-shaped cylindrical jars。The southward expansion of this type of zigzag cylindrical jar，Perhaps it has something to do with being squeezed by the Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review after its rise。The bet365 sportsbook review represented by the cylindrical jars with horizontal and vertical rows of zigzag patterns went south and entered Hebei Province，And join hands with the Cishan bet365 sportsbook review distributed in southern Hebei to enter central Henan，Promoted the transformation of Jiahu bet365 sportsbook review into Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review。

so far，There are more than 160 sites judged to be the Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review，The distribution range roughly covers the entire Henan Province。About 20 Peiligan cultural sites that have been archaeologically excavated，The representative site is Jiahu、Pei Ligan、Karado、Shi Gu、Egou Beigang、Shuiquan、Shawo Li, Wayaozui, etc.，Basically concentrated in central Henan。The cultural features of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review’s residences and cemeteries are quite different，The pottery at the residence has a basin、Can、Bo、bowl、Bottle shaped tripod、Pot-shaped tripod, basin-shaped tripod, etc.；Amphorae account for the vast majority of pottery in tombs，A few more bowls、Can、Bowl-shaped tripod, basin-shaped tripod, etc.。Pottery is mainly clay red pottery，The table features plain surfaces，There are a few grate spots、Grate scratches、Net cord pattern、Nipple pattern、Lace pattern, etc.。Peligan bet365 sportsbook review inherited almost all the combinations of utensils from Jiahu bet365 sportsbook review，The specific shape of the vessel has certain modifications，Jiahu bet365 sportsbook review is undoubtedly the direct source of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review。The three-legged bowl of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review is not found in Jiahu bet365 sportsbook review，Should come from Cishan bet365 sportsbook review，Grate pattern、The grate pattern is related to the zigzag cylindrical jar bet365 sportsbook review system in the north。

　The expansion of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review

The early Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review also showed an obvious trend of southward expansion。Pengtoushan bet365 sportsbook review was formed after the Zengpiyan bet365 sportsbook review distributed in the Nanling area gradually moved north to the Dongting Lake area，Such long-distance cultural migration may be related to Neolithicization。These earliest farmers came from the mountainous areas around Nanling to the Liyang Plain suitable for farming to the west of Dongting Lake，And settle here。Typical utensils of the Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review such as the double-eared pot appeared in the Pengtoushan bet365 sportsbook review，This is definite evidence of the southward expansion of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review。About 7600 years ago，The lower-class bet365 sportsbook review of Zao Shi enters the Dongting Lake area，Extruding the Pengtoushan bet365 sportsbook review originally distributed in this area to the Three Gorges area in western Hubei，The formation of Chengbei River bet365 sportsbook review。About 7000 years ago，Tangjiagang bet365 sportsbook review enters Dongting Lake area，Forcing the lower class bet365 sportsbook review of the soap market to withdraw from this area，And promoted the transformation of the Chengbei River bet365 sportsbook review in the Three Gorges of Western Hubei into the Liulin River bet365 sportsbook review。

After the formation of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review，Has a lasting influence on Cishan bet365 sportsbook review in northern Henan and southern Hebei areas，Among the Cishan Cultural relics distributed in this area, the typical small mouth double-eared pot of the Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review appears。In the late period of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review，Cishan bet365 sportsbook review basically withdrew from the northern Hebei and southern Hebei regions。

Houli bet365 sportsbook review is distributed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River，The utensils are characterized by the extravagant mouth, deep belly and the round bottom cauldron。This period，Shunshanji bet365 sportsbook review is distributed in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River。In Shunshanji bet365 sportsbook review, there are many round-bottomed jars similar to Houli bet365 sportsbook review，You can also see the typical utensils of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review such as the double-eared pot，But they are all later forms of similar artifacts from the two cultures。Therefore，It can be considered that the Shunshanji bet365 sportsbook review is an archaeological bet365 sportsbook review formed by the competition between the Houli bet365 sportsbook review and the Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review for this area。About 7000 years ago，Shunshanji bet365 sportsbook review transformed into Shuangdun bet365 sportsbook review。The Majiabang bet365 sportsbook review in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the round bottom cauldron，It should also appear in this context。

In the early days of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review, exchanges mainly took place in the north-south direction，At an advanced stage，East-west cultural exchange has become the keynote。Middle and Late Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review，Expand westward，Enter the Guanzhong area，Contact with Laoguantai bet365 sportsbook review。Laoguantai bet365 sportsbook review mainly existed in southern Shaanxi in the early stage，Entering the Guanzhong area in the mid-term，A large number of three-legged bowls and other utensils related to Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review have appeared in the remains represented by Baijiazhuang，In the late period, it went westward to the western part of Guanzhong and Longdong areas。Typical Peiligan cultural factors，For example, false ring-footed bowls and pots, etc.，Enter the Guanzhong area，Become the motivation for the transformation of Laoguantai bet365 sportsbook review into Banpo bet365 sportsbook review。At the same time，Peligan bet365 sportsbook review also develops eastward，Converting the Houli bet365 sportsbook review in the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the Beixin bet365 sportsbook review。Afterwards，Laoguantai bet365 sportsbook review advances eastward，The rise of Shuangdun bet365 sportsbook review in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River，Causing squeeze to the Central Plains，Pelligang bet365 sportsbook review is declining。(Cai Jinying: "Peligan bet365 sportsbook review: The Foundation of Chinese Civilization"，Science Press 2022 edition)

It can be roughly seen from the cultural change process revealed by cultural genealogy，There were already many archaeological cultures in eastern China during this period，Mainly distributed in shallow mountainous lowland areas transitioning from mountainous areas to plains。There are close interactions between the ethnic groups represented by different archaeological cultures，There is even competition for living space，There are also different cultural contacts、Cultural restructuring after collision。The cultural changes in the Liaohe River Basin are the precursor and motivation of this series of cultural changes，But the Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review located in the Central Plains is undoubtedly the most active bet365 sportsbook review。It attacks from all sides，Become a cultural contact during this period、Communication、The hub of collision and fusion，Caused the first large-scale cultural integration in eastern China，Laid the foundation of early Chinese civilization。

　Industry, technology and social division of labor

The Xinglonggou site in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in the upper reaches of the West Liao River，Belongs to Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review，A large number of carbonized crop remains were unearthed，Should be an early variety in the evolution of cultivated crops。In Cishan bet365 sportsbook review、Post-Li bet365 sportsbook review and Laoguantai bet365 sportsbook review，Remains of millet or millet have been found。Typical characteristics of Peiligan bet365 sportsbook review，includes millstone、Including grain processing tools such as grinding rods，Discovered at almost every site。Also，Bone bones were also found、Stone sickle and other farming and harvesting tools。Based on the animal and plant remains of the Jiahu site，It can be found that the main source of food for people during this period was gathering, fishing and hunting，Rice cultivation is only a auxiliary production activity。（Zhao Zhijun、Zhang Juzhong: "Analysis Report on Flotation Results of Jiahu Site in 2001"，"Archaeology" Issue 8, 2009) More rice remains discovered in Pengtoushan bet365 sportsbook review，The wild rice gene still remains，Express non-indica、non-japonica、Transitional characteristics of non-wild rice，Characteristics in the process of domestication。

Pottery making has become a common craft，Sewing hand tools such as bone awls and bone needles are also common。Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review in the Xiliao River Basin，Jade has become an important decoration。Archaeologist Su Bingqi proposed: Chahai jade artifacts solved three problems，First, understanding of jade，The second is the professional processing of jade，The third is the exclusive use of jade。Social division of labor leads to social differentiation，So it is the beginning of civilization。(Su Bingqi: "The Beginning of Civilization，Hometown of Jade Dragon - Tanchahai Site》，"Chinese, Descendants of the Dragon, Chinese - Archaeological Roots" by Su Bingqi，Liaoning University Press 1994 edition) Along with the zigzag pattern flat-bottomed cylindrical jar bet365 sportsbook review went south，Jade craftsmanship has also entered the Central Plains area。

Settlements in this period generally adopted the method of building houses and settling in。Houses in different areas，The shape is different，With floor type、Semi-crypt style、Steel type, etc.，The planes are mostly irregular circles or squares with rounded corners，Usually single rooms。With the emergence of agriculture，Astronomy is gradually sprouting。With the emergence of houses and villages，Text、Mathematics、Geometry、Measurement、Planning and engineering have also begun。Multiple inscribed symbols were unearthed from the Jiahu site；Stones accompanied by tortoise shell，Mostly a group of 8。This not only shows that it produced the concept of number，may also express certain abstract philosophical thoughts。

There are a small number of room burials in the Xinglongwa bet365 sportsbook review，Some people died and were buried in the house。Their grave goods are richer，Often buried with jade ornaments、Jade articles such as jade daggers，Indicates that the identity of these deceased persons is unusual。Some tombs at the Jiahu site unearthed bone flutes、Turtle shells and stones, etc.，It should be a prop used for witchcraft，The identity of the tomb owner should be a witch。Early witches may also have medical skills、Religious and other responsibilities，Is the most prestigious person in the village。

　The social nature reflected by settlements

A village composed of multiple houses，is the basic form of settlement during this period。Xinglongwa Cultural Settlement at Baiyinchanghan Site in Linxi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，Divided into two side by side trenches，There are rows of houses in each trench，Central areas tend to have larger houses，They each have their own separate cemetery。The Xinglongwa cultural settlement at the Chahai site in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning Province also shows a clear two-part structure，There is a trench around the perimeter，The center of the settlement is a cemetery，Area about 500 square meters，Cleaned 10 tombs、2 sacrificial pits、1 dragon-shaped stone ruins。Revealing the larger Peiligan cultural settlement，often presents such a two-part structure。The tombs in Peiligan Cemetery are divided into two obvious tomb areas，There is a large open space between the two tombs。The Shuiquan Cemetery in Jiaxian County, Henan Province is not only divided into two cemetery areas，There is also a larger burning earth pit and a series of smaller ash pits bet365 sportsbook review open space between the two tomb areas，Or a sacrificial pit。Residential area of ​​Tanghu ruins in Xinzheng City, Henan Province，Also shows an obvious two-part structure。

By analogy with ethnographic materials，This type of settlement pattern reflects the South American tribes、North American phratry or Australian Aboriginal marriage organization，Analogy with ancient Chinese literature，It’s the family name。Surname clan is a kin organization older than clan，Two groups of people bet365 sportsbook review village have been marrying each other for a long time，Form a stable two-part structure or two-part organization。Such a society has not yet formed clans with splinter attributes、Lineage group or clan，Not suitable to be called a tribe。The kind that divides human society into groups、Tribe、Chiefdom、The evolution model of the country，Not in line with China’s actual situation，It may not be consistent with the actual situation in other parts of the world。Even if such a society must be named a tribal society，At least understand，The kinship organization in this era is the family name rather than the clan，The concept of private ownership has not yet been formed，Social power is only bet365 sportsbook review making。

In summary，Seven or eight thousand years ago，The first large-scale cultural migration occurred in eastern China、Cultural Contact、Cultural collision，Established the basic cultural pattern。Neolithicization has been quite advanced during this period，In Agriculture、Handicraft、Construction technology and other fields have made great progress，In text、Science、Art、Religion and other aspects of consciousness have also started，There is even a certain social division of labor，Accumulated rich cultural achievements。But，The kinship organization is still bet365 sportsbook review surname stage，There is no such thing as a clan with splinter nature、A kinship organization that reflects the concept of private ownership。Such a society is not suitable to be called a tribe，Call it a "village"，It should be more objective。

(The author is a professor at the Yangtze River Civilization Archeology Institute of Wuhan University、Director of the Chinese Archaeological Society)