During the past 100 years，The source of Chinese civilization has made great progress，The academic community has a certain consensus on many issues。More and more researchers realize，The origin of civilization is a process of constant complexity of society，and there are staged。More than 5,000 years ago，The rise and large -scale expansion of Xiyin culture have caused cultural integration and cultural integration in the vast area，Many areas in eastern China have taken a decisive step in the origin of civilization。Seven or eight thousand years ago，The rise of Pei Li Gang culture has also affected the majority of regions，formed the first large -scale cultural contact and cultural collision in eastern China。

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Around 10,000 years from this time，There are signs of neolithicization in different areas of eastern China。In South China，Yuyan Rite of Daoxian County, Hunan Province、Fairy Cave site in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province found ancient cultivation rice clues。In North China，Evidence of Su Zuo Agriculture in the Donghulin site in Mentougou District, Beijing。Therefore，The basic pattern of the two agricultural origin centers of North and South formed。A series of corresponding changes in the cultural appearance，Pottery、grinding stone tools and settlement, etc.。Around 9000 years away，Henan Central Henan is distributed with Jiahu Culture。The Jiahu Cultural Site found currently discovered，In addition to the Jiahu Site, Wuyang County, Henan Province，There is also the Shigu site of Changge City、Xin'an County Arako Ruins、Site of Bancun, Qichi County、Dengzhou Baligang site, etc.。Its main instrumental combination is double -ear can、Both ears slippery pot、Corner tank、square mouth pot、Straight mouth flat bottom mortar, etc.。

8000 years ago，Tube -shaped cans with a type of pattern into North China。This period，Xinglongwa Culture appeared in the Xiliao River Basin，Features of the shape of the word tube。The word tube -shaped can of Xinglongwa Culture is mainly engraved with vertical horizontal lines，and the character -shaped bet365 live casino games tanks found in the southern parts of Hebei Province are decorated with horizontal rows of horizontal row，Explain that it may not be derived from Xinglongwa Culture。In the northern region，There should be another cultural existence characterized by the character -shaped tube tank with horizontal vertical row，This culture may be the source of Fuhe Culture, which is also later in the shape of a tube -shaped canal with horizontal rows of horizontal row.。This type of tattoo tube -shaped can south，Perhaps it is related to the squeezing after the rise of Xinglongwa culture。Culture represented by a horizontal vertical pattern tube cannon goes south to Hebei Province，and the Ci Mountain Culture distributed in the southern Hebei area joined hands to enter Central Henan region，Promoting Jiahu Culture into Pei Li Gang Culture。

So far，There are more than 160 sites judged as Pei Li Gang culture，The distribution range is roughly covered with the whole territory of Henan Province。About 20 places in Pei Ligang cultural sites excavated by archeological，Representative sites are Jiahu、Pei Ligang、Tanghu、Shi Gu、Egou Beigang、Water Spring、Shawo Li and Wa Kaizui, etc.，Basically concentrated in Central Henan region。The site of Pei Li Gang culture is large and different from the cultural appearance of the cemetery，The pottery of the site has a pot、can、bowl、Bowl、Bowl -shaped tripod、tank -shaped tripod and pot -shaped tripod, etc.; The pottery in the tomb accounts for most，Another small bowl、can、bowl -shaped tripod and potted tripod。Pottery is mainly mud red pottery，The table table is characterized by plain surface，There is a small amount of tattoo、篦 Pattern、Net rope pattern、milk nail pattern、Lace pattern, etc.。Pei Li Gang culture almost inherits the combination of all the instruments of Jiahu culture，The specific device shape has a certain transformation，Jiahu Culture is undoubtedly a direct source of Pei Li Gang culture。The three -legged bowl of Pei Li Gang culture is not found in Jiahu Culture，It should be derived from Ci Mountain Culture，篦、篦 Pattern is related to the northern tattoo -shaped tank cultural system。

　Expansion of Pei Li Gang culture

Pei Li Gang culture also showed a clear southward trend in the early days。Pengtoushan Culture is formed after the Laipi Rock Culture distributed bet365 best casino games in Nanling area.，Long -distance cultural migration may be related to the new stone。These earliest farmers came from the mountainous areas in Nanling to the west of Dongting Lake.，and settle here。Typical Two -ear pots of Pei Li Gang culture appeared in Pengtou Mountain Culture，This is the exact evidence of Pei Li Gang culture south。Around 7600 years，The lower -level culture of the soap market enters the Dongting Lake area，Pengtou Mountain Culture, which was originally distributed in this area to the Three Gorges area of ​​Western Hubei，Formed Chengshi Culture。Around 7000 years from this time，Tangjiagang Culture entered the Dongting Lake area，Forced the lower -level culture of the soap market to withdraw from this area，and promote the transformation of the city back of the Three Gorges of Western Hubei into Liulinxi Culture。

After the formation of Pei Li Gang，It constitutes a continuous impact on the magnetic mountain culture in northern Henan and southern Henan，Disposal in this area of ​​Ci Mountain Cultural Restaurants appeared in the typical small mouth and ears of Pei Li Gang culture。Late in Pei Li Gang culture，Ci Mountain Culture basically withdrawn from the northern Henan and southern region。

After the lower part of the Yellow River is distributed, Li Culture，The device is characterized by the luxury mouth deep abdomen without 圜 圜 釜。This period，The lower reaches of the Huaihe River is distributed with Shunshan Ji Culture。Shunshan Ji culture is more common in the tibs similar to the post -Li culture，You can also see the typical device category of Pei Li Gang culture，But both are relatively late forms of two cultural similar utensils。Therefore，It can be considered that Shunshan Ji Culture is an archeological culture formed by Lai Li Culture and Pei Li Gang culture formed in this region。Around 7000 years from this time，Shunshan Ji culture transforms into Shuangdun culture。Majiabang Culture, which is characterized by the bottom of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River，It should also appear in this background。

Pei Li Gang culture mainly exchanges north and south in the early days，To the late stage，Cultural exchanges of east -west direction become the tone。Pei Li Gang culture mid -to -late stages，Expand westward，Enter the Guanzhong area，contact with the old official Taiwan culture。Lao Guantai culture mainly exists in the southern Shaanxi Bet365 app download area，Enter the Guanzhong area，A large number of three -legged bowls such as Baijiazhuang appeared in the relics of Baijiazhuang.，In the late stage, we reach the west and Longdong region westward。Typical Pei Li Gang cultural factors，For example, fake circle feet bowl and pot，Enter the Guanzhong area，Become a dynamic cause of the transformation of the old official platform into Banpo culture。At the same time，Pei Li Gang culture also develops eastward，The post -Li culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River transforms the culture of Beixin。Subsequent，Promoting Lao Guantai Culture to the East，The rise of Shuangdun culture in the middle of the Huaihe River，Causes squeezing to the Central Plains region，Pei Li Gang culture moves to decline。(Cai Jinying: "Pei Li Gang Culture: The foundation of Chinese civilization"，Science Press 2022 Edition)

The process of cultural changes revealed from the cultural spectrum can be seen roughly，During this period，It is mainly distributed in the shallow mountain low area that transitions from the mountain area to the plain。There is a close interaction between the ethnic groups represented by different archaeological culture，Even there is a struggle for living space，Different cultural contacts have also appeared、Cultural reorganization after the collision。Cultural changes in the Liaohe River Basin are the pioneering and motivation of this series of cultural changes，But Pei Ligang culture, located in the Central Plains region, is undoubtedly the most active culture。It strikes on all sides，Cultural contact in this period、Communication、The hub of collision and fusion，caused the first large -scale cultural integration in eastern China，The foundation for the early Chinese civilization。

　Birth, technology and social division of labor

The Xinglonggou site of Aohan Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in the upper reaches of the Xiliao River，belongs to Xinglongwa Culture，A large number of carbonized crops have been unearthed，It should belong to the initial variety during the evolution of cultivation crops。In Ci Mountain Culture、Later Li Culture and Old Official Taiwan Culture，All the relics of millet or 黍 黍。Typical features of Pei Li Gang culture，Including grinding plates、Grain processing tools such as grinding sticks，Almost bet365 best casino games every site is found。Another，I also found bone、Stone sickle and other farming and harvesting tools。According to the animal and plant relics of the Jiahu site，It can be found that people's main food sources during this period are collection and fishing and hunting，rice planting is only auxiliary production activities。(Zhao Zhijun、Zhang Juzhong: "Analysis Report on the Floating Results of Jiahu Ruins in 2001"，"Archeology" No. 8, 2009) More rice relics found in Pengtou Mountain culture，Shang residual wild rice gene，Show non -籼、Non -japonica、The transitional features of non -wild rice，Has the characteristics in the process of domestication。

Pottery has become a common craft，Sewing tools such as bone cone and bone needle are also common。Xinglongwa Culture in the Xiliao River Basin，Jade ware becomes an important decoration。Archaeologist Su Bingqi proposed: Zhahai Jade has solved three problems，First is the understanding of jade material，Second is the professional processing of jade，Third is the dedicated to jade。Social division of labor leads to social differentiation，So the start of civilization。(Su Bingqi: "The Order of Civilization，Yulong Hometown -Talking about Chahai Site，Zai Su Bingqi and "The Heir of the Chinese Dragon · Chinese -Archeology Searching"，Liaoning University Press, 1994 edition) Accompanied by word pattern flat -bottomed tube -shaped cans south，Jade craftsmanship also entered the Central Plains region。

The settlement of the settlement of houses during this period。Houses in different regions，It has different shapes，There is a ground style、Half -hole type、dry bar type, etc.，Planes are mostly not regular circular or rounded squares，Generally in the form of a single room。With the emergence of agriculture，Astronomy gradually sprouts。With the emergence of house buildings and villages，Text、Mathematics、Geometry、Measurement、Planning and engineering also started。Multiple engraved symbols unearthed at Jiahu site; stones accompanied by turtle shells，Most of them 8 groups。This not only shows the concept that it produces the number，It may also express certain abstract philosophical thoughts。

There are a small number of living room burials in Xinglongwa culture，Some people are buried in the house after death。Their funeral is richer，bet365 Play online games Often burial jade、jade dagger and other jade，Explain that the identity of these deceased is different。Jiahu Site has some tombs unearthed with bone flute、Turtle Berry and Stone，It should be a prop to perform witchcraft，The identity of the owner of the tomb should be a witch。Early witch may have both medical skills、Religion and other responsibilities，is the most prestigious person in the village。

　Social nature reflected in the settlement

Make a village consisting of multiple houses，The basic form of settlement during this period。Xinglongwa Cultural Settlement of Baiyin Changhan Site, Linxi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，Divided into two parallel rings，A successful house in each ring，The center area often has large houses，They each have their own individual cemetery。The Xinglongwa Cultural Settlement of Chahai Ruins of Fuxin Mongolia Autonomous County, Liaoning Province also shows a clear two -point structure，There is a ring，The middle of the settlement is the cemetery，A area of ​​about 500 square meters，Clean up 10 tombs、2 sacrifice pit、1 Dragon -shaped stone relic。Disposal Pei Li Gang culture settlement，Often also presents such a two -point structure。The tombs of Pei Ligang Cemetery are divided into two obvious two cemetery，There is a large open space among the two cemetery。Shuiquan Cemetery in Yixian County, Henan Province is not only divided into two cemeteries，And there is a larger burning soil pit and a series of smaller gray pits in the open space between the two cemeteries，Or a sacrifice pit。Residential area of ​​Tanghu Site, Xinzheng City, Henan Province，also presents a clear two -point structure。

Activities with the national volunteer materials can be known，This type of settlement is reflected in the puppet family of South America、North America's cell tribe or marriage -level organization of Australian indigenous people，Compare with ancient Chinese literature，is the family name。The surname is the older parent organization than the clan，Two people in the village have long intermarried each other，Form a stable two -point structure or two -in organization。This society has not yet formed a clan with cracking attributes、World group group or clan，It should not be called a tribe。The kind of human society is divided into tour groups、Bet365 app download Tribe、Emperor State、Evolution mode of the country，​​Not in line with China's actual situation，It may not be in line with the actual situation in other parts of the world。Even if you must name such a society as a tribal society，At least understand，The parent organization of this era is the surname instead of the clan，Private concepts have not yet been formed，Social power is just brewing。

To sum up，During 7,000 or eight thousand years away，The first large -scale cultural migration occurred in eastern China、Cultural contact、Cultural collision，laid the basic cultural pattern。This period has been quite in -depth，In agriculture、Handicraft industry、Building technology and other fields has made great progress，In text、Science、Art、Religion and other consciousness has also started，Even a certain social division of labor appeared，accumulated rich cultural achievements。but，The parent organization is still in the surname stage，No clan has a cracking flake、The parent organization that reflects the private concept。Society is not suitable to be called the tribe，Call it "village"，It should be more objective。

(The author is a professor at the Yangtze River Civilization and Archaeological Research Institute of Wuhan University、Director of the Chinese Archaeological Society)