In the booklet of "Why is Classical"，The University of Eksete University Classical and Ancient History Mo Li gave a quite broad definition to classical science: "Classical science is the study of social culture and their literary and artistic works of the ancient Mediterranean world。"" The scope of the study of classical studies is not limited to the Greek Roman world，At least it should also include civilizations such as the ancient two river basins and Egypt，Sometimes it even includes part of the content of ancient India。Although his later discussions are basically limited to the Greek Roman World，But today's classical science is indeed much wider than the scope of its initial research。

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Classical studies are the gradual development of Western scholars in the Renaissance。Although the connection between the Middle Ages and the classical world has never been completely cut off，But the difference between the rejuvenation of the Renaissance period，In humanists use classical Latin as the main language，and imitate ancient literature creation。In the words of Roland，​​"The main driving force of the high -level culture of the Renaissance era ... was the" Studia Humanitatis)，Later scholars are called ‘humanism’ ”。They strive to search for classical literature，It also translates some classical works into Latin or Italian and other ethnic languages。When discussing questions，People generally resort to ancient authorities。Machiavili became a farmer after politically frustrated，After a day of tiredness，"At dusk，I will go home，Back to my book。At the door of the room，I took off the daytime work clothes covered with dust，Change bet365 Play online games to the service，Tonic I prestige，Entering the palace where the ancients were in the past ... I was completely fascinated by the ancients "。Kuisiadi, who criticized the ancients who criticized the ancients，Not only imitates Sissero in the genre and writing style，During the discussion, a lot of ancient literature。No exaggeration to say，Europeans in the 15th century，Anyone who has received education，Basically, the worshipers of classical Greece and Rome。Reading、Class survey and study in the process of ancient literature，Basis of Later Classical Scholars -Literature -Gradually Generate。

But，Ancient literature has passed through more than a thousand years of copying，Most of the loss，The surviving text can not help but make mistakes，There is difficulty in understanding。For accurate understanding and imitation of ancient，People start to use cultural relics outside the literature，Rulous、Painting、Coin、Temple、Inscription, etc.，Records of rich and correction ancient literature。Based on this，Archeology、Coin learning、Study Learning、Art science, etc. also appeared one after another，Ancient system、History、customs, etc.，Attention to varying degrees。From the 16th to the 17th century，Other main auxiliary disciplines of later classical sciences such as inscriptions and archeology are born。

　Today and ancient

17-18 century is an important stage for the development of classical science，Politics and culture has made deep classical marks。In the UK，Milton、Hallenn and Westyti，Or use the ancient precedent to attack the book newspaper review system of the Stuart dynasty，or explain your political claims。In France，Montesquiek's "The Spirit of the Fa" in the case of discussing Roman France in a third of the space; Rousseau's ideal country，The system and scale are more like an ancient Greek city state。French Revolution，bet365 best casino games As Marx said，"The hero of the old French Revolution ... like the party and the people during the old French Revolution，All wearing Rome's clothing，Talking about Rome's language to achieve contemporary tasks，Lift 桎梏 桎梏 桎梏 桎梏。In Germany，Greekism starts from Winkerman，Schiller、Goethe and Hollylin are worshipers of ancient Greece。In the first independent United States，It is said that it is the formation of the 1787 constitution，Madison deliberately read the "Ancient History" of French scholar Charles Lorin。

But，This kind of worship of ancient times has also been counterattacked。British classical scientist Ben Tele starts with the analysis of the so -called "Ferraris' Letter" text，Combined with historical background and ancient cultural development，This letter proved to be worshiped by everyone is just a false work。In the 18th century British -published Greek Rome History，Most of them also expressed appropriate doubts about the records of early Greece or Rome。France in Montesquan、Gosh, etc.，It also emphasizes the difference between ancient and modern times。Bugoska bluntly，In ancient times, there was no freedom in modern sense。The United States 1787 Constitution，Whether it is the basic architecture of the three powers，It is still a modern bureaucracy and standing forces，Both are essentially different from ancient countries。Jefferson also clearly announced in his later years，He no longer cares about ancient，"The social style at that time is so different，And these people，It's so different from the people now，So I think，nothing can be obtained from their works on government ... If Aristotle or the political works of any other ancient people have been lost，or if it is inaccurate to translate and explain us，to a large extent will not let us regret it "。

　　Classical ancient science

Starting from the late bet365 Play online games 18th century，Classical learning becomes an independent discipline in modern university education。Along with classical science in the 19th century, he became a learning of ancient Greek Roman civilization，Corresponding professional requirements and talent training system came into being。The basis of this learning is Chinese，Master ancient Greek and Latin。To comprehensively understand the ancient world，Auxiliary disciplines such as classical archeology、Study Learning、Coin learning、Display Paper Literature、Ancient art, etc.，It is also professional。

With the development of classical science，The discipline that was originally in the auxiliary position became more and more professional、getting more and more important。Taking the classical history that the author is familiar with as an example。In the early 18th century, it was still on the edge position，Most practitioners are not professionals in the university，but the enthusiasts in society，For example, the author of "The History of the Roman Empire"，The author of the first volume of English "History of Greece" Mitford，Groat, which laid the foundation of modern Athens democratic research，Not professional historians。After the professionalization of classical science，Ancient history became an important branch discipline，The university started setting up the seat of ancient history professors，Professional ancient historians produced，Research on Ancient History has achieved rapid development，Published a number of general history and special works。UK、France also organized scholars to write "Cambridge Ancient History" and "Tong History"，Systematic description from the history of the end of ancient Egypt to the Roman Empire。The late 19th and early 20th century began to compile large professional tool books，Such as "Poly Classical Encyclopedia"Bet365 lotto review 。At the same time，Twunar Series、Oxford Classical Literature、Bi Zai Series, etc., such as classical literature that is sufficient to represent Western academic standards, began to be published。The field of inscriptions，Multi -volume such as "Greek Integrated Integration" and "Latin Integrated"、Most of the head inscription set。Archeology、Coin learning、Cao Cao Paper Literature, etc.，Also, most of the head works have come out。Establishment of professionalization and corresponding education system，Make classical science from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, unprecedented prosperity。

　　Facing the classical science of impact

Just as Gentant and others have realized，There are essential differences between modern western society and the ancient world，Westerners living in modern times，The increasingly interval between the classical world，Understanding its interests decline。If people who discuss the real theme before the end of the 18th century are actively resorting to classical authority，to the 20th century，Classical studies need to prove to the society that it is a useful discipline。The occurrence of the industrial revolution，The development of modern technology，Born physical physics、Engineering、Agriculture and other theories and application disciplines。Under the impact of a variety of forces，Classical studies have become one of many disciplines，It is even regarded as dispensable learning。From the end of the 19th century，Many universities in Europe and America have gradually abandoned the entry requirements for Greek and Latin。Students who are registered for classical science，The proportion also continues to decrease。

Except the impact of real life and other disciplines，Classical learning itself is also increasingly out of ordinary people。Classical scholars need to be proficient bet365 best casino games in ancient Greek and Latin，Make many students look forward to it; classical works accumulate over time，formed strict academic norms and higher and higher professional barriers; as academic accumulation is getting richer and richer，Research is more and more specialized，Most works appear in the form of monographs，Full of interpretation and reference，Further increase the distance between ordinary readers and professional scholars，There will be a considerable part of the public from the door of the public。

Classic crisis，Promote some scholars to actively seek change。Since the 20th century，Scholars on the basis of adhering to the rules of classical science，Efforts to make classical learning approach the public。​​First，Publishing Classical Works The Popularization of Classical Works，Such as a penguin series、Luobu Classical Series, etc.。Next，Drawing on social science theory and method，Ask a new question，Actively respond to social concerns。Enford Relationship、System Economics、Behavioral Economics、Political Culture、Public communication theory、Postmodernism、Gender research, etc.，All enter the field of classical science，Promoting the change of this traditional discipline。Last，Pioneering a new field，One of them is the study of classical acceptance of classical acceptance。Since the 21st century，Classical Acceptance History or Classical Traditional Research becomes an important area。"New Poly Classical Encyclopedia" total 15 volumes，Among them, 3 volumes of classical academic history and acceptance history。Blackwell's Ancient World Guide Series，Also includes classical acceptance history banks，Other volumes about ancient times，also about the chapter of acceptance of history。，Regions outside the West，Including China in East Asia、Japan、Korea，bet365 best casino games The rise of classical sciences in Africa and Latin America，It also gives Western classical science strong promotion，and make Western classical learning increasingly international influence，Classical science is no longer exclusive to Western scholars，and become a whole world of learning。Although classical science has lost its status as an academic foundation and crown，But it is still a very important discipline，Continue to provide a variety of perspectives and opinions from the entertainment industry such as humanities and social sciences and even movies。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University、Member of the 8th Discipline Review Team of the State Council、A special professor of "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education)