Little Mojiao Mountain Terrace in the Park of Liangzhu Ancient City Park     Picture source: CFP

June 2，General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the symposium on the development of cultural heritage and delivered an important speech。General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，Chinese civilization has outstanding continuity，Fundamentally determines that the Chinese nation must take its own way。If you do not from the historic continuity of the long history, you will know China，It is impossible to understand ancient China，It is impossible to understand modern China，It's impossible to understand future China。Why can Chinese civilization be stretched for more than 5,000 years，and formed a unified oversized civilization，Why is Europe so far cracked and China is deeply rooted in people's hearts? Or it is considered to be the reason for geographical environment，China and Europe are also in temperate areas，Earlier at both ends of Eurasia，There are no irreplaceable obstacles within their respective interior，So，From a geographical perspective, it is difficult to explain，It must be understood from a historical perspective。Prehistoric Chinese civilization process has a very significant feature，That is fusion，and thus become the long -term characteristic of the development of Chinese civilization。How is the integration characteristics of Chinese civilization formed? Why does this characteristic?，Archeology becomes the core of the exploration of Chinese civilization。Of course，Understanding the integration characteristics of Chinese civilization must be placed in a wider historical connection to investigate，Passing Chinese history and culture，Only to understand the integration characteristics of Chinese civilization，This requires multi -disciplinary cooperation to complete，Especially the participation of humanities and social sciences。

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Fei Xiaotong、Su Bingqi has proposed the formation of Chinese civilization from the perspective of their respective disciplines，The former is for the national integration of Chinese history，The latter is aimed at the archeological culture of prehistoric China，Special return。This bet365 best casino games also shows that the "diversity" is actually the long -term trend of the development of Chinese civilization，is a process of continuous development。The fusion trend of diverse integration profoundly affects the development of Chinese civilization，Archaeological research extends this trend to the Neolithic era，and reflect this feature with specific physical relics。The continuous fusion produces a large -scale civilized body，and endless，This is very rare in the history of human civilization。Archeology research in the last two or three decades，A major breakthrough is to realize that there is indeed "diversity" in the process of civilization in prehistoric China。The beginning of the Neolithic Age revealed the prelude to the development of cultural differentiation，On the basis of this, a number of centers for the development of civilization。Recent，Professor Han Jianye, a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China, proposed that Chinese civilization is "one yuan and more"，This view is established in cultural tradition，Multi -in -one is more explained to the specific process of civilization。The content of the two perspectives is different，Parallel does not contrary。

China in a cultural sense，I have originally originated for 10,000 years ago，To the history recorded in the literature，After thousands of years of development。Archeology is the main way to reveal this unknown history，At present, archeological discovery and research have been able to outline the historical context of the origin of Chinese civilization。Prehistoric Chinese civilization process can be divided into three distinctive stages: differentiation、Fusion、Unity (or diffusion)。What needs to be emphasized is，Division and integration is synchronized，Only the main trends in different periods are different。Overall is first differentiation and then fusion，turning period 6000 years ago，Differential starts to make it in integration。This development is a product of mature agricultural cultural ecosystem，With the expansion of the scale of agricultural production，Population increase，Agriculture diffuses to the surrounding areas。Agricultural development also means that people have the ability to provide more production of surplus，Strengthening the division of labor，The level of level differentiation inside the society intensifies。Social inequality、The professional production of handicraft industry is not suddenly appearing Bet365 lotto review at the origin of civilization，Its origin can be traced back to the agricultural occurrence stage，At the stage of the origin of civilization, its development began to accelerate。

Around 6000 years ago，The process of civilization has obvious fusion trends，The uniformity of religious rituals is characterized by the uniform，China began to form in the cultural sense，At this time, the concept of "divine China" can be used in Zhao Tingyang, a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，That is, people may already have the cognition of the cultural community psychologically。From 6000 years ago to 4000 years ago，Fusion is still differentiated at the same time，Civilizations developing different forms in different regions，Its process is more like a wave of one after another。Cong Song Ze、Hongshan、West Po and other ancient countries until the ancient country of Liangzhu, the ancient country of Liangzhu, 5,000 years ago，The development of the ancient country reached an unprecedented scale、complexity，It is already very close to a state in the historical sense，Or think Liangzhu is already the kingdom。In the wave of civilizations after waves，Civilizations in different regions communicate and interact，The Central Plains region is with its superior geographical location、Best agricultural foundation，Extensive absorption of peripheral culture during the integration，provided a solid foundation for the later diversified unity。

More than 4000 years ago，The process of civilization has entered a new stage，Bronze Age Open，Organizational efficiency of social power has improved significantly，Represents Erlitou culture，The characteristics of the diffusion of civilization are obvious，Deng Cong, a special professor at the Shandong University Cultural Heritage Research Institute, noticed that his teeth and even spread to Vietnam，and the shape is still consistent with the Central Plains。From the formation of agricultural society to the formation of regional civilization，From multiple regional civilizations to civilization with a unified form，Three stages of development, on the one hand, reflects the gradual maturity of the evolution of complex social organizations in prehistoric China，On the other hand, it reflects the integration of civilization in different regions。Civilized process is a stage of development process，From the perspective of archeology，Bet365 lotto review Civilization has originally originated around 6000 years ago，The logo is the formation of the ancient country。What needs to be pointed out here is，The essence and form of the origin of the country is two different problems，Also a complex social organization like the country，Its external material expression form may be completely different。If a simple and unique standard is adopted (the so -called "three elements of Civilization" standard in West Asia: city、text and bronze)，It will greatly limit the study of civilized exploration source，Not conducive to understanding the civilization process of prehistoric China。

Chinese civilization stands down 

There are three major systems in the history of human civilization: China、West Asia and Central South America，corresponding to the three major agricultural origin centers。Civilization of America appears late，Complete the integrated Inca civilization，The scope of the north and south more than 5000 kilometers，But the average thing is only 300 kilometers average，It is also in a plateau area with inconvenient traffic，High cost maintenance。What can really be compared with Chinese civilization is civilization on the west side of Eurasia，Based on the agriculture originally originally originally，Two river、Ancient Egypt、Indian River、Four civilizations of ancient Greece。Although there have been characters such as Alexander Great Emperor in history，Try to unify the four，Ancient Rome has formed a huge empire centered on the Mediterranean，Ottoman Türkiye has also formed a regime across Eurasia and Africa，But none of them can unify the four civilizations on the west side of the Eurasian continent。Later, it was even more split，Differentiated into a different civilized system has been differentiated to this day。Due to the unique natural geographical conditions and effective social integration strategies，Chinese civilization has opened a multi -integrated integration process at the prehistoric stage，and carry forward the light in various historical periods，Develop the fusion characteristics into an important feature of Chinese civilization。The results it created，is a large -scale civilization，This is of great significance to the development of contemporary China。As a large -scale single market，With China's further rise，The scale effect is getting obvious。On the other hand,，The oversized scale makes the Chinese civilization stand in the face of the severe bet365 Play online games impact of the turbulent world，Giving the role of the mainstay。

Fusion is not a simple addition，Also competition and choice。Chen Xingcan, a researcher at the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，In the prehistoric era, the Central Plains region is more like a collective -oriented，and Ruhai、Liaoning、Liangzhu and other places are more individual -oriented，The tombs of its aristocratic leader are often rich in funerals，and the Central Plains attach importance to regulations，A lot of burial items，Especially lack of valuable funerals。After fusion，Collective -oriented Central Plains has gained an advantageous position。In this sense,，The process of fusion is the process of Zhongyuanhua。but but，Central Plains has absorbed the culture of the surrounding areas at the same time，Images in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River、Jade Culturalization in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and western Liaoning、Rites and crafts in Shandong area。The integration culture of the Central Plains not only comes from the surrounding，It also comes from the west side of the distant Eurasia。Here you may need to answer why the Central Plains can be integrated，and other regions cannot? In addition to location advantages，More importantly, the change of social structure，Win in the competition of the Wenming style at that time，Must have innovation，There is a stronger need to introduce new culture in the Central Plains region，The Central Plains region took the lead in completing the reform of social power structure，Based on traditional divine rights incorporate more military rights。Also pay attention to，Fusion can also be constructed and complementary relationships，This relationship is particularly manifested between north and south。The north is the birthplace of the culture of etiquette and order，and the south is the hometown of spiritual transcendent culture，Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese ideology and culture，The original foundation is two different cultural traditions of North and South。

Realize the fusion of civilization at all levels 

Needless to say，Whether it is the ethnic fusion in the historical period，It is still a cultural fusion at the pre -historical stage，Cruel violence and war are important parts of them，and the evolution of technology，The degree of scale and cruelty continuously expand。It is also in this context，Let's look at the process of prehistoric Chinese civilization，It can be found that there Bet365 app download are unique moral factors，Represented by jade culture，Developed into the moral spirit of "fear of morality, not fear"。So，Although there is no shortage of war in the integrated period of civilization，The ruins of the Longshan era found a lot of violence evidence，Earlier Liangzhu is the same，But while integrating the political level，There is still another integration path，That is the integration of cultural level，Especially ideological integration。At this level，Emphasize the book、World、The Central Plains Culture of the Rites has become the core idea of ​​the dominant role，and therefore formed a more tolerant culture，When dealing with the culture that is different from its own，I am more willing to use the values ​​of "people's objects and"。Chinese historical period，The contradiction between the grassland nomadic group and the Central Plains farming group is sometimes very sharp，Grassland ethnic groups continue to enter the main Central Plains，Change dynasty，No matter what policies are used by the ruling group，Cultural integration is always underworld，The ideology centered on the Central Plains is not only abandoned，Instead, it has been strengthened，Sinicization of a large number of ethnic groups is proof。The historical period of China and the prehistoric era did not have broken gaps，Social integration strategies created in the prehistoric era，When it is effective，It is easily accepted by later generations。Different dynasties in historical documents have respected the three emperors and the five emperors and the Shengde of the Ming Lord during the third generation.，This shows its impact on future politics。

Civilization integration is a comprehensive，This in turn affects the ancient history legends spread to later generations，For example, the fusion of the family family system，Huangdi became the common ancestor of different ethnic groups。As for the saying of blood integration, whether it has been formed in the prehistoric era，Unknown at present。The saying of blood fusion，Obviously it can increase the identity of different ethnic groups on the new ethnic community。Fusion is not only politically reflected in politics，It is also reflected in the cultural sense，and reflected on the material relics，Finally formed a unified、Stable structure，This is the Chinese culture we are familiar with。We are proud of the long bet365 live casino games and powerful vitality of the Chinese civilization，Fusion feature is the fundamental guarantee of its vitality。Chinese civilization is constantly accepting and incorporated into new cultural factors，Even astronomy、Geography and personnel are integrated，formed the ideological tradition of "the unity of heaven and man"。Under the action of fusion characteristics，Tianxia Wanbang gradually attributed to unification，All are Yan and Huang descendants，As far as nearly modern times, it is further integrated into a unified "Chinese nation"。Haina Baichuan，Some Rong Nai is big。This remarkable characteristic of Chinese civilization is in contemporary and even the future，It will also play an important role，For the chaotic world，Cultural tolerance Chinese civilization is where the hope is。

(The author is a professor at the Department of Archeology and Culture of Renmin University of China)