From Zhou Gong making rituals and music to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty when a hundred schools of thought contended，The sense of worry is firmly rooted in the deepest part of early thought and culture。The author of "Zhouyi·Xici" has long been keenly aware of this，Said: "The rise of the Book of Changes，bet365 offer was almost in the Middle Ages？The author of "Yi"，He is worried？"Xu Fuguan has made a profound interpretation of the connotation of the sense of urgency，Proposed "the formation of worry mentality"，bet365 offer is the foresight derived from the parties’ careful consideration of success or failure；In this vision，Mainly discovered the close relationship between success or failure and the behavior of the parties，And the responsibilities that the parties should bear for their actions" ("History of Chinese Human Nature: Pre-Qin Chapter")。bet365 offer can be seen from this，The so-called sense of urgency，Contains both "trembling" and "trembling"，As if facing an abyss，The prudent character of "walking on thin ice"，Also includes the subject consciousness and responsibility of "thinking about troubles and taking precautions"。

Pre-Qin aesthetic thought also imbued such a sense of worry。Although scholars have different positions and ideological approaches，But they are all faced with the background of "the collapse of rituals and the collapse of music"。The collapse of ritual and music culture is not equivalent to the decline of aesthetic culture。Precisely，bet365 offer means that aesthetic culture has grown so much that bet365 offer has become completely out of control in a sense。So，For the secular aesthetic culture at that time，Everyone, without exception, holds a high degree of vigilance，Their aesthetic thoughts can be seen as a response to "excessive、Contemplation and backlash of “inappropriate beauty”。

　　Beware bet365 offer beauty of excess

The concerns of scholars are mainly due bet365 offer following four dimensions.

The Worry One，bet365 offer is the separation of beauty and virtue。As early as the dawn of civilization，Beauty has become a symbol of power。The occasion of Yin and Zhou Dynasties，The rulers of the new regime creatively put forward the concept of "matching nature with virtue"，Closely link the legitimacy of power with morality。In this way，Beauty also becomes the external manifestation of virtue。美、Politics、The unity of the three moral aspects has important practical significance: in politics，Possessing beauty that does not match oneself is undoubtedly a taboo that is outraged by both humans and gods；And the other way around，This kind of taboo has a considerable degree of restraint on people at the moral level。For example，The time of King Zhou Gong，Three beauties are rushing to marry Duke Mi Kang，Mikang Gong’s mother thinks that the beauty should be presented to the King of Zhou，And warned: "Fu Can，Beautiful things。Everyone returns beautiful things to his daughter，How can one be so virtuous。Wang Yu is unbearable，Kang Er is so clown？Clown’s supplies，Death will eventually occur。”(《国语· Zhouyu 1》) However，With the decline of the Zhou royal family and the drastic changes in the political map，The concept of "mandate of destiny" has begun to be widely questioned，The bond between power and morality is becoming increasingly thin，The inevitable decoupling of beauty and morality。Confucius said: "Eight people dance in the court，bet365 offer’s bearable，What is intolerable？” ("The Analects of Confucius·Eight Hundreds") Aesthetic taboos originally set up to reveal order，On the contrary, bet365 offer greatly stimulates the covetousness of the unscrupulous people。

The two worries，bet365 offer is beauty that covers the truth。Although there are special situations in the ritual and music culture where element is valued，The so-called "respect without writing"，The father’s party has no tolerance，大guibuzhuo，The big soup is at odds”，But in general，The main thing is to pay attention to "no foundation without foundation，Nothing can be done without writing" ("Book of Rites: Ritual Utensils")。In specific practical activities，On the one hand，The external "literary" also has the function of representing power，Affected by the development of productivity、The influence of increasingly rich material culture，Therefore bet365 offer is easy to go overboard。On the other hand，Stylization and repetition of external forms，Yi Shi's "origin", that is, true feelings and sincerity, is not enough，Total absence。As the distance between “文” and “本” becomes wider and wider，The culture of ritual and music is in danger of becoming hypocritical。I know the history well，Stated directly that “faith is not beautiful”，Don’t believe good words” ("Tao Te Ching·Chapter 81")，Also said "the husband is polite，Loyalty is weak but the leader of chaos。Those who know beforehand，The beginning of Tao’s splendor and foolishness。That’s why a man should be kind to others，Don’t be inferior to others；Be honest，Don’t live in luxury” ("Tao Te Ching·Chapter 38")。He seems to think，This is a law that cannot be interfered with by humans。Although Confucius is not as pessimistic as Laozi，But I also think that "eloquent words make people attractive"，Xian Yiren" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yang Huo")，Advocate "Etiquette，Rather than being extravagant，Ning Jian；Mourning，bet365 offer’s easier than that，Ning Qi" ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi")。He regards false writing and beauty as a fatal threat to the culture of ritual and music。

Three worries，Excessive beauty is an obstacle to individual happiness。Beautiful things are symbols of power，bet365 offer is also the material basis for luxurious life。For whatever purpose，The pursuit of worldly beauty is a concrete manifestation of desire。Human desires are always endless，Excessive luxury and lust do not bring peace of mind，People become numb because of excessive sensory stimulation。I pay special attention to the harm done to human nature by indulgence in sensuality，bet365 offer said: "The five colors make people blind，Five tones are deafening，The five flavors are refreshing，The galloping and hunting drive one’s heart crazy，A rare commodity is a hindrance。” ("Tao Te Ching·Chapter 12") Zhuangzi also said almost exactly the same thing。Confucianism often juxtaposes the pursuit of material desires with the pursuit of morality，To highlight the value of the latter。Confucius said，"I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as he loves sex" ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Linggong")，Mencius claimed that “from the general point of view, he is a great person，From its small body, bet365 offer is a small person" ("Mencius Gaozi 1")。Although their remarks do not strongly deny the pursuit of material desires like Laozi and Zhuangzi，But bet365 offer still implies a clear value choice。

The four worries，Excessive beauty damages production and life。In order to satisfy the arrogant and luxurious needs of the ruling class，The normal life of ordinary people has been seriously damaged。Because of this，When Mencius admonished King Xuan of Qi, he pointed out that bet365 offer is better to enjoy alone than to enjoy together，The famous proposition that rulers should "live with the people" ("Mencius: King Hui of Liang")。In fact，The luxurious life of the ruling class caused widespread concern among knowledgeable people at the time。For example，King Chu Ling was intoxicated by the tallness and beauty of Zhang Huatai，Wu Ju earnestly warned: “When I heard that the king was in favor, I thought bet365 offer was a good thing，Peaceful for the people，Listen to virtue and think you are wise，Zhiyuan is clear。I don’t hear the loftiness of earth and wood、The beautiful carvings are beautiful，And use gold, stone and bamboo to prosper、Happy for the common people；Don’t hear bet365 offer to see the greatness、See extravagance、Lawful lust makes bet365 offer clear，bet365 offer is wise to detect the clear and the turbid。" ("Guoyu·Chu Yu") Mozi advocated Shangtong、Jianai，He has a deeper understanding of the hardships of the people，So we pay special attention to this point。Shang Yang is also very wary of the destruction of production caused by materialistic desires，But his starting point is to win the annexation war，Yu Ru、The Mo family is fundamentally different。

　Propose countermeasures

Each scholar has his own emphasis on the diseases he worries about，The prescriptions given are bet365 offer completely different。

Confucius is the defender of ritual and music culture，Also a reformist of ritual and music culture。The ritual and music culture itself has both political and educational aspects。Confucius "knows that bet365 offer is impossible but does bet365 offer" when bet365 offer comes to politics，But in the end, bet365 offer failed to save the building from collapse。On the educational side，Confucius broke the nobility’s monopoly on elite education，And focus on the tradition of music education with the purpose of cultivating gentlemen，With the power of music rather than political power，Reintegrating beauty and morality，This makes bet365 offer possible for the continuation of ritual and music culture and the reconstruction of the ruling order。As Wang Fuzhi said in "Qi Jie"，“The saint teaches poetry to purify his dirty mind，Shock his twilight spirit，Accept bet365 offer as a hero and later treat bet365 offer as a sage，This is the power to save humanity in troubled times”。

What needs to be noted is，Only in terms of aesthetic education，Neither Mencius nor Xunzi seems to have fully inherited Confucius’ mantle，Even a large offset occurred。Mencius’s aesthetics is also characterized by the pursuit of radiant personality bet365 offer，But its theory of nourishing qi is completely different from Confucius’s poetic teaching。Xunzi seems to attach equal importance to ritual and music，Also emphasizes the importance of learning，But in fact，He turned Confucius’ high standard of elite education into a low standard of mass education，Transform Confucius’ aesthetic education based on emotion into normative education based on rationality。

Mohism and Legalism are complete opponents of ritual and music culture。Mozi’s argument has a clear rationale，That is, to examine whether bet365 offer is beneficial to heaven，Is bet365 offer beneficial to ghosts，Is bet365 offer beneficial to people，In the final analysis，In fact, bet365 offer is to examine whether bet365 offer is beneficial to the survival and life of the people。Mozi said: "The people have three troubles: those who are hungry cannot eat，No clothes for those who are cold，No rest for those who work，The three are serious dangers to the people。I will hit the giant bell for bet365 offer now、beat the drum、Playing the harp、Blow the Yu and the Sheng to raise the spirits，The people will have enough food, clothing and wealth？" ("Mozi·Feile") In his opinion，The culture of ritual and music is useless，bet365 offer will only waste people and money，Further increasing the burden on the lower class people。Shang Yang、Han Fei’s argument also has a clear rationale，That is, to examine whether bet365 offer is beneficial to the agricultural war、Rule of law。Shang Yang said: "The state has etiquette、Youle、There is "Poetry"、There is "Book"、There is kindness、Youxiu、You have filial piety、You have a younger brother、Youlian、You can argue。Ten state-owned enterprises，Shangwujizhan，Must be cut to death；The country has no ten people，There is an envoy to fight，Bixing Zhiwang。" ("Shang Jun Shu: Qu Qiang") Han Feizi said: "Confucianism corrupts the law with literature，Xia uses force to break the ban，The owner is also polite，This is why bet365 offer is chaotic。”("Han Feizi·Five Worms") They strictly reject all humanistic things。

Zhuangzi is unique，His aesthetic thought is the transcendence of ritual and music culture。On the surface，Zhuangzi from Laozi’s lineage、Han Feizi was opposed to the culture of ritual and music，They all deny the so-called beauty of the world。But we cannot treat the two equally，Because Zhuangzi is denying bet365 offer，The "great beauty" of sincerity and sincerity is also raised high，Thus opening up a new realm for Chinese aesthetic thought。Zhuangzi proposed，The cognitive level of the world is limited，Beauty and Ugliness、The judgment of right and wrong is very unreliable，So，Safety、Delicious、US server、lustful、The happiness brought by worldly values ​​such as sound，bet365 offer’s just an illusion placed in sensory enjoyment。Then，How to settle the mind，Relieve mental suffering，Acquire real "bliss"？Zhuangzi thinks，The key lies in "selflessness"。Be selfless，Just let nature take its course，The so-called "winner's time"，The loser is lucky，Safety and peace of mind，Sorrow and joy cannot enter" ("Zhuangzi·The Great Master")。Be selfless and let nature take its course，You can also enter the "full and full"，The state of freedom is like a boat without ties" ("Zhuangzi: Li Yukou")。

　　(The bet365 offer is an assistant researcher at the Institute of Philosophy, Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences)