There are many famous problems in literary research，Among them, the most famous，"What is literature"。This question can be further refined: What is the line of literature on literature? Who will judge，Who will decide? And do not look at the possible global consequences of the concept of literature，The problem always exists，For example, what is the difference between "world literature" and "literature"? Maybe it can be said，World Literature is just a territory of literature，It is part of so many literature in the world，But how do you confirm this territory?

Erwin Koppen, a well -known German comparative writer, wrote in the "World Literature" entries written for "The Book of German Literature" (1984): "Most of the concepts and categories used by literature researchers，There is no reliable definition or accurate content of world literature。""，It seems difficult to define world literature accurately，Common definition is that world literature is not what。For two or thirty years，"World Literature" has always been a hot topic in the comparative literature community in China，The accelerated globalization process has promoted the thinking of the academic community on the definition of "world literature" and related issues。Clarify the structural relationship between globalization or globalization and world literature，helps people further understand (new) world literature。

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Theoretical discussion on "World Literature"，It seems to be able to mention the song，or start with Goethe。How about the context，This Goethe concept can be handy。But，"World Literature" in Gogde does not mean the meaning of this word in our time，It has a wide history and system association，A series of composite concepts related to the "world" involved in modern times。"Copernicus turns" in the universe、Modern Science in the Legend of Genesis、The French Revolution is for political order，All have a disruptive significance。World Literature imagination is the product of enlightenment and a new type of universalism，The new concept of "World Citizen" in the late 18th and early 19th century was fully reflected。Before people talk about globalization，Goethe has recognized the meaning of world literature: Literature has always benefited from the communication between different languages ​​and culture，It is completely an international phenomenon。In Goside，World literature and worldism are two sides of a coin: international cultural exchange。

Dieter Borchmeyer, an expert in Goethe, also links Goethe's world literature concept with globalization，bet365 live casino games I believe it is the pioneer of the globalization trend of contemporary literature，is the sketch of the world of urgent need of globalization。He also pointed out the reasons for Golita to advocate world literature，That is the rapid development of transportation、Technology and communication medium。Compared with the feudal society order，He has no reservation for the positive influence of the development of capitalist development。"World Literature" does not refer to the best classic works in the world，Not only human literary assets，but trade products，It is a different ethnic group to communicate with each other through literature，That is, the "free spiritual trade" of the writing object beyond the territory。

Twenty years later，Marx、Engels also took the idea of ​​Goethe in this sense，regard world literature as the globalization of "spiritual production"，But they look at problems from historical and economic perspectives，and I have long realized that capitalism is the cross -boundary。Read them at 1847、The Communist Declaration written by the friendship in 1848，You can see their insight，Fores out the globalization of capitalism，This became a reality later: everything is a product。and，Same as a spiritual production，Globalization of text products will also give birth to the contradictions that it cannot resolve，and lead to the growing burden of continuous growth。This is also reflected in the current generalization trend: the weight of the "standard" leads to superficial skin，Excessive production of writing objects leads to depreciation。Especially the main writer of this epoch -making literature Marx，Fores out the phenomenon that we see in our contemporary，Although he can't know the historical development of the 20th and 21st centuries。

In the Declaration of the Communist Party，Marx、Engels rely on the conclusion of the analysis of the capitalist commodity economy，To a large extent, world literature is also regarded as communication tools between different ethnic groups: the bourgeoisie uses the world market，The production and consumption of all countries have become worldwide，No longer the place in the past、The status quo and isolation of the nation，Instead of interaction in all aspects、Mutual dependence between nations。Maternity production like this，Mental production is the same。The spiritual products of various nations will become public property。The narrowness and restraint of the nation will become more and more difficult，Many ethnic groups、Local literature is forming world literature。

Early and 19th Century Worldism，Failure to be carried forward in the development of the 19th century，Because the establishment of a national country bet365 best casino games is to a large extent, the road of "nationalization"。National Literature played a key role in this process，that is the constructing tradition and founding myth，and pure ethnic concepts。Art and culture can best condense people's hearts，Very highlighting the particularity of the regional and national identity of ethnic life。"Nationalization of Culture" is a political construction of the 19th century，Its influence has continued until the middle of the 20th century。

　　The world association of literature

March 18, 2007，French "Le Monde Des Journal" (Le Monde des Livres) published more than 40 writers signed by writers，Just like a traditional ethnic literature，announced that the "Littéral-Monde enfran? 觭 AIS)。That is a faction for the world、Veterans、Green cultural landscape，Its representative figures are no longer from the literary metropolis from Paris，but from "Border Earth"，That is the former Africa、French colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands。Literature in those places often has a multi -cultural context。Since the 1980s，More and more writers from the publishing industry are not very developed countries，Book Market in North America and Europe，Some people have been persecuted in the colonial motherland afterwards，Some people have no hope of living in their homeland。

If the previous globalization has been thinking about problems from the position of colonial forces for a long time，The situation of the colonial after colonization has been flipped。New language culture has been developed in various colonial languages。At first glance，French in Algeria、India's English or Brazil (independent in 1822) Portuguese seems to have some language continuity，But because it is different from the history of the mother country of the colonizer、Politics and society，The post -colonial variants of these literary languages ​​have their own form。Global Related during the Period of Colonialism，It is a cultural and language colonization of the outside world in Europe; the contemporary contemporary after colonization，The world is telling your own story，Although it is mainly or first telling stories for the Western book market。

This new world association of literature，Not only the follow -up cultivation of post -colonial consciousness。In a country with not outstanding colonial history，You can also see this phenomenon，For example, in the German -speaking national contemporary literature, the more and more obvious world associations are also shown，Many new works can show the world's dimension。The enhanced world association is obviously a typical feature of contemporary literature。This not only reflects the decentralization of the colonial trend of colonial thoughts for Bet365 lotto review the operation of Western literature，More economically related to global slogans、Effects produced by cultural and political development。The starting point of the multi -center mode of literature is，World Literature is no longer a combination of various autonomous ethnic literature，More, more literary texts are in multinational fields where different cultures are intertwined when they are born。

As a new historical paradigm，"Globalization Perspective" no longer believes that the cultural differences of "edge" represent the backwardness，Instead, it is interpreted as a different choice from European centralism, that is, universal concepts。The centralization of the international publishing industry and their strong online sales mechanism，Putting convenience to fast translation and international sales，Remove the "World Book Market"。From this，On the one hand, the influence of the work depends more on the taste of the market，Same style and writing is increasingly obvious。On the other hand，Post -colonial writers can express their new cultural self -consciousness，Of course it is not easy，For example, the interests of the Western world are always interested in Arab writers with a specific expectation (escape story)。plus a kind of prejudice，I believe that Arabic literature is not good enough，Can't become world literature。

What can be determined is，Literature is not just global，is deeply affected by the positive and negative influence of the global development process，It in turn is also affecting the development process of globalization。"World in Literature" not only deal with the real world，It also participates in world construction，Taking the entire world as the theme of literature，Clear constructiveness and display。Literature's world association and setting the world's literary means，Perhaps it can also deepen us to contribute to the understanding of world literature, that is, world culture。

Di Fu's "Robinson Drifting" (1719)、Melville's "White Whale" (1851)、Stevenson's "Gold and Silver Island" (1883)，It can show the tone of literary globalization，Not only has interest in strange regions in the world，There are different languages、Culture、Conflict between political mechanism and religion。The meaning of globalization of the 20th century for literature，Also seen in the choice of literary theme: Two World War this century disaster，Concentrated camps related to it，And later Cold War、Vietnam War and Iraq War、Afghanistan War，It has a huge impact on the development of literature around the world。Common trauma and different views on these historical turns due to political stance，Remove countless literary works，and the communication of literature on the global "platform"。

　Cross -cultural New World Literature

American scholar John Pizer pointed out in the article "Globalization of" Goed's "World Literature" paradigm and contemporary culture published in 2000.，Literature itself also shows the internal globalization trend。German scholar Elke Sturm-Trigonakis in its discussion "Global Competition in Literature-On New World Literature" (2007)，Various languages ​​of "New World Literature" and global discourse: one is that a variety of language phenomena in the same text become the structural prerequisite for new world literature; the other is at the content level，Globalization of global words (no matter what form) is presented in the aesthetic consciousness of literary creation。

In terms of methods and theories,，Link the world literature with "Longue Durée"，I will not encounter how much trouble。The concept of world literature is usually based on long -term: if a literary text，For example, Homer’s "Odyssey"，It has a long history and won the classic glory，Most of them will be regarded as world literature。At this time，Thinking about World Literature，Thinking of the World Cultural Heritage has a similar point。But "New World Literature" does not look at time，but a common world literary concept，It aims to reveal the nature of the text that is outlined from the global level, especially the textual nature of contemporary literature。

Literature in the era of globalization，Almost all will point to contact、Convergence、Literature of harmony of different cultural and languages。In other words，"Global Literation" (Global Literation) is also the category of "New World Literature"，Follow the texts with the theme of cultural exchanges and cross -cultural hybrids and their literary expression forms。A variety of languages ​​and expression in the same text may be the most eye -catching phenomenon，In particular, it is seen that the writers who do not use their mother tongue。What can the country bring to the world? What can the world bring to the nation?，Very can reflect the tension of globalization and various forms of "New World Literature"。

A literature developed in the past few decades，The beginning is the transnational。It absorbs the experience of different cultures，From the beginning, it is related to different languages。Here is the resume of those writers who are sideways on different cultures，Originally the product of globalization。This kind of world literature is most obvious in terms of content in the work of immigrant writers，They also absorb and integrate the culture of the place of origin and the culture of the landing place，For example, Salman Rushdie、Schami (Rafik Schami) and other writers' works。Among their predecessors, there are Russian American bet365 live casino games writers Vladimir Nabokov or the Irish writer Samuel Beckett in France。

Also at the content level，World Literature will also appear in places that are open to European culture and enrich local culture，See you in Gabriel García Márquez or Julio Cortázar。It is not difficult to treat these people's masterpieces as world literature，Because the language industry line does not exist to a large extent，The docking of two cultural consciousness is also easy。The globalization process of interaction is particularly giving literature a new form of presentation，bring a new way of expression to global internet。

Today，The concept of "National Literature" is becoming more and more doubtful: Multi -language countries that are not necessarily stacked with the national line in those literary and language lines，It is difficult to talk about the national literature of a single culture。It is the immigration literature and exile literature that has received much attention and discussion at present，The old category is already unreliable。The theme of today's world literature preference is multiple identity、A variety of languages、A variety of languages、Migration Foreign Land and the relationship between outsiders and locals。Farewell to national literature thinking is one of the important reasons for redefining world literature。

The second reason is the criticism of the post -colonial scholars on Western cultural hegemony。Homi K. Bhabha) pointed out in "Positioning of Culture" (1994)，The continuation of the national tradition is the main theme of previous world literature，and today，immigrants on the edge zone、The transnational history of the colonial or political refugees，Perhaps it is the world of world literature。Sigrid L? FFler, a famous German literary critic, also pointed out in the book "New World Literature and its great narrative" (2013)，New World Literature is Global Literature，It is true and credible in contemporary contemporary、Tell the real story、Literature of a vivid voice，People walking between different languages ​​and culture、Post -national literature and immigration literature written by colonial descendants and refugees in conflict areas。

　　Yu Jun: Olbach's question

What are the consequences of globalization to literature? The problem here is，Does globalization mean the difference in different cultures? Or the opposite，The world market makes people see and diverse? The possible answer is，Although the global trend can be confirmed in the field of literature，Or in many places is the globalization that has brought a new aesthetic trend，But it also causes paradox，For example, against globalization (post -colonial) resistance。Although the traditional Western "center" of literary and artistic bet365 live casino games art still occupies a dominant position，but lost the monopoly position，Several most important international literature awards are no longer a patent for Europe and North America。World Literature is a platform for encounter，It is also a different style of literature、Purpose、Form and conceived collision，or the cultural exchange that Gosett focuses on。

Erich Auerbach escaped from Nazi Germany、After a long time of exile，In 1952, in its programmatic article "Language of World Literature"，Try to point out the new direction to the Chinese: "Anyway，The hometown of our Chineseology is the earth，Impossible is the country。Indeed，The language inherited by linguists and the development of its nation，Still always the most valuable、The most indispensable。But only cut and overcome，It will work。Under the change of the situation，We must return to the knowledge that had been possessed in the Middle Ages of the former era of the former nation: realize that the spirit is not the country。"" is the dual eye from a specific culture that keeps distance from it，Diversity of literature can develop literature。A question raised by Olbach: How can we surpass the traditional language research of national language? This problem is still open to this day，Always ask for a new answer。

　(The author is a special professor of the School of Arts of Beijing Normal University、Foreign Academician of European Sciences)