Since the reform and opening up，my country's political scholars have done a lot of work in establishing discipline autonomy and localization research。A group of scholars combined with the actual situation of China，Academic research based on field surveys。Make theoretical thinking on the basis of a large number of surveys，Try to propose Chinese political science concepts，The prototype of the political science "field school" began to appear。

What are the basic features of the "field school" of political science? What basic concepts do it propose based on practice?，What research does the political science "field school" plan? Around related issues，The reporter interviewed the Yangtze River Scholars of the Ministry of Education、Professor Xu Yong, a professor at the Humanities and Social Sciences Institute of Huazhong Normal University。

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"China Social Sciences":Chinese political research has always faced a conflict between Western theory and Chinese experience。Western scholars according to the principle of universalism，Explain Chinese political issues through concept transplantation or concept adjustment。How to deal with the relationship between Western theory and Chinese experience，It is an important issue that Chinese political science has been facing since its birth。For this，Please talk about your opinion。

　Xu Yong:Politics as a discipline did not appear in China until the 20th century。In a long period of time，There is a prominent tendency in my country's political science，Follow -up research -follow the thought of Western scholars，Study based on whether it meets Western theory，Lack of sufficient reflection consciousness for the theory that produced in the West。

With the formation of the Chinese road，Scholars have begun to have theoretical self -confidence and academic consciousness，Note the uniqueness of Chinese experience，Then reflect on the relationship between existing Western theory and Chinese experience。For this，I think it needs to be classified and analyzed。

One is academic insight。Western theory in a broad sense refers to the theory created by Westerners since modern times。A considerable part of these theories is an important result of human civilization。Especially Marxist theory reveals the general law of human development，It has general guidance significance。Even if it does not belong to Marxism，Many theories of Western politics、Concept、Methods, etc., all have important reference value。Leaving some concepts，It is difficult to theoretical theory of Chinese experience、Conceptualization，and make it universal。Some theories of human civilization can be shared，And in Chinese experience。

The second is academic limitations。What needs attention is，Any theory has its limitations，The restrictions on the era and the awareness of the producers。At the beginning of the transformation to modern times in the Middle Ages，Western power is not strong，It is full of beautiful fantasy for China。With the rise of the West in modern times，A family of Western theories，Bet365 lotto review Stand at a historical high，formed modern and traditional、progress and backwardness、Discords of Democratic and Authority，and construct a series of concepts to define the world，It constitutes a "standard world"，Therefore, people's thinking is limited to a certain framework。People have been in it for a long time without consciousness。The concepts of solidification cannot be paid to the changing world，Especially the rapidly changing Chinese experience provides convincing explanations。

Third is academic prejudice。What needs attention is，Westerners define the world，It is unavoidable to have a certain value orientation。This orientation may make completely different conclusions on the same thing，to generate academic prejudice。

So，To classify western theories，Clean and analyze carefully，To understand its value and limitations。especially，Re -understand and reflect on Western theory from the facts of Chinese facts，Freedom、autocracy、Human Rights、authoritarian、"Early maturity" and other concepts to sort out and clean up，What concepts can be shared，Which concepts are limited，or even prejudice。Only in this way can we get out of the "follow -up research" limit。

　　Exploring the localization path of political science

"China Social Sciences":Chinese Political Science Research in localization，What efforts have been made?

　　Xu Yong:for a long time，China's political science is in the state of learning and acceptance，Just formed different methods in the study、style and path。This is the standardized research based on literature and empirical research based on field surveys。China has long been a country with the majority of rural population in history，China's reform starts from the countryside，Rural reform created rich practical experience，also attracted the attention of political scholars。Based on "actual、Empirical、Experimental "Sanzan" principle，The vision of Chinese political scholars began to get out of the text，Use social survey method，Follow the question of "what is"。

Once entering the field，Researchers can find a lot of facts that are different from books。By discovering the facts，Political studies have begun to enter a new field of vision，Walk to the localization road。This process is step by step，It is also a process from unconscious to consciousness。

First，Political Science, which is high in the temple into the rural fields far away from the rivers and lakes，The lives and political behaviors that have not been valued in the field that have not been valued in the past have become the object of political science research。Second，To understand the political behavior of farmers，Basic research methods must be based on field surveys，Emphasize "liveist"。I live with farmers，Study from the perspective of farmers rather than researched the political behavior and its dominance logic from the perspective of researchers。third，Continuous deepening survey，Investigation consciousness。Emphasize the facts before value，Discuss the question of "why" on the basis of making "what is"。Fourth，Constructing an academic analysis perspective and method in the survey and research。Method Theory background color Decisive features、Original point Decisive path、prototype bet365 Play online games regulatory transformation。other，There are also values ​​in research paradigm -institutional paradigm、Conditions -Form Formula。Fifth，Form theoretical consciousness in the survey consciousness。Any theory is based on facts，But it is impossible for any theory to exhaust the facts。Only found facts through investigation，can we build original or original theory in the discovery of the facts。

Current，There are already a group of scholars in China to find breakthrough points from the theoretical perspective，Then the analysis of political science is on the rural grassroots，It reflects the academic consciousness consciousness of research perspective and analysis methods。On the basis of case investigation，Carry out large -scale questionnaires; at the same time，Method of social experiments、Comparison analysis、discourse analysis、Game analysis and other methods to introduce the field of political research。These have laid the foundation for the localization of political science。

　"China Social Sciences":Under the trend of localization of Chinese political science，"Conceptual Localization" has become an important direction for the development of Chinese political science。What efforts have the study of field political science?

　　Xu Yong:Compared with the West，Chinese political science has only started for decades for decades，And mainly study and follow，Its autonomy efforts are more difficult than natural science。Despite this，The important mission of Chinese scholars after awakening is to clean up and analyze the concept of "standard world" based on the "experience world"，and summarize and explain to the "World of Experience"。

It should be said，Since the reform and opening up，my country's political scholars have done a lot of work in establishing discipline autonomy and localization research，and achieved outstanding results。This is because of，Chinese political science must conduct research in combination with the actual situation of China。This research process itself reflects the autonomy and localization of Chinese political science，Mainly manifested in two aspects。One，Introduction of foreign concepts and processed according to the actual situation of China，To achieve creative conversion。The most typical example is the concept of "governance" and "national governance"。China itself has rich governance practice，But it failed to become an academic concept。The 1990s，"Governance" as the concept used in the United Nations documents，Enter China。Chinese scholars explained this concept，Give it to China meaning。This concept has been further developed in Chinese practice，From "rural governance" and "social governance"，It has been extended to "National Governance"。Its two，In actual life，Scholars find that many facts cannot be expressed in the concept of ready -made concepts，will find new concepts bet365 best casino games to summarize and explain。

But overall，for a long time，Chinese political science still lacks full consciousness in terms of localization，Especially in the construction of autonomy concepts, there are still lacks。Since the reform and opening up，China's development practice has created rich experience，But lacks the corresponding concept bet365 best casino games to summarize and explain it，The phenomenon of "concept deficit" exists。serious asymmetry between the rule of China and the principle of China。A large number of research is just a narrative expression，instead of the academic expression composed of original concepts，Dohaies that cause "unreasonable"。Of course，With the in -depth advancement of reform and opening up，Some scholars propose the issue of social science autonomy，Active setting topics，It has promoted the discipline autonomy and academic consciousness of Chinese political science; some scholars try to understand Chinese politics from Chinese politics。

The concept is the basis for building the subject system。Strengthening the autonomy and localization of Chinese political science through the concept of autonomy is a difficult task。We must refine the concept of refining according to Chinese experience，At the same time, pay attention to the general and sharing of the concept，Make people with different cultural backgrounds can understand things and explanation problems through concepts。

　Construction of Chinese Political Science "Field School"

"China Social Sciences":What are the basic features of the "field school" of political science?

　　Xu Yong:Formation of a school，It is a process that has long -term continued efforts from unconscious to conscious。Field Political Science did not consciously at the beginning，Just based on field surveys and research form a unique style。After more than 30 years of continuous field survey and research，The prototype of the political science "field school" began to appear。

Social Science is a study of people，There is also different paths for people's research。From the perspective of political science，Expressing two orientations: First, the system constructed by the abstract people as the object，Second, research with the specific human object in historical and social relations。Political Science "Field School" is mainly the latter orientation。In terms of research methods，This school is based on field surveys of fields as the main method。Method to obey the research object。To study the specific people and their behavior mode in historical and social relations，It is necessary to conduct actual inspections of specific people and their situations，Formpoint on the basis of a large number of surveys。

Fundamental speaking，The "field school" of Chinese politics is a research school that grows on the Chinese land，It is compared to the research of traditional political science。Its main mission is to use the method of social survey as much as possible，Find a large amount of facts that have been covered or changing rapidly，To find contact between facts，and through this connection to further deepen people's understanding of political issues。It is different from the starting point and method of research，But the purpose is the same，All to promote the development of political disciplines。People under the research system，but not exclusive system，and use the system as an important base point for research。

　　"China Social Sciences":Current，What basic concepts have the political science "field school" proposed based on practice?

　　Xu Yong:The 20th century was a huge turning period that China changed from traditional society to modern society。Enter the 21st century，A generation who has experienced a traditional agricultural society is about to leave this world，They will also take away rich traditional rural memory。A few years，Our work focus is on field surveys，Especially a large -scale rescue survey of traditional society。2015，We launched the "In -depth Survey in China" project，Divided into eight areas of rural areas to conduct universal investigations，Obtaining hundreds of millions of words of survey information。Through this large survey，Scholars have deepened their understanding of China。Promotion of the survey，We started to summarize the facts we found in accordance with the new discovery of some original concepts。

Farmers' rational expansion。In the process of developing from backward agricultural countries to a "world factory"，Maintenance of migrant workers。We started investigating migrant workers in the 1990s，It is found that the survival logic of migrant workers is very different from the views on books。They actively ask for overtime，Working for 16 hours a day，The purpose is to make more money。Their behavior not only changes themselves，Also changes the fate of the family。The logic of dominating their actions is the concept of long -term agricultural society，This concept has formed a rational expansion because it can get greater benefits in industrial society。The name of migrant workers itself reflects the characteristics of the factor superposition of the two social alternation periods。They are the creators of "Chinese Miracle"，But no one summarizes theoretically。We summarize the creation and behavior logic of migrant workers through the concept of "rational expansion of farmers"。This is also a specific person in the field of history and social relations as the academic conscious starting point of the research target。

Family System and Family State。China has been using one family as a basic unit for thousands of years。The core content of rural reform is the packaging to the household，Implement a family responsibility system in the family。We carry out rural surveys，The "entering the village and entering the house" method。During the process，We use the concept of "household system" to summarize the basic characteristics of Chinese rural society，The manor system with Western Europe、Village System System in Russia and India、African tribal system difference。China has not only created a splendid agricultural civilization，It also created the unique rural basic system in the world。This country in China is a combination of countless households。We extend the concept of the family system to the field of political science，The concept of "family country" was proposed，"Family House" as the foundation of national and state governance。

Ligue small farmers and tough countries。China has long been based on the small farmers of the household as the basic unit in history.。Small farmers have the vulnerability generated by small scale，There is also the toughness of stubborn survival and development under the difficult environment，But the latter was covered in theory。We experienced and experienced the toughness of the small farmers' self -improvement in the large -scale field survey。This toughness comes from the peasant's understanding of freedom。Modern West emphasizes freedom is Bet365 app download right，It is the status that a person should have。The freedom of the traditional Chinese farmers understands the responsibility。Only fulfilling the family、For ancestors、Responsibilities to the country can reach a free state，What emphasizes is the equivalent of giving and harvest。It is this endless responsibility that supports the continuation of a large civilized body，It also shaped China's characteristics，That is a tough country。Western political scholars use "authoritarian toughness" to summarize China，Not only has great prejudice，and lack of further explanation of toughness，I don’t realize that China's national toughness has deep historical and social roots。

Zufu human rights and historical rights。We found that a lot of places still retained ancestral halls during the survey of rural southern rural areas，A village people live around the ancestral hall，All villagers are the same surname。They get the corresponding qualifications with their contact with the same ancestor、Right、status and responsibility。This phenomenon is the concept of "talent human rights" popular in modern western politics.。For this，Let's summarize the concept of "ancestor to give human rights"。This concept emphasizes that human rights are not constructed，but formed by history。People are people in historical and social relations，Human rights have a strong relationship with history。Zufu human rights means past、The connection with the future with the future。Only by contributing to history can we obtain corresponding qualifications and rights。This right is historical rights，It is also a collective right; it is personal rights，Also personal responsibility。

Water management society and water control country。Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture，Water management is closely related to the origin of China，and always accompany the Chinese history process。Our field survey will take water treatment as an important content，Discovery through the investigation，Water treatment is a project that cannot be completed by family，Only united to form a community of water control can achieve a goal。This kind of social water treatment that is involved in the parties constitutes an autonomous water management society，allows agricultural production to continue。Due to small -scale water treatment, it cannot meet the needs of the Great River Governance，The country's water control function is born with the trend，The country of water control is produced。Water treatment is born in society and the country，Together with Chinese society and national characteristics。This kind of society and state based on endogenous needs，With its natural legitimacy and reasonableness。From this，It also corrects the fact that Karl August Weitf is upside down with preconceived concepts。

　　"China Social Sciences":Future，What research does the political science "field school" plan?

　　Xu Yong:Political Science "Field School" emphasizes the source of theory lies in the field，To discover and research problems from the field practice and construct the theory。It should be based on facts，At the same time, we must be good at discovering the logic of universality behind the facts，On this basis、Analysis paradigm with sharing and universality。For example，In recent years，We are based on field surveys，The analysis framework of "relationship -behavior" and "nationalization" was proposed; "Nationalization was published、Integration of Peasant and Rural "" "State in the Relationship" (First、two volumes) and other works。A series of related theories will be launched in the future。

The next research focuses on deep excavation of survey materials，The theoreticalization of the investigation material，Refine the general theory from the survey。This is a more difficult job than field surveys。From experience to theory，Integration of experience and theory，There are multiple connection mechanisms in the middle，It requires enough theory and methods to finely process the facts，and engaged in re -refining theory。

Future，The main work of the political science "field school" has three aspects。One，Extend the field survey to the core area of ​​politics -country，Open in the field of fields and political science research。Country Political Science Research State，Mainly studying the origin and foundation of the country。In other words，It is to study how to shape the country，How can the country interact with the field society。Its two，Extend the field survey to the study of academic theory，Through refinement concept，Open the connection between fields and political theory。The relevant concepts of field politics derived from experience and facts，It has originality。Its three，Extend the field survey to the methodology level，Establish an analysis framework，Open the connection between field and political research methods。