Look at the history of the world，Modernization roads from all over the world are both common，There are their own characteristics。The modernization process of Latin American countries has its own uniqueness。In the process of modernization，Latin American countries continue to accumulate experience，Significant achievements in economic and social development，but also facing many problems that need to be solved，There are many bottlenecks that need to be broken。The future development prospects of Latin American countries，to a large extent depends on its ability to solve these problems。

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In the first half of the 19th century, Latin American countries were independent，Its elite class is attracted by the US European material civilization，Determine to the road of Americanization and Europeanization，French and American constitutions formulate their national constitution。But due to the prevalence of Koidro's politics，Many national political situation is turbulent，The American Dream and European Dreams they are pursuing have been broken one after another。until the 1870s，That is, about 50 years of independence，Latin American countries only achieve preliminary stability，and start the early modernization process。But，Many national dictatorship politics in Latin America still prevails，Economic dependence on primary products，External dependence on Western capital and market，It has not achieved independent development。The outbreak of the world economic crisis in the late 1920s，Seriously impacted Latin American national primary product export mode，Forced it to take the road to import alternative industrialization since the 1930s。For more than 40 years later，Latin American countries are dominated by developmentalism or structuralism，Taking industrialization as a means，Try to achieve independent development、Get rid of foreign dependence。

From the 1970s，The motivation for industrialization of alternative industrialization in Latin American countries began to fail，and fell into a crisis in the 1980s。Since then，Latin America countries have successively carried out new liberal reforms under the guidance of "Washington Consensus"。But the road and mode of neo -liberalism have not become the consensus of the whole society，The two forces of neo -liberalism and anti -new liberalism have opened up for nearly 40 years of debate and alternate practice。to this day，The competition between the two forces in Latin America has not ended。

Today's Latin American countries want to achieve sustainable development，On the basis of effectively solving various problems，Continue to explore the road of modernization that meets its own conditions。

　　achievement and experience

Modern development achievements of Latin American countries are reflected in politics、Economic and Society and other fields。In the political field，The main manifestations are the continuous consolidation and improvement of political civilization with Latin American characteristics。

Political stability Situation continues to consolidate，The political system is continuously improved。Traditionally，Because of the prevalence of Politics bet365 live casino games and authoritarian politics for Kaokiro，Latin American democratic system is considered to be famous or virtual name。Latin American countries have established political parties shortly after independence，But the party was just a tool for the oligopoly group to fight for power，lacks the masses and social foundations，Lack of representativeness，Main effects in national political life。With the deepening of the modernization process，Especially after the 1970s, political democracy continued to consolidate，The political system of Latin American countries is constantly improving，The political party system is more mature，Kobiro's political basic extinct，The authoritarian rule gradually dilutes，Establish a clear "democratic system"，Political stability situation can be consolidated。

The legal system is continuously improved，Preliminary forming of the society in rule of law。Latin America's judicial system has greatly followed the tradition of Spain and Portugal，Society and the public have strong concepts of rule of law and distinctive rights awareness。As early as the beginning of the founding of the country，Faculty leaders try to rule the country through legislation，General transplant、imitation、Copy the political and judicial system of Europe and the United States，Even copying the US and French Constitution Clause。But，prevalent in autocracy politics、In the environment with a strong shelter，Constitution and laws mostly flow in forms。After the 1970s，As a result of the promotion of the process of modernization and the consolidation of political democratization，Latin American countries not only establish a complete judicial system framework and laws and regulations，and its execution and efficiency are continuously improved。After the 1990s，Latin American countries bring judicial reform、Establishing a country as an important goal，Preliminary forming of the society in rule of law。

The modern government system gradually matures，System operation is guaranteed。Latin American countries implement multi -party system，The rotation of the ruling party is "normal"。Traditionally，The ruling party's change usually brings a large -scale rotation of government agencies，The normal operation of the influence institution，Loss of governing efficiency。The civil service system is the main sign of the modern government system，Latin American countries through the establishment and improvement of the civil servant system，Avoiding the negative impact of the ruling party on the operation of the organization。The 1980s，Venezuela、Uruguay、Panama and other countries in the civil service system is quite complete; Argentina、Brazil and other national civil servants systems have been relatively stable and relatively mature。The American Development Bank believes，If the civil servant system is evaluated with a 100 -componentized evaluation，then Brazil scores up to 93 points。

In the economic field，Following the earlier entry into the middle income ranks，Some countries have entered high income ranks，and closely integrate into the world economic system。1950-1980 Latin America's economy has maintained a faster growth for 30 years，average annual growth rate of 5.3%，In the meantime, the gross national product increased by 4 times。This period，Brazil and Mexico and other countries have created the "economic growth miracle"，Step into the ranks of secondary income。Argentina has reached the middle income level in the early 1960s，Chile、Uruguay and Bet365 lotto review other countries also reached secondary income levels in the first half of the 1970s。Latin America is a more concentrated area for middle -income countries，Many countries have proposed goals to leap forward to developed countries。2018，20 of 33 countries in Latin America are medium -income countries with a per capita gross domestic product，Haiti is the only low -income country; 12 countries have more than $ 10,000 per capita GDP，Some countries have entered the ranks of high -income or even developed countries。2018，Uruguay per capita GDP is 17278 US dollars，Chile's per capita GDP is $ 15932，Panama's per capita GDP is $ 15575，all meet the national standards of high income; GDP per capita GDP of Costa Rica and Argentina are $ 12026 and $ 11678，Close to high -income national thresholds; the per capita GDP of Brazil and Mexico, the two largest economies in Latin America, is $ 8921 and $ 9694，The goal of high -income countries is getting closer and closer。1994 Mexico became the first Latin American country to join the Economic Organization，In 2010, Chile became the first South American country to join the organization，2020 Colombia and Costa Rica have also become a member of the organization。

In the social field，The characteristics of the traditional society，With various elements of modern society，Social civilization with Latin American characteristics to a certain extent。Under the promotion of modernization and industrialization，Latin American countries have completed a change to urban society。The 1930s and 1970s was the modern acceleration period of Latin America，It is also a period of rapid urbanization。1920 Latin American city population proportion is 22%，reached 41.8%in 1950。1950-1980 Latin America's total population increased by 1 times，and the urban population increased by 4 times。The proportion of urban population in Latin America has increased from 40%to 60%. It only takes about 25 years。1980 Latin American city population accounted for 64%of the total population，This number in 1990 was 71.9%，In 2013, it was 80%，It is expected to be 85% in 2025。

The social security system gradually molds。The construction of the social security system of Latin American countries began in the early 20th century。In the process of modernization，Latin American countries have gradually established a relatively complete labor protection、Social Security and Rescue System，The forefront of developing countries，Even earlier than some developed countries。As early as the early 20th century，High level of economic development、Latin American countries, where modernization starts earlier, began to carry out labor legislation。1929，Mexico promulgated the first comprehensive labor law "Labor Law" in Latin America，This method was immediately followed by other Latin American countries。By the mid -1960s，Most Latin American countries have developed a labor law，The closely connected social security system is basically established。Since then，These rights and systems have been strictly protected，and get better continuation。

Social security coverage is continuously expanded。As early as the 1920s and 1930s，Uruguay、Chile、Argentina and Brazil and other countries to establish a preliminary social security system。After the 1940s，Mexico、Costa Rica、Panama、Ecuador、Paraguay、Peru and Venezuela and other countries have established relevant systems in succession，Content involving diseases、Bet365 lotto review Pension、Housing、Disabled、Death、Injury、Pregnant women and medical care。After the 1950s and 1960s，The social security system of other countries in Latin America has also gradually developed。until 1995，All Latin American countries have established a pension system，Most countries have established diseases and pregnant women's health care plans，Most countries have established unemployment insurance and home subsidy system。Chile's reform of the social security system in 1981，Other countries have proposed the reform plan after the 1990s，The focus is on the coverage of the expansion system。

　　Questions and bottlenecks

Although Latin American countries have achieved significant achievements in the process of modernization，Accumulated valuable experience，But in politics、The field of economic and social governance still faces many problems。

In the political field，The vulnerability of the system and system is difficult to resolve，The defects of poor institutional efficiency and poor system efficiency are difficult to overcome。Latin American countries have built a complete institutional framework and system rules，But its operational effect is not good。Latin scholars think，Latin America National Election Democracy is increasingly consolidated，Although citizens obtain the right to vote and the right to vote，But the democratic system lacks protection of other rights of citizens，Democratic deepening is far from complete。Well -known British think tank EIU thinks，The political participation of many Latin American people is low，Democratization process is stagnant，It is difficult to deepen。Due to the defects of institutional efficiency and its vulnerability，The disappointment of institutional operation in Latin American countries。

Latin American systems lack the ability to resolve crises。Many countries have not realized economic development under the democratic system，Can't timely and effectively resolve political crisis and social conflicts，As a result, the institutional crisis continues to appear。Latin scholars think，After the 1990s, there are dozens of institutional crisis in the region，Brazil、Peru、Bolivia and Venezuela and other political and social crises in many countries have frequently circulated in recent years，Highlighting the shortcomings of these countries' systems to resolve crises，Exhausting national governance problems。

The system of Latin American countries has not won the public full trust。Due to the poor operating effect of the system，The public's dissatisfaction with the existing system is constantly accumulated，The degree of trust in the system declines，Low satisfaction with government departments and public institutions。Since the 1990s，Disappointed by the ability to govern the governor、dissatisfaction with the fairness of the system、Disboth for politicians，The public's support for the democratic system decreases。Around 2013，People who are not satisfied with their system and their operations are as high as 60%，Brazil、Argentina、Peru、Citizens in major countries such as Columbia and other major countries are dissatisfied than the average level of the region。

To overcome and eliminate the vulnerability and defects of the system，From the 1990s，Latin American countries generally carry out "national reform"，But the effect is not ideal，It has not eliminated the inherent defects of the system，It has not fundamentally improved institutional efficiency and institutional efficiency。

In the economic field，The fragility of the economic Bet365 app download structure is difficult to eliminate，It is difficult for many countries to cross the restraint of "secondary income traps"。Whether in the process of modernization and industrialization，Still in the process of opening to the outside，Latin American countries have failed to eliminate the inherent disadvantages of the economic structure，Not getting rid of a single trouble for the industrial structure。The economic structure of many countries has not changed fundamentally，Industrialization goals are far from complete。Exports that are concentrated in primary products have not fundamentally changed，Even worsened，1995-2001 Latin America exported primary products accounted for 28%，2002-2008 accounted for 33%。Latin American countries have never been able to get rid of the lag position in international professional production，Failure to get rid of the peripheral character of "dependent country"。Many countries lack the willingness to transform the economic structure，Lack of economic structure adjustment ability。Due to the favorable timing of economic growth, adjust the economic structure，To make its economy more fragile，Powerful restrictions on it to high -income or developed countries。

Most countries have not yet successfully escaped from the "secondary income trap"。Although some countries in Latin America have entered the ranks of middle -income countries earlier，But for a long stay in this state。From 2020，Argentina has stayed in the middle income state for 58 years，46 years of Mexico，Brazil 45 years，Colombia 41 years。Many countries miss the opportunity to leap towards high -income level at critical moments。The 1980s was the "lost 10 years lost" in the Latin American economy。After more than 20 years of landslides and undulation，Latin America ushered in "Gold 10 Years" from 2004 to 2013，The average annual GDP growth rate exceeds 5%，The international community is full of optimism about the "middle income trap" of Latin American countries。But，Under the influence of multiple factors inside and abroad，Latin American economy began to decline after 2014，2014-2019 average GDP growth rate is only 0.4%，It is the lowest growth period since 1950。Latin American economy due to the spread of new coronary pneumonia.，It is estimated that the average annual GDP growth rate in 2020 will decrease by 9.1%，Per capita GDP will drop by 9.9%。Many Latin American countries may lose the opportunity to get rid of the "middle income trap" again。

In the social field，Many social development difficulties are deeply fixed，The bottleneck of social governance is difficult to break through。Some countries in Latin America have always been troubled by "poverty" problems。Regardless of the economic rise or downward period，There has always been a large -scale poor group。Around 1970，Families of poverty and poverty account for 40%and 19%of the total families, respectively。The 1980s，Poverty problem intensified due to the economic crisis，Poverty and poverty population net increases of 61.3 million and 29.5 million, respectively。After the 1990s，Increased economic improvement and poverty alleviation measures，Poverty is slightly slowed，But it has not dropped to level before the 1980s。Around 2003，There are 213 million poor people in the Latin American region，Among them, the population of red poverty is 88 million。After the 21st century，The "Gold 10 Years" of the Latin American economy is also a period of continuous relief of its poverty。Latin America's poverty rate in 2002 is 45.4%，bet365 Play online games 2008 and 2014 dropped to 33%and 27.8%。Many people were optimistic at the time，Latin American countries will escape from the "poverty trap"。After 2014，The downward economic downward causes the poverty rate to rebound，But still at a historical low of about 30%。2020，The spread of the new crown pneumonia broke the expectation of the Latin American economic recovery，It also burst of its dreams to get rid of poverty。It is expected to be 2020，Latin American poor people will reach 239 million，37.3%of the total population，The population of red and poor will increase to 96.2 million。The risk of being cleared in more than ten years since the 21st century。

Latin American countries have not effectively solved the problem of "unequal" society。Latin America's inequality issues have a long history。This inequality is manifested as unequal results，Also manifested as opportunities inequality。Regardless of economic growth or decline，Latin American revenue distribution has been deteriorating，Unexplained higher than recognized alert。Poor people and groups usually have races (ethnic minorities)、Geoscope (remote) and education (low degree) characteristics，Relatively solidified by poor groups，Lack of social promotion opportunities。Latin American countries are getting more and more realized，Double efforts to build a more equal society and the importance of vigorously promoting the process of fair society。Dan Latin America's unequal situation is still very serious，It has become the main obstacle to development。

Latin American countries failed to fundamentally solve the problem of social governance。The problem of Latin American society is deeply fixed，Long -term will not be properly solved，Some problems are even more intense。Except poverty、Traditional problems such as inequality and differentiation of rich and poor，New society difficulties are constantly germinating，Such as the spread of non -regular houses and slums、Informal employment ultra -conventional diffusion、Social exclusion phenomenon worse、Social security deterioration、Social contradictions excitement、Social conflict intensified。Violent Activity、Organizational crime、Non -traditional safety issues caused by drug planting and trafficking，It also increased the difficulty of the construction of the country in rule of law，endangers national development and progress。

　　Future development has favorable conditions

Latin American countries want to achieve development，Have a series of favorable conditions。In the long -term twists and turns modernization process，Latin American countries have got rid of the historical cycle of political and social turmoil，Realized continuous relatively stable，The overall development environment is improved。Since the 21st century，People are still stronger than those who are dissatisfied with，But the trust of public institutions and the satisfaction of various public undertakings slowly increase。During the exploration of the new development path，The main political forces of Latin American countries in the country's development strategy、Especially maintaining the stability of political society、Make a greater consensus in promoting the harmonious development of the economy and society，Social governance environment tends to be favorable。

Latin American countries have huge development potential。Rich natural resources and energy and mineral resources in Latin America，Many countries are old -fashioned manufacturing countries，Good industrial bet365 best casino games foundation，Development stamina strong。Latin American market capacity，Education is more developed，High labor quality，Culture is more compatible。Latin American countries have accumulated rich experience in responding to the economic and social crisis，The consciousness of resisting external impact is significantly enhanced。In the international structure，The status of Latin American countries is more important，The world's great powers attach great importance to the huge development potential of the Latin American market，Competition to expand the field of cooperation with it。International organizations and academic circles generally think，Latin America is full of vitality、Mainland with huge development potential。

But，The favorable development conditions of Latin America do not mean that the role and potential of these conditions and potential can be automatically played，It does not mean that Latin American countries can naturally obtain the economy、The benign development of politics and society。To achieve continuous political stability、Sustainable economic growth、Continuous progress of society，Need to start from the reality of Latin American countries，Fundamentally overcome institutional defects and institutional fragility，Improve institutional efficiency and institutional efficiency; fundamentally eliminate the vulnerability of the economic structure，Equivaler from the attachment and peripheral status;，Maintain social harmony and stability。and all these，depends on the Latin American countries to effectively enhance governance capabilities，Improve the level of governance。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Latin American Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)