You can see it throughout world history，The modernization paths of countries around the world have commonalities，has its own characteristics。The modernization process of app bet365 download has its own uniqueness。In the process of modernization，app bet365 download continue to accumulate experience，Remarkable achievements in economic and social development，But we also face many problems that need to be solved，There are many bottlenecks that need to be overcome。The future development prospects of app bet365 download，A lot depends on its ability to solve these problems。

　　Unique modernization app bet365 download

After the independence of app bet365 download in the first half of the 19th century，The elite are attracted by the material civilization of the United States and Europe，Determined to take the road of Americanization and Europeanization，And formulate our own constitution based on the French and American constitutions。But due to the prevalence of Caudillo politics，The political situation in many countries is turbulent，The American dream and European dream they pursued were shattered one after another。Until the 1870s，About 50 years after independence，app bet365 download have only achieved initial stability，And start the early modernization process。However，Authoritarian politics are still prevalent in many app bet365 download，The economy depends on the export of primary products，External dependence on Western capital and markets，Failed to achieve independent development。The outbreak of the world economic crisis in the late 1920s，Severe impact on the primary product export model of app bet365 download，Forcing it to embark on the road of import substitution industrialization since the 1930s。In the next 40 years，app bet365 download are dominated by developmentalism or structuralism，Using industrialization as a means，Trying to achieve independent development、Get rid of external dependence。

Since the 1970s，The power of import substitution industrialization in app bet365 download begins to fade，And fell into crisis in the 1980s。Afterwards，app bet365 download have successively carried out neoliberal reforms under the guidance of the "Washington Consensus"。But the neoliberal path and model have not become the consensus of the whole society，The two forces of neoliberalism and anti-neoliberalism started nearly 40 years of debate and alternating practice。Today，The contest between the two forces in Latin America is not over yet。

Today’s app bet365 download must achieve sustainable development，Need to effectively solve various difficult problems，Continue to explore the modernization path that suits your own conditions。

　　app bet365 download and Experience

The modern development achievements of app bet365 download are reflected in politics、Economic and social fields。In the political field，Mainly reflected in the continuous consolidation and improvement of political civilization with Latin American characteristics。

Political stability continues to be consolidated，The political system continues to improve。Traditionally，Due to the prevalence of Caudiro politics and authoritarian politics，Latin American democratic systems are considered to be in name only or in name only。app bet365 download established political parties soon after independence，But political parties were just tools for the oligarchs to fight for power，Lack of mass and social foundation，Lack of representation，Does not play a major role in national political life。With the deepening of modernization process，Especially since the 1970s, political democratization has continued to consolidate，The political systems of app bet365 download continue to improve，The party system is more mature，Caudillo politics is basically extinct，The authoritarian rule is gradually fading，Latin America has established a uniform “democratic system”，Political stability has been consolidated。

The legal system continues to improve，The rule of law society is initially taking shape。The judicial system in Latin America largely follows the traditions of Spain and Portugal，The society and the public have a strong sense of the rule of law and a clear awareness of rights。As early as the founding of independence，The founding leaders tried to govern the country through legislation，Universal transplantation、Imitate、Copy the European and American political and judicial systems，Even copied the provisions of the US and French constitutions。However，Prevail in autocratic politics、In an environment with strong clientelism，The constitution and laws are mostly mere formalities。After the 1870s，As a result of the advancement of the modernization process and the consolidation of political democratization，app bet365 download have not only established a complete judicial system framework and legal and regulatory system，And its execution and efficiency are constantly improving。After the 1990s，app bet365 download are reforming the judiciary、Establishing a country ruled by law as an important goal，The rule of law society is initially taking shape。

The modern government system is gradually maturing，System operation is guaranteed。app bet365 download mostly implement multi-party systems，The rotation of ruling parties is "normal"。Traditionally，Changes in the ruling party usually bring about large-scale turnover of staff in government agencies，Affecting the normal operation of the organization，Loss of governance efficiency。The civil service system is the main symbol of the modern government system，app bet365 download have established and improved their civil service systems，Avoid the negative impact of the change of the ruling party on the operation of institutions。1980s，Venezuela、Uruguay、The civil service systems in countries such as Panama are quite complete；Argentina、The civil service systems in countries such as Brazil have always been relatively stable and relatively mature。Inter-American Development Bank believes，If the civil service system is quantitatively evaluated with 100 points，Brazil scored as high as 93 points。

In the economic field，After entering the middle-income ranks earlier，Some countries have entered the high-income ranks，And be closely integrated into the world economic system。From 1950 to 1980, the app bet365 download economy maintained rapid growth for 30 consecutive years，The average annual growth rate reaches 5.3%，GNP increased 4 times during this period。This period，Countries such as Brazil and Mexico have created “economic growth miracles”，Entering the middle-income ranks one after another。Argentina reached middle-income level in the early 1960s，Chile、Uruguay and other countries also reached the middle-income level in the first half of the 1970s。Latin America is a region with a high concentration of middle-income countries，Many countries have proposed the goal of leaping into developed countries。2018，20 of the 33 countries in Latin America are middle-income countries with a per capita GDP of less than US,000，Haiti is the only low-income country；There are 12 countries with per capita GDP exceeding US,000，Some countries have entered the ranks of high-income and even developed countries。2018，Uruguay’s per capita GDP is US,278，Chilean GDP per capita is US,932，Panama’s per capita GDP is US,575，All meet the standards of high-income countries；The per capita GDP of Costa Rica and Argentina is US,026 and US,678 respectively，Close to the threshold of high-income countries；The per capita GDP of Brazil and Mexico, the two largest economies in Latin America, is US,921 and US,694 respectively，Getting closer to the goal of becoming a high-income country。In 1994, Mexico became the first app bet365 download country to join the OECD，In 2010, Chile became the first South American country to join the organization，In 2020, Colombia and Costa Rica also became members of the organization。

In the social field，Get rid of the characteristics of traditional society，With various elements of modern society，To a certain extent, build a social civilization with Latin American characteristics。Driven by modernization and industrialization，app bet365 download have completed the transition to urban societies。The 1930s to 1970s was a period of accelerated modernization in Latin America，It is also a period of rapid urbanization development。The proportion of urban population in Latin America in 1920 was 22%，41 in 1950.8%。The total population of Latin America doubled from 1950 to 1980，And the urban population increased 4 times。It only took about 25 years to increase the proportion of urban population in Latin America from 40% to 60%。In 1980, Latin America’s urban population accounted for 64% of the total population，In 1990 the number was 71.9%，80% in 2013，Estimated to be 85% in 2025。

The social security system is gradually taking shape。The construction of social security systems in app bet365 download began in the early 20th century。In the process of modernization，app bet365 download have gradually established relatively complete labor protection、Social security and assistance system，At the forefront of developing countries，Even earlier than some developed countries。As early as the beginning of the 20th century，Higher level of economic development、app bet365 download that started their modernization process earlier began to introduce labor legislation。1929，Mexico promulgated Latin America’s first comprehensive labor law, the Labor Code，This method was immediately followed by other app bet365 download。By the mid-1960s，Most app bet365 download have enacted labor laws，The social security system closely linked to it has been basically established。Afterwards，These rights and institutions have always been strictly protected，And get better continuation。

Social security coverage continues to expand。As early as the 1920s and 1930s，Uruguay、Chile、Countries such as Argentina and Brazil have established preliminary social security systems。After 1940s，Mexico、Costa Rica、Panama、Ecuador、Paraguay、A number of countries such as Peru and Venezuela have successively established relevant systems，Content involves diseases、Elderly Care、Housing、Disability、Death、Work injury、Pregnant women and medical treatment, etc.。After the 1950s and 1960s，The social security systems in other app bet365 download have also gradually developed。By 1995，All app bet365 download have established pension systems，Most countries have established disease and maternal health plans，Most countries have established unemployment insurance and family subsidy systems。Chile carried out social security system reform in 1981，Other countries also successively proposed reform plans after the 1990s，The focus is on expanding the coverage of the system。

　　app bet365 download and bottlenecks

Although app bet365 download have made remarkable achievements in the process of modernization，Accumulated valuable experience，But in politics、The economic and social governance fields still face many problems。

In the political field，The fragility of systems and institutions is difficult to resolve，The shortcomings of poor institutional effectiveness and efficiency are difficult to overcome。Although app bet365 download have established a complete institutional framework and institutional rules，But it doesn’t work well。Latin American scholars think，Electoral democracy in app bet365 download is increasingly consolidated，Although citizens have obtained the right to vote and elect，But the democratic system lacks the protection of other rights of citizens，Deepening democracy is far from complete。The well-known British think tank EIU believes，People in many app bet365 download have low political participation，The democratization process has stalled，Difficult to deepen。Due to the shortcomings of institutional effectiveness and its fragility，There is widespread disappointment in the operation of the system in app bet365 download。

The systems of app bet365 download lack the ability to resolve crises。Many countries have not achieved sound economic and social development under a democratic system，Unable to resolve political crises and social conflicts in a timely and effective manner，Resulting in the continuous emergence of systemic crises。Latin American scholars think，Dozens of institutional crises occurred in the region after the 1990s，Brazil、Peru、Political and social crises in many countries such as Bolivia and Venezuela have occurred frequently in recent years，Highlights the shortcomings of these national systems in resolving crises，Exacerbating national governance problems。

The institutions of app bet365 download have not won full public trust。Due to poor performance of the system，Public dissatisfaction with the existing system continues to build，Decreased trust in the system，Lower satisfaction with government departments and public institutions。Since the 1990s，Due to disappointment in the ability of the ruler to govern、Dissatisfied with the fairness of the system、Distrust of politicians，Public support for democratic institutions has declined。around 2013，The number of people who are dissatisfied with its system and its operation is as high as 60%，Brazil、Argentina、Peru、Public dissatisfaction in major countries such as Colombia is higher than the regional average。

To overcome and eliminate the fragility and defects of the system，Since the 1990s，app bet365 download generally carry out “national reforms”，But the effect is not ideal，The inherent flaws of the system have not been eliminated，It has not fundamentally improved the effectiveness and efficiency of the system。

In the economic field，The vulnerability of economic structure is difficult to eliminate，Many countries find it difficult to escape the constraints of the “middle-income trap”。Both in the process of modernization and industrialization，Still in the process of opening up to the outside world，app bet365 download have failed to eliminate the inherent shortcomings of their economic structure，Not getting rid of the problem of single industrial structure。The economic structure of many countries has not undergone fundamental changes，The industrialization goal is far from complete。The situation that exports are concentrated on primary products has not fundamentally changed，Even aggravated，Primary products accounted for 28% of Latin American exports from 1995 to 2001，2002-2008 accounted for 33%。app bet365 download have never been able to get rid of their lagging position in international specialized production，Failed to get rid of the peripheral role of "dependent country"。Many countries lack the will to transform their economic structures，Also lacks the ability to adjust economic structure。Due to the failure to take advantage of the favorable opportunity of economic growth to adjust the economic structure in a timely manner，Making its economy more vulnerable，Strong constraints on its transition to high-income or developed countries。

Most countries have not yet successfully escaped from the “middle-income trap”。Although some app bet365 download entered the ranks of middle-income countries earlier，But it stays in this state for a long time。By 2020，Argentina has been stuck in middle-income status for 58 years，Mexico 46 years，Brazil 45 years，Colombia 41 years。Many countries missed the opportunity to leapfrog to high-income levels at critical moments。The 1980s were the “lost 10 years” for the Latin American economy。After more than 20 years of decline and ups and downs，Latin America ushered in the “golden decade” from 2004 to 2013，The average annual GDP growth rate exceeds 5%，The international community is full of optimism that app bet365 download will escape the "middle-income trap"。However，Under the superimposed influence of multiple internal and external factors，Latin America’s economy began to decline after 2014，The average annual GDP growth rate from 2014 to 2019 is only 0.4%，The lowest growth period since 1950。Latin America’s economy is in even worse shape due to the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic，The average annual GDP growth rate is expected to decrease by 9% in 2020.1%，Per capita GDP will decrease by 9.9%。Many app bet365 download may once again lose the opportunity to escape the "middle-income trap"。

In the social field，Many social development problems are deeply rooted，The bottleneck of social governance is difficult to break。Some countries in Latin America have been plagued by the problem of "poverty"。No matter in the economic upturn or downturn，There has always been a large-scale poverty group。around 1970，Poor and extremely poor households account for 40% and 19% of the total households respectively。1980s，Poverty problem exacerbated by economic crisis，The number of poor and extremely poor people increased by 61.3 million and 29.5 million respectively。After the 1990s，Due to economic improvement and increased poverty alleviation measures，Poverty has been slightly alleviated，But still not down to pre-crisis levels in the 1980s。around 2003，The total number of poor people in Latin America is 2.1.3 billion，0 of them are extremely poor.8.8 billion。After the 21st century，The “golden 10 years” of the Latin American economy was also a period when poverty continued to be alleviated。The poverty rate in Latin America in 2002 was 45.4%，In 2008 and 2014, they dropped to 33% and 27% respectively.8%。Many people believed optimistically at the time，app bet365 download will escape from the “poverty trap”。After 2014，Economic downturn causes poverty rate to rebound，But still at a historical low of around 30%。2020，The spread of the new coronavirus epidemic has shattered expectations for economic recovery in Latin America，It also shattered its dream of escaping poverty。Estimated 2020，The number of poor people in Latin America will reach 2.3.9 billion，37 of the total population.3%，The number of people living in extreme poverty will increase to 96.2 million。The poverty reduction achievements of more than ten years in the 21st century are at risk of being wiped out。

app bet365 download have not been able to effectively solve the problem of social "inequality"。Latin America has a long history of inequality。This inequality is manifested in inequality of results，Also manifested as unequal opportunities。Whether it is in a period of economic growth or recession，Income distribution in Latin America has been worsening，The degree of unfairness is higher than the recognized warning level。Poor populations and groups are often racial (minority)、Characteristics in terms of geography (remoteness) and education (low level)，The poor groups are relatively solidified，Lack of opportunities for social advancement。app bet365 download are increasingly aware of it，The importance of redoubling efforts to build a more equal society and vigorously promote the process of building a fair society。But inequality in Latin America is still very serious，has become a major obstacle to development。

app bet365 download have failed to fundamentally solve social governance problems。The problems in Latin American society are deep-rooted，Not properly resolved for a long time，Some problems are even getting worse。Eradication of poverty、In addition to traditional issues such as inequality and polarization between rich and poor，New social problems are also emerging，Such as informal housing and slum sprawl、Unconventional proliferation of informal employment、Intensified social exclusion、Deterioration of social security、Social conflicts intensify、Intensified social conflicts, etc.。Violent activities、Organized crime、Non-traditional security issues caused by drug cultivation and trafficking，It also increases the difficulty of building a country governed by the rule of law，Endangering national development and progress。

　　Favorable conditions for future app bet365 download

app bet365 download must achieve development，Has a series of favorable conditions。In the long and tortuous modernization process，app bet365 download have emerged from historical cycles of political and social instability，Achieved sustained relative stability，The overall development environment has been improved。Since entering the 21st century，Public dissatisfaction is still strong，But trust in public institutions and satisfaction with various public utilities are slowly increasing。In the process of exploring new development paths，National development strategies of major political forces in app bet365 download、Especially to maintain political and social stability、Achieved greater consensus in promoting harmonious economic and social development，The social governance environment tends to be favorable。

app bet365 download have huge development potential。Latin America is rich in natural resources, energy and mineral resources，Many countries are established manufacturing powers，Good industrial foundation，Strong development potential。Latin American market has large capacity，More developed education，Higher quality of labor force，More culturally compatible。app bet365 download have accumulated rich experience in dealing with economic and social crises，The awareness of resisting external shocks has been significantly enhanced。In the international situation，The status of app bet365 download is more important，World powers attach great importance to the huge development potential of the Latin American market，Competing to expand the areas of cooperation with them。International organizations and academic circles generally believe that，Latin America is a land full of vitality、A continent with huge development potential。

However，The favorable development conditions in Latin America do not mean that these conditions and potentials can be realized automatically，It does not mean that app bet365 download can naturally achieve economic success、Healthy development of politics and society。To achieve sustained political stability、Economic growth continues、Continuous progress of society，app bet365 download need to start from their own realities，Fundamentally overcome institutional defects and fragility，Improve system effectiveness and efficiency；Fundamentally eliminate the fragility of the economic structure，Get rid of dependence and peripheral status；Fundamentally solve many social development problems，Maintain social harmony and stability。And all of this，All rely on app bet365 download to effectively strengthen their governance capabilities，Improve governance level。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of app bet365 download Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)