Starting from the preparation and implementation of the first five-year plan to develop the national economy in 1953 (referred to as the "First Five-Year Plan")，The end of the “13th Five-Year Plan” by 2020，The "Five-Year Plan (Planning)" almost accompanied the entire process of the growth of New China，Played an important role in the country’s economic and social development。Reviewing the preparation and implementation process of the “Five-Year Plan (Planning)”，Summary of the experience，Helps us better implement the upcoming “14th Five-Year Plan”。

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Taking 1980 and 2005 as the boundary，my country’s “Five-Year Plan (Planning)” can be divided into three stages。The first stage is from the “1st Five-Year Plan” to the “5th Five-Year Plan” period，The second stage is from the “Sixth Five-Year Plan” to the “Tenth Five-Year Plan” period，The third stage is the period from the “11th Five-Year Plan” to the “13th Five-Year Plan”。Each stage has distinctive characteristics。

From the “First Five-Year Plan” to the “Fifth Five-Year Plan”。Before 1980，China has gone through a total of 5 “Five-Year Plans”，Constrained by productivity and production relations，The "Five-Year Plan" system did not operate smoothly during this period。

After the founding of New China，The core task of economic construction is always to accelerate industrialization。At the beginning of the founding of New China，Our country is a country that has experienced imperialism for more than a hundred years、An agricultural country with triple oppression and exploitation by feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism and long-term war，Large population、Weak foundation，It can be said that "the world is exhausted，The people have no cover”，And the international environment we face is also very severe。In order to ensure national security，There must be a strong defense industry，This requires giving priority to the rapid development of heavy industry。Due to the very weak industrial base at that time，General shortage of various elements，The people have not yet solved the problem of food and clothing，In order to ensure priority and rapid development of heavy industry，We can only implement socialist transformation to ensure social stability under high accumulation，And on this basis, a command planned economic system with centralized use of resources was established。

Once the single public ownership and planned economic system are established，Plan management faces economic uncertainty、Trouble with incomplete information and lagging information。First, agriculture at that time had not yet gotten rid of the backward state of "depending on the sky for food"，The degree of abundance is uncertain，Seriously affecting the timely and accurate formulation of the entire annual plan。Second, industrial enterprises are generally small in scale、Low management level，Lack of market competition mechanism，It is also difficult to make plans scientifically and accurately。In these 5 "Five-Year Plans"，Except for the fact that the "First Five-Year Plan" was compiled late (the plan was not officially adopted until more than two and a half years after its implementation) and bet365 Play online games most of the time it was mainly a guiding plan，Therefore, it is the best "Five-Year Plan" to prepare and execute，The subsequent four "Five-Year Plans" have not formed a formal plan，The annual plan is also in the "one-year plan，The inefficient state of planning for one year。

In order to mobilize production enthusiasm under the planned economic system，In 1958 when the "Second Five-Year Plan" started，The central government delegates economic management authority to local governments and enterprises。However，The key to the healthy operation of the planned economy lies in the "comprehensive balance" of various departments。After decentralization of management rights，Various places、Departments ignore comprehensive balance requirements，Causing imbalances in the national economy，The "Second Five-Year Plan" had to turn to "adjustment"。Adjustment work lasted from 1961 to 1965，As a result, the implementation of the "Third Five-Year Plan" that was supposed to start in 1963 was postponed until 1966。Due to special reasons，From the "Second Five-Year Plan" to the "Fifth Five-Year Plan", neither was formally formed or announced。

However，This does not mean that the “Five-Year Plan” during this period was ineffective。Opposite，Every "Five-Year Plan" period has completed important historical missions to a certain extent。The "First Five-Year Plan" (1953-1957) was the best-completed "Five-Year Plan" during this period，It guided the foundation of China’s industrialization，Completed socialist transformation。The "Second Five-Year Plan" (1958-1963) also prompted a relatively widespread industrial investment across the country，All areas were filled in during the adjustments from 1961 to 1965、Jackie Chan supporting work，China’s industrialization level has thus reached a new level。The "Third Five-Year Plan" (1966-1970) and the "Fourth Five-Year Plan" (1971-1975) focused on the defense industry and the "third-line construction" field，Consolidated national defense security，It also accelerated the economic development of the vast central and western regions，Make the productivity layout area reasonable。The economy fluctuated greatly during the "Fifth Five-Year Plan" (1976-1980)。1979，The national economy has entered a new round of adjustment。This adjustment has brought China’s industrialization level to a higher level，Laid the foundation for rapid development in the 1980s。

　　Getting better

From the “Sixth Five-Year Plan” to the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”。The "Sixth Five-Year Plan" (1981-1985) is the first "Five-Year Plan" after the reform and opening up，The direction of the reform was not yet clear at that time，So the “Sixth Five-Year Plan” still has obvious planned economy features。The “Sixth Five-Year Plan” is divided into five parts，Respectively: basic tasks and comprehensive indicators、Development plans of various economic sectors、Regional Economic Development Plan、Scientific Research and Educational Development Plan、Social Development Plan。Because it was born during the period of economic adjustment，The indicators of the “Sixth Five-Year Plan” are relatively stable，This creates a more relaxed environment for the adjustment of the national economy，Reform and opening up have released unprecedented vitality，Economic growth and efficiency exceeded expectations。

The "Seventh Five-Year Plan" (1986-1990) was born after the comprehensive reform and opening up，The content takes into account the dual missions of reform and development，The chapter layout has bet365 best casino games the dual characteristics of planned economy and market economy。The "Seventh Five-Year Plan" opens the first chapters of "Foreign Economic, Trade and Technical Exchanges", "Investment Structure and Investment Policies", and "Goals and Tasks of Economic System Reform"，Reflects the requirements of reform and opening up。In addition，The "Seventh Five-Year Plan" divides science and technology and education into two articles，Separate “spiritual civilization construction” from “social construction”，Reflects the emphasis on science and education，And the pursuit of high material civilization and high spiritual civilization in socialist construction。

"Seventh Five-Year Plan Period"，The overheating of the economy has become very obvious。Various places、The scale of investment in various departments and the consumption of social groups has expanded rapidly。However，Raw materials、Industries such as energy and transportation are still very weak，Excess demand has led to tight supply and demand in these industries，Causing price increases，People’s lives are affected，The dual-track price system adopted at that time caused economic chaos such as speculation。

The "Eighth Five-Year Plan" (1991-1995) was formulated in the context of governance rectification。1992，The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the reform goals of the socialist market economy，Mobilized the enthusiasm of enterprises and people，So the targets of the “Eighth Five-Year Plan” were adjusted significantly in 1993，Increase the average annual economic growth rate from 6% to 8%-9%。During this period，The government focuses on building a macro-control system under market economy conditions；State-owned enterprises are exploring the establishment of a modern enterprise system，Committed to becoming self-operated、Market entities that are responsible for their own profits and losses。During the Eighth Five-Year Plan，GNP grows at an average annual rate of 12%，The average annual growth rate of the primary industry is 4.1%，The average annual growth rate of the secondary industry is 17.3%，Both exceeded the adjusted indicators in 1993。Social productivity、Comprehensive national strength and people’s living standards have reached a new level。

Against the above background，The "Ninth Five-Year Plan" (1996-2000) came out，The content breaks through the "Seventh Five-Year Plan"、The framework of the “Eighth Five-Year Plan”，Reflects the distinctive characteristics of the socialist market economy。First, the chapter "Macro-control Objectives and Policies" has been added。The second is to add two new articles: "Implementing the Strategy of Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education" and "Implementing the Strategy of Sustainable Development"。Third, the planning of the industrial structure breaks through the division of industrial categories during the planned economy period，Change to one、二、Modern division method of three industries，And the full title is "Maintaining sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy"，Coordinate various industrial development plans。It can be seen，From the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”，The “Five-Year Plan” begins to focus on adjusting the industrial structure、Change the way of economic development。In addition，The "Ninth Five-Year Plan" also added a chapter on "Promoting the Great Cause of Peaceful Reunification of the Motherland"，More comprehensive content。bet365 Play online games During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period，The average annual GDP growth rate is 8.3%，Much higher than the world average 3 for the same period.8% growth rate。The “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period is still a period of rapid growth in national fiscal revenue，Average annual growth 16.5%，Cumulative revenue in 5 years exceeds 5 trillion yuan，1 more than during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period.3 times。

The “Tenth Five-Year Plan” (2001-2005) continues the ideas of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”，And keep pace with the times by adding new content such as "Western Development" and "Urbanization Strategy" within the original framework。At the same time，The “Tenth Five-Year Plan” separates “democracy and legal system” from the “Spiritual Civilization” chapter of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”，A separate article，Reflecting on political construction、Attach importance to governing the country according to law。This plan also includes a new chapter on “National Defense Construction”，Make the layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics more complete。

　　Accelerate transformation

From the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” to the “13th Five-Year Plan”。Since 2006，The "Five-Year Plan" was renamed as the "Five-Year Plan"，Further downplaying the color of planned economy。From the “11th Five-Year Plan” to the “13th Five-Year Plan”，The length of the plan continues to increase，Continuously enriching content，More emphasis。The "Five-Year Plan" system plays an increasingly important role in national economic and social development。

The "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" (2006-2010) is under the guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development，Established six strategic priorities。First, build a new socialist countryside，The second is to accelerate economic structural adjustment and growth mode transformation，The third is to promote coordinated regional development，The fourth is to focus on enhancing the ability of independent innovation，The fifth is to deepen reform and expand opening up，The sixth is to strive to build a harmonious society。During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan”，Despite the world financial crisis，Gross domestic product still grows at an average annual rate of more than 11%，Greatly exceeded the planned 7.5%；The average annual growth rate of GDP per capita is 10.6%，Greatly exceeded the planned 6.6%，This is the period of rapid economic growth after the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period since the reform and opening up。

The “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” (2011-2015) continues the framework of the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan”，Further implement the Scientific Outlook on Development。At the same time，Split the social construction part into "improving people's livelihood，Establishing and improving the basic public service system” and “treating both the symptoms and root causes，Strengthening and innovating social management” two articles。This not only reflects the increasing emphasis on social construction，Also demonstrates the implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development、The necessity and urgency of building a harmonious socialist society。During the "12th Five-Year Plan"，As the entire national economy enters the "three-phase superposition" (that is, the development speed shifting period、Painful period of industrial structure adjustment、Preliminary stimulus policy digestion period)，Economic growth rate has slowed down，Start to shift from high speed to high quality development stage。

The “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” (2016-2020) is the last “Five-Year Plan” before building a moderately bet365 best casino games prosperous society in an all-round way，It is also the first “Five-Year Plan” after economic development enters the new normal。It bears both urgent and arduous development tasks，To complete the critical task of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way，Undertaking complex and arduous transformation tasks，We must accelerate supply-side structural reform and resolve systemic financial risks。The key to completing these two tasks，To promote high-quality economic development。For this，The “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” highlights the two sources of power: “innovation” and “reform”，mentioned “implementing innovation-driven development strategy” and “building a new development system” in prominent positions in the second and third articles。

“The 13th Five-Year Plan also implements innovation、Coordination、Green、Open、Shared new development concepts，Focus on long-term development，Added many new chapters，For example, adding chapters such as "expanding network economic space", "building modern infrastructure network" and "promoting new urbanization"。At the same time，The “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” is based on the new situation，Deployed some key tasks，Three major battles、Regional coordinated development strategy、“One Belt, One Road” construction、Participate in global economic governance、Incorporate Hong Kong and Macao into the overall development of the country、Building a healthy China、Improving the social governance system、Establishing a national security system、Construction of China under the rule of law、Deep military-civilian integration、Strengthen the construction of party style and clean government and fight against corruption、Play the core role of the party’s leadership, etc.。

Overall view，The “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” adopts top-level design thinking，Proposed a series of grand patterns、Major strategic initiatives with long-term goals，While solving many remaining problems of the traditional development model，Laid the foundation for more balanced and adequate development。

　　Basic experience

Reviewing the history of the preparation and implementation of the "Five-Year Plan (Planning)"，There are three main basic experiences worth paying attention to。

First，The implementation effect of the “Five-Year Plan (Planning)”，Closely related to the national medium and long-term development strategy。The national medium and long-term development strategy formulated by the Communist Party of China，Is the fundamental pointer of the "Five-Year Plan"。The tasks of the “Five-Year Plan”，It is to implement the medium and long-term development strategy step by step。Under this development deployment，Proposition of the goal of “building a moderately bet365 best casino games prosperous society in all respects”、The formulation of the "three-step" strategy，In line with the basic national conditions in the primary stage of socialism，Not only the goals of the first two steps are completed ahead of schedule，And the third step is to “basically realize modernization by the middle of the 21st century”，It is also expected to be completed ahead of schedule in 2035。

Second，The implementation effect of the “Five-Year Plan (Planning)”，Closely related to the basic economic system。In the period of socialist market economy，The operation of the "Five-Year Plan" is becoming increasingly efficient。The reason，Under the conditions of socialist market economy，Recognize the independent operation of micro entities、The right to be responsible for your own profits and losses，The government focuses on macro-control and strategic management，bet365 Play online games Combines the dual advantages of “effective market” and “promising government”。This explains，The two means of planning and market，Can cooperate effectively，Jointly promote the development of productivity。

　Third，The "Five-Year Plan (Planning)" has become a blueprint for development、Important institutional arrangements for improving national governance。"Five-Year Plan (Planning)" System，It can not only decompose and implement the macro strategy in a more specific manner，It can also organically integrate development plans in various fields，It is a programmatic document that takes into account both specificity and completeness，It has strong guiding significance for national development。As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era，People’s demands for a better life continue to increase，The content of the "Five-Year Plan (Planning)" is also richer and more comprehensive，From the initial "two-in-one" economic construction and social construction，has expanded into today’s economic construction、Political Construction、Cultural Construction、The overall layout of the “five-in-one” social construction and ecological civilization construction。

　　The beginning of a new journey

Current，Victory in building a moderately bet365 best casino games prosperous society in all respects，China is about to embark on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern and powerful socialist country。The “14th Five-Year Plan” carries the historical mission of starting a new journey，Mainly reflected in the following four aspects。

First，From the perspective of people’s lives，The “14th Five-Year Plan” will respond to the people’s demands for a better life。Over the past few decades，We take "comprehensive moderate prosperity" as our phased goal，This is mainly a quantitative indicator，We can basically achieve this through economic growth。However，With the changes in the main contradictions in society and the establishment of a comprehensive moderately prosperous society，People’s yearning for a better life，Will be more than just a quantitative indicator，It is a collection of multiple quantitative and qualitative indicators，The implementation of these indicators，Can only be satisfied through balanced and sufficient high-quality development。Therefore，The “14th Five-Year Plan” will clearly show the people across the country a concrete picture of a better life and a realistic path to a better life。

Second，From the perspective of industrial and technological progress，The “14th Five-Year Plan” will make plans for the future。China’s industrialization is coming to an end，The catch-up development strategy is about to be completed，China has changed from “following” to “following” in the fields of industry and technology、Parallel running、The state of coexistence of "leading"。This change in status，It means that we no longer have ready-made role models to imitate in many fields，The formulation of the “Five-Year Plan” will inevitably become more difficult。The “14th Five-Year Plan” will not only predict the direction of future industrial and technological development，We will also make plans for unpredictable technological development directions。

　Third，From the perspective of national economic operation，The "14th Five-Year Plan" will answer how to form a new development pattern of "dual circulation"。China’s economy has the distinctive feature of “both ends are outside”。Past，During the period of stable international economic situation，This bet365 best casino games model helps accelerate domestic economic development。Today，The international economic situation is violently turbulent，This model makes the domestic economy vulnerable to shocks。China must become a powerful modern socialist country，Must establish independence、Virtuous cycle of national economic operation system，Therefore, the central government proposed “taking domestic circulation as the main body、The new development pattern of domestic and international dual cycles reinforcing each other。The "14th Five-Year Plan" is responsible for laying the foundation for the "dual circulation" pattern。Specifically，To answer how to transform production、How to increase residents’ income、How to boost domestic consumption、How to accelerate development in the central and western regions、A series of issues such as how to revitalize rural areas。The “14th Five-Year Plan” will promote the most profound transformation of China’s economic structure since the reform and opening up。

　Fourth，From a world economic perspective，The “14th Five-Year Plan” will answer the question of how China can play a greater role in the world。Today，The world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century，China is increasingly moving closer to the center of the world stage，It is necessary to assume more international responsibilities。First, we must use our own development to drive other countries to develop together，The second is to play a leading role in human progress in science, technology, culture and other fields，The third is to deal with climate change、Disaster、Showing responsibility as a major country in facing common threats such as plague。How to do what you can within your capabilities，Assume our international responsibilities，At the same time, in the process, we will promote the reform of the international order in a more equitable direction，This is also a question that the “14th Five-Year Plan” will answer。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Contemporary China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences；School of Marxism, Central University of Finance and Economics)