Since the founding of New China，China’s app bet365 download system has experienced changes from cooperativeization、From the "unification" of communes to the "division" of the household responsibility system，To the "combination" of the new collective economy；From a highly centralized planning system to market-oriented reforms in various fields，To comprehensively deepen reforms；From the "integration of politics and society" of people's communes to "app bet365 download politics and village governance"，Return to good app bet365 download governance；From the dual system of urban and app bet365 download separation to urban and app bet365 download coordination、Integration of urban and app bet365 download development，Then to the transformation of the system and mechanism of urban-app bet365 download integrated development。Despite some twists and turns，But overall，Since the founding of New China，my country’s app bet365 download economic development has made brilliant achievements，National grain output and comprehensive agricultural production capacity have steadily increased，app bet365 download industrial integration is further promoted，Farmers’ income and consumption levels have increased significantly，The app bet365 download economy has undergone earth-shaking changes，The app bet365 download poverty population has been significantly reduced，Making great contributions to promoting world agricultural development, especially ensuring world food security and global poverty reduction。

　　Development History

The reform and opening up in 1978 was an important watershed in the development of China’s app bet365 download economy。Dividing the stages of China’s app bet365 download economic development since the reform and opening up，So far, the academic community has not formed a unanimous opinion。In fact，The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2002 put forward the requirement of “coordinating urban and app bet365 download development”，Gradually shift the focus of app bet365 download reform and development from within the countryside to between urban and app bet365 download areas，Is an important dividing point。According to these two dividing points，The development process of my country’s app bet365 download economy since the founding of New China can generally be divided into collectivization development (1949-1978)、Three stages of market-oriented development (1979-2002) and urban-app bet365 download integrated development (2003 to present)。

　　Collectivization development stage.At the beginning of the founding of New China，Severe inequality in app bet365 download population and land ownership in China。To change this unreasonable situation，The Central People's Government announced the implementation of the "Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China" on June 30, 1950，Then started in East China、Zhongnan、Southwest、Large-scale land reform movements are launched in the newly liberated areas such as northwest China。By the end of 1952，Except Xinjiang、Tibet and other ethnic minority areas and outside Taiwan，Basically completed the land reform task，More than 300 million landless and landless farmers across the country have received about 700 million acres of land and other means of production for free。Land reform has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers，Agricultural production has developed rapidly。From 1949 to 1952，National grain production increased by 44.8%，Oil increased by 63.5%，Cotton、Sugar、Fruit and tea production have more than doubled，The output of aquatic products increased by 2.72 times。

After the land reform task is basically completed，In 1953, the central government formally proposed the general line for the transitional period，Required within a considerable period of time，Gradually realize the country’s socialist industrialization，And the state’s response to agriculture、Socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce。To ensure the realization of socialist industrialization，The country has implemented three important systems that have a profound impact on agricultural and app bet365 download development，Including promoting agricultural co-operation and collectivization、Implement a unified purchasing and marketing system for agricultural products and implement a dual urban and app bet365 download household registration management system。During this period，app bet365 download economic development is relatively slow。

　　Market-oriented development stage.Since 1978，China has entered a new historical period of reform, opening up and socialist modernization。China’s reform started in app bet365 download areas。During 1979-2002，China’s app bet365 download reform is mainly concentrated within the countryside，Focus on giving back life and returning power，On the basis of establishing and improving the basic app bet365 download management system，Promote market-oriented reforms in various fields。This period，Based on household joint production contract management、The establishment of the basic app bet365 download management system of unified division and dual-layer management，The sudden rise of township enterprises，Reforms in the fields of price and circulation and implementation of the app bet365 download political and village governance system，Both provide important support and institutional guarantee for app bet365 download economic development。

This kind of market-oriented reform has greatly mobilized farmers’ enthusiasm for production，Stimulated the vitality of app bet365 download development，Strongly promotes app bet365 download economic development。1979-2002，The average annual per capita disposable income of app bet365 download households increased by 7.3%，Higher than urban household growth rate 0.6 percentage points。Especially，Implementation of household responsibility system，Greatly promotes agricultural growth and farmers’ income。1979-1985，The average annual per capita disposable income of app bet365 download households increased by 15.2%，8% higher than the growth rate of urban households.2 percentage points。However，Since the focus of economic system reform shifted to cities in 1985，The income growth rate of app bet365 download residents is significantly lower than that of urban residents。1986-2002，The average annual per capita disposable income of app bet365 download households increased by 4.2%，2 lower than the growth rate of urban households.3 percentage points。

　　The urban-app bet365 download integrated development stage.Since 2003，With the continuous advancement of reform, opening up and urbanization，China’s app bet365 download development has entered a new stage of urban-app bet365 download integration。The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed “Five Coordination”，And prioritize urban and app bet365 download development；The Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee proposed “accelerating the formation of a new pattern of integrated urban and app bet365 download economic and social development as a fundamental requirement”。The report of the 18th National Congress proposed “promoting the integration of urban and app bet365 download development”，The report of the 19th National Congress once again emphasized the need to "establish and improve the institutional mechanisms and policy systems for urban and app bet365 download integrated development"。During this period，The country has launched the construction of a new socialist countryside，Implemented the poverty alleviation and app bet365 download revitalization strategy，Introduced a series of policies to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers and enrich farmers，Including abolishing agricultural taxes and improving the agricultural support and protection system。The focus has also expanded from the simple app bet365 download interior to the urban-app bet365 download relationship，The core is to comprehensively deepen app bet365 download reform，Adjusting the national income distribution structure，Promote farmers’ sustained income increase and fight poverty，Promote urban-app bet365 download integration and coordinated development。

During this period，In the context of urban-app bet365 download integrated development，Comprehensive deepening of various app bet365 download reforms，Powerfully promoted the development of app bet365 download economy，Farmers’ income continues to grow rapidly，Great results have been achieved in app bet365 download poverty reduction。2003-2019，The average annual per capita disposable income of app bet365 download households increased by 8.2%，Higher than urban household growth rate 0.3 percentage points，0% higher than the growth rate of app bet365 download households from 1979 to 2002.9 percentage points。Especially，Since 2010，The growth rate of per capita disposable income of Chinese app bet365 download households continues to exceed that of urban households，The average annual growth rate from 2010 to 2019 reached 8.6%，Higher than urban household growth rate 1.8 percentage points。This shows，China’s app bet365 download economy has entered the track of sustained and rapid development，Reform and innovation have become an important driving force for app bet365 download economic development。

　　Achievements and Experience

Since the founding of New China，China’s app bet365 download economic development has made brilliant achievements。Especially，The agricultural economy shows continued growth，The agricultural industry structure is constantly optimized，The integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries is accelerating。Based on comparable price，The average annual growth rate of China’s agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery output value from 1953 to 2019 is 4.5%，Among them，1979-2019 is 5.5%。For agriculture with typical weak quality，This is a higher growth rate。At the same time，The level of agricultural science and technology and equipment has been significantly improved，Agricultural production methods have undergone profound changes。1949，China’s agricultural science and technology progress contribution rate is less than 20.0%，In the early days of reform and opening up, there were only 27.0%，Rapidly increase to 59 by 2019.2%，Basically achieving full coverage of improved varieties of major crops。The agricultural production method has changed from relying mainly on manpower、The historic transformation from animal power to mainly relying on mechanical power，The comprehensive mechanization rate of crop farming and harvesting nationwide in 2019 has exceeded 70%.0%，In 1978, the national agricultural comprehensive mechanization rate was only 19.7%。app bet365 download industrial integration has also been accelerating in recent years。

With the rapid development of agriculture and app bet365 download economy，The income and living standards of app bet365 download residents have increased significantly，Achieved a historic leap from poverty to food and clothing to moderate prosperity and then to overall moderate prosperity。At the beginning of the founding of New China，The income level of Chinese app bet365 download residents is extremely low，In a state of extreme poverty。1949，The per capita net income of app bet365 download residents nationwide is only 43.8 yuan，There were only 57 in 1952.0 yuan。From 1978 to 2019，The per capita disposable income of app bet365 download residents increased from 133.6 yuan increased to 16020.7 yuan，Nominal increase of 118.9 times，Average annual real growth 7.67%，Higher growth rate than urban residents 0.5 percentage points。During this period，The number of app bet365 download poor nationwide has decreased by 7.6.5 billion people，Poverty incidence rate from 97.5% dropped to 0.6%，China’s contribution to poverty reduction has reached two-thirds of the world。The consumption level of app bet365 download residents is also growing rapidly，The average annual actual growth rate from 1979 to 2019 reached 7.3%，1 higher than the growth rate of urban residents.0 percentage points。By 2019，The Engel coefficient of app bet365 download residents has dropped to 30.0%。

Reviewing the development process of my country’s app bet365 download economy since the founding of New China，Mainly have basic experience in the following aspects。

First, always tighten the string of food security and never relax。Since the founding of New China，Whether it is in a food shortage or a relatively relaxed environment，The central government has always attached great importance to food security issues，Put ensuring national food security at the top of economic and social development，The strictest farmland protection system has been implemented，Formulated and implemented a series of grain macro-control and support policies，Comprehensively strengthen food production、Circulation、Reserve capacity building，Effectively improve the level of national food security。Due to food shortage，New China’s food security strategy initially focused on ensuring increased grain production，Later gradually moved towards capability safety、Quality and safety、Changes in multi-dimensional goals such as ecological security。October 1996，For the first time, China has clearly proposed “based on domestic resources，Food security strategy to achieve basic food self-sufficiency，And requires the food self-sufficiency rate to be no less than 95% under normal circumstances。December 2013，The Central Economic Work Conference also proposed "put me first" based on the new situation、Based on domestic、Ensure production capacity、Moderate import、New food security strategy supported by science and technology，Established "basic self-sufficiency in grains"、New food security goal of “absolutely safe food rations”。Over 70 years of experience shows，Ensuring national food security is to maintain social stability、An important prerequisite for ensuring the operation of the national economy，Never relax the string of ensuring national food security at any time。

The second is to fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of farmers。Looking at the development process since the founding of New China，Some major events affecting app bet365 download economic development，For example, the household contract responsibility system、Township enterprises and villagers’ self-government, etc.，These are all great innovations by Chinese farmers。Farmers have always been the main body of app bet365 download reform and development，We must adhere to the people-centered concept，Effectively protect farmers’ economic interests，Respect farmers’ democratic rights，Give full play to the main role and pioneering spirit of farmers，Enable farmers to fully share the fruits of reform and development，Taking the road of common prosperity。Proven by practical experience，Only by fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers、Initiative and creativity，In order to stimulate the internal vitality of app bet365 download economic development，app bet365 download reform and development can achieve success。

The third is to adhere to the general policy of giving priority to the development of agriculture and app bet365 download areas。Since the founding of New China，The central government has always regarded agriculture as the basis of the national economy。In 2003, it was clearly stated that solving the "three app bet365 download" issues should be the top priority of the whole party's work，In 2017, it was further proposed to “adhere to the priority development of agriculture and app bet365 download areas”。From "basics" to "top priority" to "priority development"，Reflects the continuity and continuous deepening of the national "agriculture, app bet365 download areas and farmers" policy。Under the new situation，We must build a new type of relationship between workers, peasants, and urban and app bet365 download areas，Accelerate the modernization of agriculture and app bet365 download areas，Promote common prosperity between urban and app bet365 download areas，We must give priority to agricultural and app bet365 download development。Priority development，That is, the government gives priority in public resource allocation and policy support。Adhere to the priority development of agriculture and app bet365 download areas，It is the need to make up for the shortcomings of agriculture and app bet365 download areas。For this，To strengthen top-level design，Improving institutional mechanisms and policy systems，And in feature configuration、Public Services、cadre team、Support conditions、Support policies, etc.，Put agriculture and app bet365 download areas in a priority position，Really tilt towards agriculture and app bet365 download areas。

The fourth is to comprehensively deepen app bet365 download reform with a market orientation。Reform and innovation are the first driving force for app bet365 download economic development。More than 40 years of practical experience in reform shows，app bet365 download reform must be within the framework of the socialist market economy，Properly handle the government and the market、The relationship between farmers and land，Consolidate and improve the basic app bet365 download management system，Keep app bet365 download land contract relations stable and unchanged for a long time，At the same time, we must comprehensively deepen app bet365 download land、Collective property rights、Collective forest rights、Supply and Marketing Cooperative、Farming、Various reforms such as credit unions。Pass market-oriented reform，Comprehensive activation of app bet365 download development factors、Subject and market，Promote the two-way flow of urban and app bet365 download factors and optimize the allocation of resources，Strive to stimulate the internal vitality and motivation of app bet365 download economic development。In the process of promoting app bet365 download reform，A bottom-up and top-down approach must be adopted，Effectively connect grassroots innovation with top-level design through pilot experiments。Only this way，In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the grassroots，At the same time, grasp the correct direction of reform。

The fifth is to strengthen the supporting role of science and technology and talents。Over 70 years of experience shows，The fundamental way out for agricultural development lies in technological innovation，The modernization of agriculture and app bet365 download areas requires strong support from science and technology and talents。The Party Central Committee has always attached great importance to agricultural scientific and technological innovation，Continuously increase investment in scientific research funds，Gradually established a national agricultural science and technology innovation system and technology extension service system。It is scientific and technological innovation, especially agricultural machinery、The application of new agricultural technologies and the cultivation and promotion of new varieties，Such as the large-scale promotion of hybrid rice and hybrid corn varieties，Played an important role in increasing grain production and agricultural development。At the same time，The state attaches great importance to the cultivation of "agriculture, app bet365 download areas and farmers" talents, especially practical local talents，Gradually formed a national agricultural education system、New professional farmer training system and app bet365 download talent training system，Established a large-scale "three app bet365 download" talent team，Provides solid talent support for agricultural and app bet365 download development。

　　Medium and long-term outlook

Current，The mission of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and winning the battle against poverty is about to be achieved。Building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way、After achieving the first centenary goal，China will enter a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country、A new stage of development towards the second centenary goal。China’s modernization cannot be separated from the modernization of agriculture and app bet365 download areas，On the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country，Urgent need to speed up the process of agricultural and app bet365 download modernization，Accelerate the transformation from a large agricultural country to a powerful agricultural country。Agricultural and app bet365 download modernization is the overall goal of the app bet365 download revitalization strategy，Building a modern agricultural power is an indispensable and important part of comprehensively building a modern and powerful socialist country。In accordance with the national app bet365 download revitalization strategic plan，Basically realize agricultural and app bet365 download modernization by 2035，Comprehensive revitalization of app bet365 download areas by 2050，Strong agriculture、app bet365 download Beauty、Farmers become rich in an all-round way。This points out the direction for future app bet365 download economic development and app bet365 download revitalization。

Agricultural and app bet365 download modernization has rich connotations，It is app bet365 download industrial modernization including agricultural modernization、Ecological modernization、Cultural modernization、The organic whole of the "five-in-one" modernization of app bet365 download governance and modernization of farmers' lives。According to our research，Calculated based on 2035 target value，The degree of realization of agricultural and app bet365 download modernization in 2018 was 66.1%，Calculated based on 2050 target value，Its implementation level is 54.2%，All in the mid-term stage。If we proceed according to the average growth rate from 2010 to 2018，Overall，By 2035, China can basically achieve the goal of realizing agricultural and app bet365 download modernization，The goal of fully realizing agricultural and app bet365 download modernization can be reached by 2050。However，Look at different fields，The current processes in various aspects are quite different，The modernization process of app bet365 download industries is the fastest，The cultural modernization process in app bet365 download areas is the slowest，The modernization of app bet365 download governance also lags behind。Therefore，Accelerate the modernization of agriculture and app bet365 download areas，Must concentrate on making up for the shortcomings，Strengthen weak links。

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which has just concluded successfully, reaffirmed its insistence on solving the "agriculture, app bet365 download areas and farmers" issues as the top priority of the whole party's work，And clearly proposed the comprehensive implementation of the app bet365 download revitalization strategy，This provides an excellent opportunity to accelerate app bet365 download economic development。However，Should also see，The current app bet365 download economic development still faces severe challenges in many aspects。First, the cost of food production continues to rise；Second, China’s agricultural production is dominated by small-scale decentralized operations，It is still difficult to adapt to the needs of agricultural modernization and green transformation；Third, in recent years, farmers’ income growth has increasingly relied on wage income and net transfer income，Net operating income and net property income contribute little；Fourthly, with the rapid advancement of urbanization，A large number of app bet365 download labor force, especially those with higher education、The young and middle-aged labor force with good cultural quality continues to move to cities and towns，Increased the difficulty of village layout planning adjustment and talent revitalization；Fifth, various existing app bet365 download resources need to be activated。For this，Need to comprehensively deepen app bet365 download reform，Make every effort to solve the above problems and contradictions，Actively respond to various challenges，Comprehensively stimulate the internal vitality of app bet365 download development。

In accelerating the process of agricultural and app bet365 download modernization，We still need to work hard to solve the following three key issues。First, achieve equalization of basic public services in urban and app bet365 download areas。By 2035，To achieve the goal of equalization of basic public services，First of all, we must solve the problem of urbanization of agricultural transfer population as soon as possible，Achieving basic public services covering all urban permanent residents。On this basis，Inclusion of app bet365 download population，Achieve basic public services covering all urban and app bet365 download residents。This means，Before 2035，To achieve the synchronization of urbanization and citizenization and the integration of urban and app bet365 download social security、Balanced allocation of urban and app bet365 download public resources and equalization of basic public services in urban and app bet365 download areas。The second is to promote the continued increase in farmers’ income and the narrowing of the gap between urban and app bet365 download areas。How to rely on app bet365 download revitalization, especially app bet365 download industry revitalization，Gradually establish a long-term mechanism for sustained income growth of agricultural and app bet365 download-oriented farmers that mainly relies on the support of local industries，Increase the income level of app bet365 download residents、Living standards and quality of life are gradually approaching those of urban residents，Equalizing the quality of life of urban and app bet365 download residents，It will be an arduous and long-term task。The third is to accelerate the transformation from a large agricultural country to a powerful agricultural country。An important symbol for judging a modern agricultural power，The key is to see whether the comprehensive agricultural capabilities and development level have achieved the goal of “four strong and one high”，That is, strong agricultural supply guarantee capability、Strong competitiveness、Strong scientific and technological innovation capabilities、Strong sustainable development capabilities and high level of agricultural development。As a modern agricultural power，The main indicators of agricultural development level，Such as the level of agricultural mechanization、Intelligence level、Social service level、Processing level of agricultural products、Industrial integration level and agricultural management level, etc.，Should reach the world’s advanced level。

　(The author is the director of the Institute of app bet365 download Development, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher)