Since the founding of New China，The changes in the Chinese rural system experienced cooperation、Commission's "unification" to the "division"，Then to the "combination" of the new collective economy; from a highly concentrated plan system to market -oriented reforms in various fields，Then to comprehensively deepen reforms; from the "unity of political communes" from the people's commune to "rural administration and village governance"，Then go to the rural governance; from the dual system divided by urban and rural areas to urban and rural coordination、Integrated urban and rural development，The change of the system and mechanism of the development of urban and rural integration。Despite some twists and turns，But overall，Since the founding of New China，my country's rural economic development has achieved brilliant achievements，National food production and comprehensive agricultural production capacity steadily improved，In -depth advancement of rural industry integration，The farmers' income and consumption level has increased significantly，Rural economic appearance has changed dramatically，Rural poor people have decreased significantly，Has made a huge contribution to promoting the development of world agriculture, especially the world's food security and global poverty reduction.。

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Reform and opening up in 1978 is an important watershed in China's rural economic development。Division of the stage of China's rural economic development since the reform and opening up，There is no consistent view of the academic community so far。In fact，In 2002，The focus of rural reform and development is gradually shifted from the inside rural to urban and rural areas，is an important division point。According to these two dividing points，Generally, the course of my country's rural economic development can be divided into collective development since the founding of New China (1949-1978)、Marketization Development (1979-2002) and the development of urban and rural integration (2003 to the present)。

　　Collective development stage.At the beginning of the founding of New China，China's rural population and land possession serious inequality。To change this unreasonable condition，The Central People's Government announced the implementation of the "Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China" on June 30, 1950，Then start in East China、Zhongnan、Southwest、Northwest and other new liberated areas to carry out large -scale land reform campaigns。until the end of 1952，Except Xinjiang、Tibet and other ethnic minorities and Taiwan，Basically completed the land reform task，There are more than 300 million land and small farmers in the country to get about 700 million acres of land and other means of production。Land reform has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers，Agricultural production has developed rapidly。From 1949 to 1952，National grain output increased by 44.8%，Oil increased by 63.5%，cotton、Sugar、Fruit and tea output have increased by more than doubled，The output of aquatic products increased by 2.72 times。

Land reform tasks are basically completed，In 1953, the central government officially proposed the general route of the transition period，It is required to be within a considerable period of time，Gradually realize the socialist industrialization of the country，and the country to agriculture、Socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce。To ensure Bet365 app download the realization of socialist industrialization，The state has implemented three important systems that have a profound impact on the development of agriculture and rural areas，Including the promotion of agriculture cooperation and collective、Implementing a unified purchase system for agricultural products and the implementation of urban and rural dual household registration management systems。During this period，Rural economic development is relatively slow。

　　Market -oriented development stage.Since 1978，China has entered a new period of history of reform, opening up and socialist modernization。China's reform starts from the countryside。Between 1979-2002，Rural reform in China is mainly concentrated in rural areas，Taking the power of the work as the focus，On the basis of establishing and improving the basic rural management system，Promoting market -oriented reforms in various fields。This period，Based on the contracting operation of family joint production、The establishment of the rural basic business system operated by the double -layer operation，The emergence of the other army of township enterprises，The reform of the price and circulation field and the implementation of the rural and village governance system，All provide important support and institutional guarantee for the development of rural economic development。

This market -oriented reform has greatly mobilized farmers' production enthusiasm，Stimulated the vitality of rural development，strongly promoted the development of rural economy。1979-2002，Average per capita disposable income of rural residents' families increased by 7.3%annually，0.6 percentage points higher than the growth rate of households in urban residents。especially，Implementation of the Liability System of Family Coalition Production，greatly promoted agricultural growth and farmers' income。1979-1985，Average per capita disposable income of rural residents' families increased by 15.2%annually，8.2 percentage points higher than the growth rate of households in urban residents。But，Since the focus of the economic system reform in 1985, it turns to the city，The growth rate of rural residents' income is significantly lower than that of urban residents。1986-2002，Average per capita disposable income of rural residents' families increased by 4.2%annually，2.3 percentage points lower than the growth rate of households in urban residents。

　　The development stage of urban and rural integration.Since 2003，With the continuous advancement of reform and opening up and urbanization，Rural development of China has entered a new stage of urban and rural integration。The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed "five coordination"，and put overall planning urban and rural development first; the Third Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee proposed "to accelerate the formation of a new pattern of urban and rural economic and social development as a fundamental requirement"。The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposes to "promote urban and rural development integration"，The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China once again emphasized that "establish and improve the urban and rural integration development system mechanism and policy system"。During this period，The country has carried out the construction of new socialist rural areas，The strategy of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization was implemented，I have introduced a series of strong farmers benefit farmers' policies，Including the cancellation of agricultural tax and improving the agricultural support protection system。Its focus has also expanded from simple rural internal to urban and rural relations，The core is to comprehensively deepen rural reforms，Adjust the structure of national income allocation，Promoting farmers' continuous income increase and anti -poverty，Promote the integration and coordinated development of urban and rural areas。

During this period，In the background of the integration and development of urban and rural areas，Various reforms in the countryside comprehensively deepen，strongly promoted the development of rural economy，Farmers' income continues to grow rapidly，Rural poverty reduction has achieved great results。2003，Average per capita disposable income of families in rural residents increases an average annual increase of 8.2%，0.3 percentage points higher than the growth rate of households in cities and towns，0.9 percentage points higher than the growth rate of rural residents from 1979-2002。especially，Since 2010，China's rural residents 'per capita disposable income growth rate continues to surpass urban residents' families，2010-2019 average growth rate reached 8.6%，1.8 percentage points higher than the growth rate of households in urban residents。This indicates，China's rural economy has entered the track that continues to develop rapidly，Reform and innovation has become an important source of driving the development of rural economic development。

　　Achievements and experience

Since the founding of New China，China's rural economic development has achieved brilliant achievements。especially，The agricultural economy presents a continuous growth trend，The agricultural industry structure is continuously optimized，The pace of integration of one, two, three industries is accelerated。Calculated at comparable price，1953-2019 The total annual growth rate of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in China is 4.5%，where，1979-2019 is 5.5%。For a typical weak agriculture，This is a higher growth rate。At the same time，The level of agricultural technology and equipment has increased significantly，A profound change in agricultural production methods。1949，The contribution rate of China's agricultural science and technology progress is less than 20.0%，In the early days of reform and opening up, only 27.0%，By 2019 to 59.2%，Main crops are basically achieved full coverage。The agricultural production method has realized the main reliance on human resources、The historic transformation of animal power to rely on mechanical power，​​The comprehensive mechanization rate of the national crop farming in 2019 has exceeded 70.0%，and the national agricultural comprehensive mechanization rate in 1978 was only 19.7%。Rural industry integration has also been accelerating in recent years。

With the rapid development of agricultural and rural economy，Rural residents' income and living standards have increased significantly，The historic leap from poverty to food and clothing and then well -off and well -offly well -off。At the beginning of the founding of New China，China's rural residents' income level is extremely low，Status in extreme poverty。1949，The per capita net income of rural residents nationwide is only 43.8 yuan，In 1952, only 57.0 yuan。From 1978 to 2019，The per capita disposable income of rural residents increased from 133.6 yuan to 16020.7 yuan，Names increased by 118.9 times，Average annual increase of 7.67%，0.5 percentage points higher than the growth rate of urban residents。During this period，The nationwide rural poor has decreased by 765 million，The incidence of poverty drops from 97.5%to 0.6%，China's contribution rate of poverty reduction to the world reaches two -thirds。The consumption level of rural residents also grows rapidly，The actual growth rate of the actual growth rate of 1979-2019 reached 7.3%，1.0 percentage points higher than the growth rate of urban residents。until 2019，The Engel coefficient of rural residents has dropped to 30.0%。

bet365 best casino games Looking back at the course of my country's rural economic development since the founding of New China，Mainly basic experience in the following aspects。

1 is to always tighten the string of food safety.。Since the founding of New China，Whether it is in the environment of food shortage or relatively loose environment，The central government always attaches great importance to grain safety issues，Putting the first place to ensure that national food security is in economic and social development，The most stringent arable land protection system is implemented，Formulated and implemented a series of grain macro -control and support policies，Comprehensively strengthen food production、circulation、Reserve ability construction，Effectively improve the level of national food security guarantee。Due to the shortage of food，The food safety strategy of New China was originally mainly to ensure increased food production，Later, gradually get safe to ability、Quality and Safety、Multi -dimensional goals such as ecological security。October 1996，China has clearly proposed "based on domestic resources，Grain safety strategy of realizing the basic self -sufficient food "，And requires that the self -sufficiency rate of grain is not less than 95%under normal circumstances。December 2013，The Central Economic Work Conference also proposed according to the new situation.、Based on domestic、Make sure capacity、Moderate import、New Food Safety Strategy，Established "Grain Basic Self -Supply、New Grain Safety New Objectives。Experience of more than 70 years indicates，Ensure that national food security is to maintain social stability、An important prerequisite for ensuring the operation of the national economy，Can't relax at any time to ensure the string of national food security。

Second, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of farmers。From the development process since the establishment of the New China，Some major events affecting the development of rural economic development，Such as a family co -production contract responsibility system、Autonomy of township enterprises and villagers，All are the great initiatives of Chinese farmers。Farmers have always been the main body of rural reform and development，To adhere to the people -centered concept，Effectively guarantee the economic interests of farmers，Respect the democratic rights of farmers，Give play to the main role of farmers and the first spirit，Make the farmers fully share the results of reform and development，Take the road of common prosperity。Practical experience proof，Only fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers、Activity and creativity，Only internal vitality of stimulating the development of rural economic development，Rural reform and development can achieve success。

Third, adhere to the principle of adhering to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas。Since the founding of New China，The central government always uses agriculture as the basis of the national economy。In 2003, it was clearly proposed to solve the problem of "agriculture, rural areas, and rural" as the top priority of the work of the whole party，In 2017。From "foundation" to "the top priority" to "priority development"，Reflect that the vein and continuous deepening of the national "agriculture, rural areas" policy。Under the new situation，To build a new type of workers, peasants urban and rural relations，Accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas，Promoting the common prosperity of urban and rural areas，Agricultural and rural development must be placed in a priority position。Priority development，It is the government's preferred consideration in public resource allocation and policy support。Adhere to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas，It is the need for the shortcomings of agricultural and rural areas。For this，bet365 Play online games To strengthen the top -level design，Improve the institutional mechanism and policy system，and configuration in the element、Public Service、Cadre Team、Support conditions、Support policy and other aspects，Put the agricultural and rural areas in a priority position，Really tilt to agriculture and rural areas。

Fourth is to comprehensively deepen rural reform with the market as the direction。Reform and innovation is the first driving force for rural economic development。More than 40 years of reform practice experience shows，Rural reform must be under the framework of the socialist market economy，Correctly handle the government and the market、The relationship between farmers and land，Consolidate and improve the basic rural business system，Maintaining rural land contracting relationships stable and unchanged for a long time，At the same time, we must comprehensively deepen rural land、Collective property right、Collective forest right、Supply and Marketing Agency、Farmers、Credit cooperatives and other reforms。Through market -oriented reform，Fully activate rural development elements、The main body and the market，Promote the two -way flow and resource optimization allocation of urban and rural elements，Fully stimulate the internal living power and power of the development of rural economic development。In the process of promoting rural reforms，Methods that combine from bottom to top and bottom -up -bottomed method，Perform the pilot test to effectively connect the grassroots innovation with the top -level design。Only this，can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the grassroots，Grasp the correct direction of reform at the same time。

Five is to strengthen the support of technology and talents。Experience of more than 70 years indicates，The fundamental way out of agricultural development lies in scientific and technological innovation，and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas requires strong technology and talent support。The Party Central Committee has always attached great importance to agricultural science and technology innovation，Continuously increase investment in scientific research funds，Gradually established the national agricultural science and technology innovation system and technology promotion service system。It is technology innovation, especially agricultural machinery、Application of new agricultural technology and the cultivation and promotion of new varieties，Large -scale promotion such as hybrid rice and hybrid corn varieties，It plays an important role in increasing food production and agricultural development。At the same time，The country attaches great importance to the cultivation of "agriculture, rural areas", especially the cultivation of practical local talents，Gradually formed the national agricultural education system、New professional farmers training system and rural talent training system，Established a large "three rural" talent team，Provided solid talent support for the development of agriculture and rural areas。

　　Medium- and long -term outlook

Current，The task goal of building a well -off society in an all -round way and winning the battle against poverty is about to be achieved。Build a well -off society in an all -round way、After achieving the first century -old struggle goal，China will enter the new journey of a comprehensive construction of a socialist modernization country、New development phase of the second century -old struggle target。Modernization of China is inseparable from agricultural and rural modernization，In the new journey of building a socialist modernization country in an all -round way，Urgent need to speed up the modernization process of agricultural and rural areas，Accelerate the transformation from a large agricultural country to a strong agricultural country。Agricultural and bet365 Play online games rural modernization is the general goal of rural revitalization strategy，Building a modern agricultural country is an indispensable and important part of comprehensively building a socialist modern power country。Plan according to the strategic plan of national rural revitalization，Basically realize the modernization of agricultural and rural areas from 2035，Comprehensive revitalization of the countryside by 2050，Agricultural Qiang、Rural beauty、Farmer Rich Realization。This points out the direction for the future rural economic development and rural revitalization。

Agricultural and rural modernization has rich connotation，The modernization of rural industries including agricultural modernization、Ecological modernization、Cultural modernization、The organic whole of rural governance and modernization of farmers' life modernization。According to our research，Calculated at the target value of 2035，The realization of the modernization of agricultural and rural areas in 2018 is 66.1%，Calculated at the target value of 2050，its degree of implementation is 54.2%，All in the medium term。If it is promoted at the average growth rate of 2010-2018，From the overall perspective，In 2035, China can achieve basically realizing the target value of agricultural and rural modernization，In 2050, it can achieve a comprehensive realization of the target value of agricultural and rural modernization。But，Look at the field，The current process differences in various aspects are large，The modernization process of rural industry is the fastest，and rural cultural modernization process is the slowest，Modernization of rural governance is also relatively lagging。Therefore，Accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas，Must concentrate on the shortcomings，Strengthen the weak link。

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee of the 19th CPC Central Committee reiterated that he insisted on solving the problem of "agriculture, rural areas, and rural areas" as the top priority of the party's work，and clearly propose to fully implement the strategy of rural revitalization，This provides an excellent opportunity for accelerating the development of rural economic development。But，You should also see，The current rural economic development still faces many severe challenges。First, the cost of grain production is constantly rising; second, China's agricultural production is based on small -scale decentralized operations，It is also difficult to meet the needs of agricultural modernization and green transformation; third, the growth of farmers' income in recent years rely more and more dependence on wage income and transfer income，Increased contribution of net income and property income of property; fourth, with the rapid advancement of urbanization，A large amount of rural labor, especially high education、Middle -aged and young laborers with good cultural quality are constantly transferring to cities and towns，Increasing the difficulty of the planning and adjustment of the village layout and the rejuvenation of talents; the fifth is that various resources in the countryside need to be activated。For this，Need to deepen rural reform，Fully solve the above problems and contradictions，Actively cope with various challenges，Internal vitality that comprehensively stimulates rural development。

In the process of accelerating the modernization of agricultural and rural areas，​​It also needs to solve the following three key issues。The first is to achieve equalization of basic urban and rural public services。From 2035，To achieve the equalization of basic public services，First of all，Realize the full coverage of the resident population of basic public services。Based on this，To incorporate the rural population in，Realize the full coverage of basic Bet365 app download public service urban and rural residents。This means，Before 2035，To achieve urbanization and civicization synchronization and urban and rural social security、Balanced allocation of urban and rural public resources and equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas。The second is to promote the continuous increase of farmers and reduce the gap between urban and rural areas。How to rely on rural revitalization, especially the revitalization of rural industries，Gradually establish a long -term mechanism for continuous income increase in agricultural and rural guidance farmers supported by local industries，Put the income level of rural residents、Living standards and quality of life are gradually approaching urban residents，Realize the equivalent of the quality of life of urban and rural residents，It will be a difficult long -term task。Third is to speed up the transition from a large agricultural country to a strong agricultural country。An important symbol of the modern agricultural power，The key is to depend on whether the comprehensive agricultural ability and development level achieve the "semi -finals and one high" goal，That is, strong agricultural supply guarantee capabilities、Strong competitiveness、Strong technological innovation ability、Strong sustainable development capacity and high level of agricultural development。As a modern agricultural power country，Its main agricultural development level indicators，Ru agricultural mechanization level、Smart level、Social service level、The level of agricultural product processing、The level of industrial integration and the level of agricultural management，It should reach the world's advanced level。

　(The author is the director of the Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher)