In the existing research on the localization of social work in the Department of Sociology of Yenching University，Compared to a discussion of social work practice，The discussion of social legislation and social policies has not attracted enough attention，Among them，Get Xu Shilian at the same time、Lin Donghai、The research on Yu Ende’s history of changes in China’s anti-smoking laws directed or reviewed by Wu Wenzao and Yang Kaidao deserves attention。

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This study was published by Zhonghua Book Company in September 1934，The beginning of the chapter，Yu Ende first examined the question of where opium comes from。He pointed out，Opium is made from the juice of poppy flowers，Therefore，Want to know whether opium was introduced to China from elsewhere，Poppy cultivation can provide an important clue。In ancient Greece and Rome，Not only can you see the poems about poppy flowers by people of the time，You can also find out about the medicinal value of poppy flowers and fruits，And the method of extracting juice from poppy flowers。Since the 1st century，Opium was gradually imported into Persia by Arab traders、India、East Indies and other places。To the 11th century，Because of the Arabs、Domination of India by Persians and Turks，Local opium became quite popular。Late 15th century，When Vasco da Gama opened up the sailing route from Europe around the Cape of Good Hope to India，The Europeans who came to the East began to compete in the opium trade because they saw the huge profits from opium。

Since the 7th century，Poppy seeds were brought to China by Arabs who traded with China，Or brought back to the country by Chinese businessmen。Previously，There is no evidence that poppies are cultivated in China。Not only that，The Chinese people’s understanding of the medical knowledge of opium poppy also comes from the Arabs，The time is in the later Song Dynasty。As for the records of opium manufacturing methods，first appeared in the bet365 online live casino Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty。Although there are records，But there was no homemade opium in the country at that time，Poppy grown in the ground，Its main purpose is still to provide people with entertainment or to make medicine，Therefore，There is no doubt that opium is imported from foreign countries。Since the tax collection regulations for goods in the 17th year of Wanli (1589), opium can be imported into China with taxes，Our country is becoming more and more poisoned by opium。

The poison of opium involves many aspects，Jufan individuals、Family、Society, etc. are included。What’s worse，The unequal treaties signed after the failure of the Opium War and the gradual formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society directly had a serious adverse impact on our country's domestic and foreign affairs。It is precisely because the poisonous scope of opium is so wide、So much so，Therefore，China must try to strictly ban opium。

　　The installment and evolution of anti-smoking laws

Until the 1930s，The poison of opium has not yet been eradicated in China，In other words，China’s opium problem remains serious，What is the reason？To answer this question，It is particularly important to systematically sort out the changes in China’s anti-smoking laws。According to historical records，China’s earliest anti-smoking law can be traced back to the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729)，Yu Ende divided the history from 1729 to 1930 into five stages for exploration。

The first stage started in the seventh year of Yongzheng，As of the tenth year of Daoguang (1830)，This is called the law of the early anti-smoking era。The opium of this period almost entirely came from foreign countries，Few domestic growers，Therefore，The seven-year anti-smoking law of Yongzheng only targeted those who trafficked in opium and opened opium dens，Not involving opium smokers。It was not until the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813) that there were regulations strictly prohibiting smoking。

The second stage is from the tenth year of Daoguang to the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858)，It is called the law of the strict anti-smoking era。Not only was the import of opium huge during this bet365 online live casino period，And the number of smokers in the country has surged，Therefore, in the 11th year of Daoguang's reign, regulations were formulated to strictly prohibit opium smoking。At the same time，In response to the increase in the number of domestic opium farmers，A fine was enacted to strictly prohibit the cultivation of opium poppy。Despite the strict laws，But because of the smuggling of foreigners and the illegal smuggling of Chinese officials and businessmen，The poison of opium is even worse。Therefore，In the 19th year of Daoguang's reign, the anti-smoking laws were further tightened，Whether it’s opium trafficking，Still someone who grows or smokes opium，All are planned to be sentenced to death，And stipulates a trial period of one and a half years。But it’s a pity，The outbreak of the Opium War the following year prevented the laws of this period from being implemented seriously。

The third stage is the anti-smoking law in the era of relaxation of prohibition，The time is from the eighth year of Xianfeng to the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906)。During this period, the ban on opium was relaxed，Therefore there are few anti-smoking laws to speak of。Although the Qing government still enacted regulations prohibiting officials but not citizens，But these regulations are fundamentally impossible to implement。

The fourth stage is from the 32nd year of Guangxu to the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926)，Call it the anti-smoking law of the Renaissance。After the era of relaxation，Opium poisoning further deepens，The "immediate and complete ban" policy cannot be implemented suddenly，So in the 32nd year of Guangxu’s reign, the Qing government established planting、Smoking、Methods to gradually reduce the sales of opium。The anti-smoking audit regulations were later stipulated、Investigating the smoking methods of officials, etc.，By careful implementation，Achieve considerable results。In the early years of the Republic of China, the policy of "immediate and complete ban" was adopted，Provisional new criminal laws have been promulgated、Prohibition of Poppy Cultivation and Strict Prohibition of Morphine Ordinance，And be able to implement bet365 online casino app it seriously，The opium importation from India to China in the sixth year of the Republic of China was completely stopped。

The fifth stage is called the anti-smoking law during the National Government era，The time span is from the 15th year of the Republic of China to the 19th year of the Republic of China。During this period, the Nationalist Government first implemented the policy of "containing prohibition and levy"，The new criminal law that represented the policy of complete prohibition in the early years of the Republic of China was in vain through tax collection。Subsequently due to public opposition，The National Government canceled the previously promulgated anti-smoking regulations，Separate regulations for the implementation of the anti-smoking law，And convene a national anti-smoking conference，Re-enact anti-smoking laws to increase penalties，At the same time, anti-smoking performance appraisal regulations were also formulated、Civil Service Examination Rules、The county magistrate complies with regulations on collecting tobacco seedlings and other related laws。

The division of the above five stages is a vertical sorting based on time sequence。In order to gain a clearer insight into the evolution and progress of China’s anti-smoking laws，Yu Ende is under embargo again、Banned、Prohibited species、No smoking、Banned、Six Dimensions of Regulations Prohibiting Morphine Drugs，A horizontal comparison and analysis of anti-smoking laws at various stages，At the same time, it also introduces the promulgation of various anti-smoking enforcement regulations over the years，These together constitute a rich picture of the changes in China’s anti-smoking laws。

　　Obstacles in anti-smoking policies, anti-smoking campaigns and anti-smoking laws

The evolution of the anti-smoking laws in the above five stages，If viewed from the perspective of social policy，can be summarized into three types，respectively "immediate and complete ban" policy、The "gradual ban" policy and the "ban on levy" policy。In other words，Although each stage has different specific laws due to the actual differences in the smoking ban it targets，But no matter what kind of anti-smoking Bet365 app download law，It’s nothing more than choosing between these three anti-smoking policies、Adjustment or revision。

And examine the relationship between anti-smoking laws and anti-smoking campaigns，You will find the interaction between the state and society。The promulgation of the initial anti-smoking law，The main driving force lies in the Qing government itself，Rather than the demands of the people。Although there was an anti-smoking movement in the fifteenth year of Daoguang，But the initiators were limited to the scholar-official class at that time，The purpose is to raise funds to train troops，Instead of focusing on social welfare。As of the 32nd year of Guangxu’s reign, when the second domestic anti-smoking movement took off，Things are starting to look different，The main purpose this time was changed from training troops and raising wages to saving the nation and strengthening the country，The initiator is other than the imperial court，There is also the active participation of civil forces。Yi Yan，This anti-smoking campaign is not only a collaboration between the government and the public，It also shows that the main driving force for the ban on smoking has gradually shifted from the official to the private sector。The third anti-smoking movement that originated in the 13th year of the Republic of China was entirely launched by civil society，The most representative organization is undoubtedly the Chinese National Anti-Drug Association，As the leading force in the national anti-drug movement，This organization once vigorously opposed the opium sales policy tried by the National Government，Ultimately prompted the National Government to abandon this policy and change the new anti-smoking law to implement a complete ban policy。

Why more than two hundred years of anti-smoking laws and anti-smoking administration have never completely eliminated the poison of opium？Yu Ende made a concentrated analysis of the obstacles affecting the effectiveness of the smoking ban from three aspects。The first obstacle is diplomatic issues。It has always existed in China’s anti-smoking issue，For example，The anti-smoking laws from the seventh year of Yongzheng to the nineteenth year of Daoguang，It can be said that it is completely focused on banning opium imported from foreign bet365 online sports betting mobile countries；The ban on smoking from the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing to the 32nd year of Guangxu was also to reduce the import of foreign opium；And the efforts between the 32nd year of Guangxu and the 6th year of the Republic of China，The main purpose is to ban Indian opium from entering China；The subsequent six years to the nineteenth year of the Republic of China，The issue of smoking ban still cannot circumvent the problem of how to stop the smuggling of opium into the customs。

The second obstacle is internal affairs。This can be seen from China’s initial smoking ban issue。Later stages，Except during the era of opium ban，The failure of anti-smoking laws in every period，It is all caused by the officials themselves breaking the law。The trial implementation of the public opium sales policy in 1927 and the invalidation of the new policy the following year，They all work independently with each province、The central government’s decree cannot be closely related。Therefore，The biggest difficulty in implementing China’s anti-smoking laws，There is nothing better than how to clarify and solve the political issues at that time。

The third obstacle is social problems。To solve social problems, we need to start by improving the social environment，And the improvement of social environment，It is necessary to create considerable public opinion to change the psychology of smokers，Made people realize that opium smoking is not tolerated by society。This way，While strictly enforcing laws and regulations, we must also improve the social environment，China’s anti-smoking effect should be significantly improved。

In short，Yu Ende analyzed historical materials，Proved that the theory of opium is correct，And declare the serious harm of opium。More aware of why the anti-smoking laws are invalid，Crawling through the system to review the history of changes in my country’s anti-smoking laws，Divide the evolution process of the anti-smoking law into five stages by combining vertical staging and horizontal classification、Six dimensions and three policy types，There are specific and subtle clues to find，Another perspective on social policy。At the same time，It also made a comprehensive review bet365 Play online games of my country’s three anti-smoking campaigns from the perspective of interaction between the state and society，It further explains that the reason for the failure of the anti-smoking law is internal affairs、Diplomacy、Intertwining and joint effects of social problems，Highlighting the disciplinary advantages of the holistic view of sociology and social work on this issue，This disciplinary advantage is still of great value for today’s social legislation and social policies。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation Youth Project “Research on the ‘Chinese School’ of Social Work Localization in the First Half of the 20th Century” (16CSH001)

(Author’s Affiliation: School of Marxism, Northwest University)