Corruption is both political issue，It is also a social problem;，It is a worldwide problem。Anti -corruption is the core of the governance of clean government，Around prevention、The anti -corruption governance system composed of punishment and supervision is the key to the national good governance。The Convention on the United Nations Anti -Corruption emphasizes that "the parties to each party should strive to formulate and promote the effective practices of various prevention of corruption"。Looking at from international experience，Countries have tended to build a system of anti -corruption in public sector with preventive measures。Where，In particular, the prevention of corruption prevention of public officials is the top priority。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Public officials' behavioral codes (hereinafter referred to as "behavioral codes") are powerful measures for the moral requirements of public officials。The UN General Assembly passed the International Code of International Behavior of Public Officials on December 12, 1996，In the preface, "It is recommended that member states use the rules as a tool for guiding anti -corruption work"。"Public Office for Trust Position"，This is the political common sense of the international community today。Whether it is a public office person in the voter directly elected，Still public officials who have worked through selection or appointment，All are public office by the people，The behavioral rules are to implement the public service "Lianzheng、The main measures of the principles of honesty and responsibility。

Behavioral Code specifies the specific requirements of the public officials' Bet365 app download performance of their duties，Including the values ​​of public officials、Responsibilities and responsibilities、Conflict and gift policies、The use rules of all information of public institutions, etc.。For different institutions、Public officials in departments and positions，You can formulate different behavioral guidelines to meet the needs of different functions。The supervision and evaluation link of the execution of behavioral rules is a very important but often ignored part，Its value is that it not only provides the authorities with the objective data information of public officials complied with the rules，And through investigation of public officials and analysis of disciplinary sanctions，It can provide more valuable information for monitoring and evaluating anti -corruption effects of public officials。

Behavior Code is guided by public service values，Provides barrier to prevent corruption，But not limited to anti -corruption，Instead, it is a comprehensive skill aimed at improving the performance of public officials。So，Behavior Code can be fused with relevant documents or legal，part of a wider social integrity system。

　　Internal reporting system

Internal reporting system is a necessary means for self -purification of public power，It is "illegal under the control of the organization published by the former or the current member of the organization、Unreasonable and unreasonable incidents，And these events can be avoided "。Current，Most national laws or regulations stipulate that public officials are obliged to report corruption and other criminal crimes。but actually，The number of public officials is still less，The main reasons are: fear of being retaliated by the boss or colleague，Worried that the relevant departments Bet365 app download will not take any action。So，The following factors should。

Safe and open working environment。In practice，To harass、Revenge of retreat or even death threats is the main means to crack down on reports，As a result, public officials have no willingness to report corrupt behavior。So，The key to promoting reporting is，Provide sufficient protection for any reporters who provide corruption crimes for any goodwill and reasonable reasons，Reduce space for revenge。

Clear definition of corruption behavior。Reporting corruption shall cover the "UN Anti -Corruption Convention" that is determined to be criminal，If bribery、misappropriation of public funds、Influential transaction、Abuse of power、Money laundering、Any illegal behavior related to corruption from justice，Help public officials determine the scope of the report。

A concise report channel。It should be ensured that the report channel is clear、Simple，and familiar with public officials。Usually provide a variety of channels within the public institution，and allow flexible selection of the most suitable channel。Some countries adopt a layered reporting method，Public officials after internal reports，Report to the external entity (such as the highest audit agency or the media)，But if it involves national security、Corruption related to official or military secrets，The authorities should provide them with special channels。

Encouragement mechanism。You can provide rewards for reporters，Including honorary certificates or rewards。Like the US Dodd-Frank Act, it provides money compensation，Obtain illegal information。South Korea's "Anti -Corruption Act" provides 20%bonus return to reporting corruption，up to 2 billion won (about $ 2 million) reward。

Efficient processing mechanism。At present, only a few countries have established independent bet365 best casino games supervision and preventing agencies for preventing revenge，For example, the Office of Special Legal Consultation in the United States、Clean Commissioner in the Canadian Public Department。Many countries will commission the protection of the protection to the original supervision or law enforcement agency for post -processing，But validity is doubtful。The departments that handle the report should have sufficient resources and abilities，and be able to carry out anti -corruption cooperation with other institutions，To achieve effective investigation and solution to the report。

　　Property declaration system

The property declaration system is an institutional tool for managing the conflict of the interests of public officials。A report from the World Bank in 2012，At present, 137 countries are implementing property publicity systems。All State OECDs (OECDs) all implement property public，60%-90%of other countries have such regulations。The UN "International Code of Public Officials" stipulates that "it should be based on my position and permits or requirements in accordance with the law and administrative policy，Announced or disclosed as required，and under possible circumstances，announced or disclosed the private assets and debts of its spouse and other supporters "，​​"Announcement of business that may constitute a conflict of interest、Activities for business and economic benefits or economic profit "。So，The Convention on the United Nations Anti -Corruption should design the corresponding property declaration system according to the traditional and national conditions of the country。

Global，There are three categories of property declaration methods: first application、Annual declaration and resignation declaration。Looking at the main body of the declaration，Requires bet365 live casino games all public officials to disclose the declaration in implementation in implementation, neither reasonable nor realistic。Only public officials who are facing higher risks of interests should be required to declare their assets。other，Family members of this type of public officials should also be required，Including but not limited to spouse and children，Application of its private assets。From the perspective of the application content，Specific assets，For example, real estate、Land、Vehicle、Jewelry, etc.; Assets of income ownership; income，Including sources; investment or securities; relationships with financial institutions (bank accounts); debt，For example, loan、debt or mortgage; external activity，If you are a member of the board、University professor position、Consultation activities; employment activities before and after public office;。From a program perspective，The biggest challenge for the application system is to verify the authenticity of the information。Some countries have set up specialized agencies to receive and review all asset declarations and sanctions 违，But many countries have no ability to establish supporting mechanisms to check the information provided by public officials，Need comparative analysis。So，The feasible solution in reality is based on risk standards and random choices to verify the declaration sample。

　　punishment system

Develop a disciplinary system for public officials，The purpose is to inhibit the occurrence of corruption through the effective balance between severe punishment and procedures。There are many forms of punishment in various countries，Usually illegal acts that are lighter to the public sector，Severe crimes will be tried in judicial institutions。In some countries，For different types of public bet365 Play online games officials (such as civil servants、Police、Military、Judge、Legislative Representative) There is a special system。

The punishment system will strengthen the sense of responsibility of public officials，and have a deterrent effect on potential illegal behaviors，At the same time, the government shows to the public that the state's commitment and values ​​to safeguard the rule of law。but，To give full play to the role of the punishment mechanism，Two key factors must be considered: respect for procedures and fair principles，Make sure that it is valid。Program impartial principles include legality、Non -traceability、Sentences and punishment are commensurate、Requirements such as confrontation between defense and independence，Guidance principles that constitute the punishment system。This principle contains the authority of the authorities that the authorities should comply with legal procedures, especially the spirit of the rule of law, especially respecting citizen human rights。The effectiveness of the punishment can be evaluated by timely investigation and cases of corruption in accused。

The essence of corruption is the abuse of public power，The key to the governance of clean government is to use the principle of rule of law and system to design effective supervision and restriction of power。The anti -corruption experience of various countries shows，Prevention of corruption measures to strengthen the management of public officials and prevent corruption from multiple aspects，Maintaining the government’s integrity reputation and enhanced the public's confidence。What needs to be pointed out is，The integrity and corruption of a political system is the result of the comprehensive effect of multi -factor，State Territory and Government、Bet365 lotto review Citizen Quality、State Territory and Government、The level of economic development、National governance system and governance capacity will affect the political ecology of a country。So，The specific system design can only be considered in the specific national conditions and current trends。

　　(This article is the major project of the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Sciences Research Base "Research on the Legal Control of Crime Crime Crime" (11jjd820014) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Law of Renmin University of China)