Retoning freedom from the French Revolution、Equality、Since the banner of Bo Ai，In our historical narrative，Modern value naturally contains the concepts of internal contradictions in the set of freedom and equality。This contradiction is concentrated in Hegel's "Historical Philosophy"。Today，We need to reflect on the relationship between freedom and equality，Whether equality is the core value of modern times。

"Philosophy of History" was the lecture on the lecture of "Philosophy of World History" at the University of Berlin from 1882-1831，Published for the first time in 1837 after its cricket。At the beginning of the lecture (Introduction part)，Hegel clearly mentioned that the exposition of the world history of philosophy can be traced back to "Principles of Law Philosophy: Or Natural Law and National Outline" (hereinafter referred to as "Law Philosophy")。Compared with "Philosophy of Law" and "History Philosophy"，We can clearly see that the latter is a systematic construction of the "world history" at the end of the former，Then take Hegel's philosophical thinking about world history，incorporated into its philosophical system in the form of strict logic。

　　bet365 best casino games

Whether it is the "World History" in "Philosophy" or "History Philosophy"，Hegel is looking forward to solving the problem，Based on the concept of priority, not explaining the development direction bet365 best casino games of experience history。From this perspective，Hegel first separates three historical studies，that is the original historical at、History and history of reflection。Hegel determines that history needs to indicate the inevitability of the future，is because the world is dominated by rational，Therefore, world history will inevitably develop in a rational way，This is also the core work of philosophy historicism。Corresponding to this，Primitive history is based on individuals' intuitive appearance depictions，Its eyes focus on the events that have happened in the past; the historiography of reflection is based on the nation、Think and reflect on the country's vision "beyond the matter"，Try to connect the past and present，But this method has a strong current nature。The requirements of historical philosophy，Not simply restore real history，It is not aimed at the use of ancient times，Instead, from the clues of historical events，Explore the self -actual process of "rational"。

History for the purpose of indicating future necessity，Its research object is the inevitable process of the absolute concept of self -awareness。Therefore，Nusteo's "rational reason with self -consciousness" must be ruled out of the category of spiritual and world history。For Hegel，The spirit of being the subject needs to be aware of your own freedom，This freedom consciousness continues to develop and forms a role in reality，And this is the essence of world history。From this definition,，The core of the world history is Bet365 lotto review the rationality that dominates the world and is free，And this rationality must be freedom。In other words，In Hegel's concept，Reason and freedom is the core value of irrefutable refutation，The degree of recognition of freedom，Prove the individual in turn、National、Civilization and even the national rational level，This has also become the basis for his "division of nature of world history"。Based on this concept，Hegel proposed that Orientals only know that one person is free，Greece、Romans know that specific people are free，Only the Germans really know "everyone is definitely free"，World History is therefore naturally separated from the history of the East、History of ancient Greece、The history of Rome and the four stages of the Germanic history。

　　Irimulation is reasonable

Hegel's assertion is consistent with experience。But what cannot be ignored is，The difference between conclusions and premise in the logical structure; at the same time，This assertion also includes two problems: first，What is the freedom to be realized or "know"? second，What are the results of different awareness of freedom? At least in "Historical Philosophy"，Hegel did not define freedom，No boundary。This vaguely expands the scope of the application of Hegel's assertion。In order to clarify the "freedom" that Hegel said here,，We can refer to his other works，or answer based on your own understanding，But this weakened the concern for the second question，Therefore, ignore the inequality elements contained bet365 Play online games in Hegel's historical philosophy。

bet365 live casino games If we believe in Hegel’s assertion，Prerequisite for this，Naturally, he will accept the historical linear sequence of Oriental -Ancient Greece -Rome -Germanic，This sequence contains primitive history、History of reflection、The evolution of the historic history of philosophy，It also contains the segmentation of the East -West。Ancient Greece -Rome -Germanic path is a durable process in the fact facts。When discussing the civilization and thoughts of the Germanic nation，The ancient Greek civilization industry has declined。But in China、East, represented by India，Its nation and history and Western nation、History is a common time existence，The rise of the Germanic nation、When prosperity，The stretching Chinese civilization continues，So，What does the Eastern nation and its history mean before ancient Greece? "Historical Philosophy" does not answer this question directly，But "Law Philosophy" seems to imply the answer: "The nation of rule" assumes the mission of "the process of self -consciousness of the self -development of the world"，Therefore, the rule of the nation of the "civilized nation" can (even should even be) at other ethnic groups with unequal rights，War and dispute between nation (and country) will be given the meaning of "world history" for the sake of world spirit.。It is not difficult to see from the discussion of "Fa Philosophy"，In the perspective of Hegel's historical philosophy，The development of human history is a process based on the principle of freedom of spiritual freedom，The bet365 live casino games so -called "civilization" and "barbaric"，It's just the difference between a specific national (country) and this spiritual fit，This difference is neither or unnecessary。Based on different cognition of freedom，inequality between nation and the country has "reasonableness"。Driven by this "rationality"，A nation regardless of its voluntary or not、Whether I look forward to real freedom，It may be reasonably canceled the continuation qualification and necessary。

　　Reflection of Enlightenment Logic

Hegel puts freedom and equality in the opposition，Become a set of options that are not that is。He does not know that the French Revolution is free、Equality is the principle，But in the discussion of "Historical Philosophy"，On the one hand, he affirmed that the French people accepted this set of concepts，On the other hand, it basically ignores the world's historical significance and value of equal concepts。The root cause of such contradictions，Because Hegel takes rationality and freedom as the core value of world history。

Hergel, who undertakes the Enlightenment,，The reason why he denys equality and defends freedom，The root cause is the inequality elements contained in the enlightenment logic。The core value of Enlightenment is rational，Reason is assumed that everyone has attributes，This is the logic premise of the enlightenment movement。But in the separation of the enlightenment — the identity of the enlightenment，Enlightenment means the first and free use of rational "get rid of its own minor state" (Kant)Bet365 lotto review ，Thinking bravely; while the enlightenment is unable to realize his own rationality。The task of the Enlightenment is not the knowledge or concept that has been formed by the formation of the industry，Instead of inspiring people who are still in the "minor state", they think independently。From the premise and goal，Everyone has rationality，And people should use their own rational thinking，In the abstract sense，People are equal;，You need to guide the enlightenment。So，At the real level，People are unequal。Enlightenment logic requires the enlightenment to bear the responsibility of the Enlightenment，To eventually eliminate such inequality，Maybe there are many different answers。But as far as "Historical Philosophy" and historical reality,，"Enlightenment" in theoretical construction and practice，In essence, this "unequal"，Continuously expand your "freedom" by force through force.。

As "Historical Philosophy" Japanese version translator Hasegawa Hiroshi said，Hegel's historical philosophy is established based on modern European experience。As a summary of modern European experience，Betting with the inevitable direction of the development of human history，It is rational、Free Publicity，Neat and ignoring equality and even wiper need to reflect。If you say，The development of human history is inevitable，and this inevitability is the rational awareness of Hegel's reason that his freedom，Never develop freedom，Then we can only see a "free" but unequal world。For us，How to abandon the inequality elements bet365 Play online games in Hegel's historical philosophy，Really realize the community of human destiny，is the most critical; and attempt analysis、Criticizing Hegel's historical philosophy，Just the first step in this job。

　　(Author Unit: Beijing University of Foreign Studies, Beijing Japan Studies Research Center)