Different forms of expression，Different expression forms have the same sex，Each change is durable。French thinker Montesquiei believes that: before the formation of human society，Some kinds of things already exist between everything，The possibility of this interconnection determines that they constitute a lasting possibility of possibility。And this lasting possibility of possibility is derived from justice and justice，Justice exists in any law，Equality is the basis of the law of justice and the principles of building foundation。This thought of Montesquien profoundly affected Hegel's philosophy，At the same time, it has also become the starting point of Marx's criticism of Hegel French philosophy。

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From Hegel's view，Will is freedom，So the entity and prescribedness of freedom constituent the law。Obviously，Hegel is the successor of Montesquien，Also believes that animals only act according to instincts，There is no subjective will and internal regulations at all。Hegel pointed out，It is impossible for people to do theoretical activities or thinking without their will，Because he is active during thinking。The content of the thoughts of the thoughts, of course, have the form of the existence，but，This kind of existence is through intermediary，That is, it is set to be set through our activities。

Freedom of will as "this absolute possibility that I can abstract from the regulations I found in or set in myself"。If we still stay at this stage，So，Look at Hegel，This is just "negative freedom"; and the corresponding "affirmative freedom" is the general equality and universal religious living status。The negation of "negative freedom" abandoned，"Back to the universal characteristics after reflection in myself"，This special object is consistent with the general object by reflection in its own。

Correspondingly，From Hegel's view，Three stages of the realization of freedom of will: method、bet365 live casino games Moral and Ethics。Actually，As an individual's self, the family member who is closely connected by loved ones is closely connected by the emotion of love，Taking the relationship between family members with the most primitive "love" of human beings，It is a manifestation of the ethical spirit of nature。In a civic society，Due to the natural ethics of the family，The universal communication between people replaces the special emotional communication between family members，The principle of universality replaces the principle of speciality，Law and morality replaced the same nature of "love"。

Based on this，Hegel pointed out on the one hand，The state should protect the realization of personal freedom rights，That is to maintain the dignity of the individual of ethical entities、Honorary、Fashion; on the other hand，All the rights of "producers" should be protected by the country and law，Because the public society is undoubtedly the unity of the ethicality of maintaining special interests and public interests。But，Due to the separation of the civil society and the political state，separation of political life，Separate with its own national citizenship，Hegel proposed that "the national system is essentially an intermediary system"，That is, the state manages national public affairs through the general level system，That is the level of civic society and the level of political sense is completely consistent，Correspondingly，The division of the life and political life of citizens is consistent with the division of this level system。As a result of this: In fact, the realization of political rights and democratic rights that the "proletarian" deserves to have。

For this，Marx's banner clearly criticized Hegel's wrong views，The so -called "legal philosophy" is just a variety of differences replaced by various differences，Hegel tried to treat "ideas as the subject"，That is, the real relationship between family and civil society and the country is replaced by the so -called "inner imagination of ideas"。Hegel mistakenly believes that "the country is ethical，It is a physical thing and a special thing Bet365 app download to penetrate "，Camps that are created with concepts to stop，The "illusion" of all kinds of "logical concepts" is also unable to extricate，This false image is not other mysterious things，Just using the difference in concepts to replace the difference in reality。Especially the country and its various powers，It is the existence that has long been specified by its nature。"The entity of the country is the spirit"，Its universal representation represents universal interests and public interests，At the same time, various special interests and individual interests also preserve。From this，represents the logical conclusion of Prussia's official "legal philosophy" at that time.，As long as the state distinguishes and stipulates its own activities in its own nature according to the nature of the concept "。But，From Marx's view，The inherent activity of the concept cannot be a completely rational thing，The so -called "forest theft method" that represents Prussia's justice is not a completely righteous thing。For this，Marx deeply pointed out that "the country is produced in this group as a member of the family members and a member of the civic society."，Then the separation of the people's society and the state through the concept of alienation of the human category，Criticizing the monarchy country，I hope the arrival of "real democratic system"。Er，In the process of writing "German Ideology" in cooperation with Engels，Materials History and Material Dialectics are also born，That is, the people are the true creators of social history，It is the progressive force to promote the continuous development of human society。

　From "Law Philosophy" to "Alienation Labor"

In a capitalist society，Capital and labor、The production relationship between capitalists and workers is adjusted by the concept of capitalism。But，The principle of "currency" and "legal power" is for the purpose of free possession，The final purpose is to take the surplus value of workers' labor with the most authentic and cruelty。The root cause，The basic characteristics of the civil society are completely determined Bet365 lotto review by the "production relationship" and "legal relationship" between them。

After the labor gets rid of its own natural attributes and is given a social function，After the labor production continues to create new social value in the process of material production，Prussia's national law and state power can play a role in the long -aged labor production relationship and communication form。and this kind of civic society that reflects the "legal power" of the bourgeoisie，It is the unique production method itself as its society。

But，During the production process of material，The long -term labor form that has been alienated and the form of exchanges on this basis itself，In fact, it has been completely rationalized by the ruling class、Legalized。As Marx said，This externalization is reflected in "the relationship between workers and their own labor products is the same object of the same alien"。This "object of dissidents" is not other，In fact, it is the opposite side of the person itself，Control control、slavery、drives people to become another special product，That is, the labor of workers is no longer the source of its own products and wealth created by itself，but just between the continuous existence world that exists from itself and its external existence，things that are always alienated。And the existence of this alien is no longer an isolated existence，and become an independent commodity kingdom。So，Humanization of "Essentials"，It has already reached the point where there is no one to add。

At this time，Marx has revealed material production、A form of communication、Civil society、The complex relationship structure of the upper -level building and its ideology。So，What is "monetary power"? Actually，The accumulation and value -added process of labor is the root of the process of continuous accumulation and expansion of capital and interest。Obviously，Workers have lost both monetary power，Lost political rights again。The former is an inevitable result accompanied by free competition。

At the same time，The "natural productivity" of the land cannot be competing with the powerful bet365 live casino games and efficient social productivity at all，More homeless proletarians have become more magical under the production of large -scale industries.，The increase in the number of European proletarians makes it unable to be effectively met with its own overall needs，This includes: daily break、Food Nutrition、Children's Education、Freedom of speech、Loss of basic political rights such as increasing wages and reducing labor time。and the huge power of "Bechimos" all the time to restrain the breathing and actions of the workers。Obviously，Marx constantly thinks about the meanness of Prussian law representing "fairness and justice"，and the huge damage brought to the workers by all the provisions of all capitalism。These have caused Marx and Engels to abandon the bourgeois's red wine and social activities，Instead of using "Rhein" as the position of ideas and weapons，To all cruel reality、All unreasonable legal and political system launched a violent attack。

In a civil society，Hegel believes that "the rules of my will in the relationship of others are affirmative"，opposite，Marx believes that "the rules of my will are negative in the relationship between others' will"，The universal communication of the individual is an external expression form that expands alienation forces，This potential force is also a negative relationship in the relationship between others。

Hegel describes the battlefield where the public society is personal interest，It is a battlefield that everyone opposes all people，But it did not reveal the reasons behind all people behind all people。and just attribute it to the special characteristics of self -interest，This is the process of establishing free personality (from the process of family establishment to disintegration)，That is, the formation of moral personality and legal personality (the special process of good concept and the organic unity of the formation process of property) constitutes the essence of human。So，Heerge attributes the "freedom of the human" to the essence of human。and the civil society is formed in the production of modern society，Its formation is late than the history of the family Bet365 lotto review and the country。So，From Hegel's view，The country is the reality of ethical concept，Is the reality of the concept。For this，Marx launched a refutation and criticism，"Not the country decides civic society，but the public society determines the country "，Because of historical perspective，Before the production of private ownership，It appears in the form of clan and tribe，In this original community，Life connection between people is generated directly，without any intermediary。The opposite of this，In a civic society characterized by large industrial machines，The individual activity and social relationship of a person can be realized in the form of the intermediary of goods and currencies。

Under the myth of private property and ownership，Whether Hegel or Steina，Both believe that personal rights and property are the fundamental guarantee of realizing the freedom of people，But neither of the two reveals where the root cause of alienation between people in the civil society，No crime of private ownership of the production materials，and how the product distribution is "depreciated" by the workers。But，Marx pointed out extremely deeply: The value of land has continued to increase its own value with the growth of the population; instead，The value of products and marginal labor products continues to depreciate with the number of workers and the number of products increase。Here，Land is a limited owner; the latter is the growing owner。

Very true，Hegel is also trying to overcome the opposition between personal interests and public interests through laws and industry unions。But Marx revealed that the fundamental cause of the conflict between the conflict between labor alienation and production materials is the fundamental reason for the conflict between productivity and production relations，It is also the source of alienation in the civic society。On the one hand，Marx revealed that alienation labor is the source of the formation of private property and a large amount of wealth accumulation; on the other hand，revealing the free development of people and the liberation of people are the fundamental Bet365 app download ways to solve the essence of people in the civil society。

In short，Material production determines spiritual interaction，People’s imagination、Thinking、Psychological communication here is still a direct product of material action。The essence of the form of communication，It's nothing more than a distorted communication form caused by alienation labor。That is, the person itself has also become an equivalent of commodity exchange，A special object that is completely produced by production。Therefore，From the perspective of the history of thought，Whether it is the philosophy of the scriptures，Still classical economics，Objective and non -objective，The perspective of people and non -human opinions constitutes a real alienation relationship。This is the entire realistic foundation and important source of the history of Marx's materialist history that can be formed and developed.。

　(Author is an associate professor at Marxist College of Shanxi Normal University)