International academic circles on the history and development of bet365 refer a friend code、The contemporary significance of bet365 refer a friend code and other issues，Always have a strong interest in research。June 2，General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the symposium on cultural inheritance and development in Beijing and delivered an important speech，A comprehensive and systematic in-depth exposition of a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning the inheritance and development of Chinese culture，Causing enthusiastic response in academic circles at home and abroad，The international academic community has once again set off an upsurge in studying bet365 refer a friend code。

The Chinese nation has millions of years of human history、Ten thousand years of cultural history、A history of civilization of more than five thousand years。Looking at the history of world civilization，Decline of civilization、Civilization Interrupted、The decline of civilization is not uncommon，Only the bet365 refer a friend code has stood firm in the East despite ups and downs、Survival for a Thousand Years，Always passing on the fire from generation to generation、Endless life。Why bet365 refer a friend code spans more than 5,000 years of history and continues to this day？How to understand the outstanding characteristics of bet365 refer a friend code that are different from Western civilization？What enlightenment does China’s excellent traditional culture have on today’s world？Recently，Guy S, professor of history at the University of Chicago, USA. Alitto) was interviewed by this reporter on the above issues。Ai Kai is the most active in the contemporary West、One of the most influential sinologists。Although he is 81 years old now，Still committed to the study of traditional Chinese culture。2015，For his outstanding contribution to the spread of Chinese culture，Ai Kai won the 9th Chinese Book Special Contribution Award issued by the Chinese government。

　bet365 refer a friend code has outstanding continuity and inclusiveness

"China Social Sciences Journal": In your previous research, you believed that，bet365 refer a friend code has strong continuity and inclusiveness，Unique in the process of human civilization。From the perspective of China and world history，How to understand the continuity and inclusiveness of bet365 refer a friend code？

bet365 refer a friend code:I think，President Xi Jinping’s refinement and summary of the five major characteristics of bet365 refer a friend code，It is very precise and profound。The continuity and inclusiveness of bet365 refer a friend code are unique in the process of human civilization，It is a unique feature that no other civilization in the world has。

In my opinion，Continuity is reflected in the extremely strong diffusion of bet365 refer a friend code in space，And extremely durable in time。Early bet365 refer a friend code was not limited to the borders and territories of various ancient Chinese dynasties，But it has been widely spread around the world。centered on the North China and Central China regions of present-day China，Early bet365 refer a friend code radiated to the maximum geographical limit of its spread—east to the Pacific Ocean，The huge desert to the northwest、Grassland、Tundra，Southwest to the Himalayas，South to the jungles of Southeast Asia。The extremely diffusive nature of bet365 refer a friend code has been clearly recorded in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty。

Until today，Some elements of other cultures around the world are still based on certain elements of bet365 refer a friend code。In Japan today、South Korea、North Korea、Vietnam and other East and Southeast Asian countries，The shadow of Han culture can still be found。The contemporary cultures of these countries certainly have their own unique traditions and roots，But it is undeniable，To some extent, they are all younger variants of bet365 refer a friend code，Both carry obvious marks of traditional Chinese culture。In addition，When bet365 refer a friend code is destroyed by invasion，The biggest difference from other civilizations is that it has extremely strong resilience and vitality，Always able to reconstruct itself based on its own elements、Self-healing - this is a major feature of the continuity of bet365 refer a friend code。

bet365 refer a friend code has been open and inclusive from the beginning，This eclectic and broad-mindedness continues to this day。In Western civilization such as Mediterranean civilization，Whether it is a political group or a religious organization，All based on binary logic of either/or，Highly exclusive，Membership is highly transparent - a member cannot be a member of two political groups or religious organizations at the same time。In military wars in Western history，The defeated party will either be massacred，Or be enslaved。In ancient China，The way to deal with the defeated party is relatively gentle，Adopt more principles of follow-up cooperation and combat power absorption。The differences in beliefs among different human groups, including religious organizations, are mainly caused by cultural differences。In an ideal relaxed cultural environment，Private、Undisclosed religious beliefs can exist freely，As long as their behavior conforms to the relevant norms of civilized society。Traditional Chinese society has such a relaxed and tolerant attitude towards folk religious beliefs，Controversies between different groups over different religious scriptures，It did not lead to serious violent struggles like the Western theistic civilization。In addition，In ancient times, primitive tribes in China adopted animal totem images as symbols of the group。Dragon as the national totem of the Chinese nation，It is a sacred existence in the eyes of the Chinese。Worth exploring，Dragon totem is a typical composite totem image，Made of different limb parts of different animals - rabbit eyes、Snake item、Mirage、Fish scales、Eagle Claw、Tiger Palm。The Taotie pattern (an animal-shaped pattern that represents royal power) that appeared on bronzes of the Shang Dynasty is also a composite of different animals。The limbs of completely different animals are combined into a whole in a harmonious way，This composite animal image can be regarded as the cooperation of multiple groups in ancient China、The product of the fusion of different ethnic groups，Rather than the result of destroying others。As an early sacred symbol，They exude an inclusive spirit of bet365 refer a friend code。

　　Dialectical thought inspires the construction of a peaceful bet365 refer a friend code

"China Social Sciences Journal": Mentioning the inclusiveness of bet365 refer a friend code，Is the dialectical thought expounded in the "Book of Changes" also a manifestation of inclusiveness？How inclusiveness can inspire us to build a more peaceful world？

bet365 refer a friend code:The theory of yin and yang in the "Book of Changes" embodies an inclusive dialectical thinking mode。The "Book of Changes" explains the changes in everything in the world，This ancient classic can be called the best of ancient bet365 refer a friend code classics，The crystallization of the great wisdom of the ancient bet365 refer a friend code，Many scholars regard it as the general program of bet365 refer a friend code traditional cultural wisdom。The profound and simple natural laws it contains formed the basis for the formation of bet365 refer a friend code cosmology 2,500 years ago，Also constitutes traditional bet365 refer a friend code medicine、Art of War、Basics of astronomy and other subjects。

In traditional bet365 refer a friend code culture，The concept of the universe does not include an external "true god" or "God" as the creator or legislator of the heaven, earth, all things and the firmament of the universe。The bet365 refer a friend code believe that the universe exists as an independent whole、Development、Evolution、The result of the change。

"The Book of Changes" reveals the fundamental way the universe operates and the development laws of all things，The clear scenes of heaven and earth become the wisdom blueprint for later generations’ thoughts。This cosmological concept believes that，The world is constantly developing and changing，Everything is changing every second，What goes around comes around、Endless life，Nothing is constant。However，The liquidity brought about by this kind of perpetual change follows a certain pattern、It happens according to certain principles，Not without a trace、Disorganized，This is the original origin of the concept of yin and yang。The Theory of Yin and Yang in the "Book of Changes"，That is, "one yin and one yang is called Tao"，Everything in the world is composed of two basic attributes of Yin and Yang，Yin and Yang complement each other，The two are mutually antagonistic and interdependent，Interpenetrate and transform each other to a certain extent。This concept of understanding and grasping nature as a whole is completely different from other cultures，Has a profound influence on the philosophical thought of bet365 refer a friend code history。However，Looking at Western culture, especially Christian culture derived from classical Greek philosophy，Man and nature、God and Man、There are many differences between the concepts of nature and God，They are regarded as absolute branches of two completely different entities，Nothing in common with each other。

The dialectical thought of yin and yang embodied in the "Book of Changes" is essentially a non-dualism，It has important enlightenment significance for the development of today’s world。According to the essence of the "Book of Changes"，The spirit of compromise and reconciliation should become the diplomatic attitude and way of getting along between countries，Unfortunately, international relations in reality are far from this。As the pessimistic philosophy held by American political philosopher Reinhold Neibuhr，Virtue in any form is irrelevant to modern international relations，Deriving from the selfish motives of human nature and the country’s pursuit of power，Making struggle and conflict a basic feature of modern international relations。If all countries can realize the important value of the bet365 refer a friend code classic "Book of Changes"，Be able to compromise the yin and yang theory revealed、Reconciliation、The harmonious natural law as the basic principle of relations between countries，Humanity will usher in a better future、Peace、Bright tomorrow。

　　World history proves the peaceful nature of bet365 refer a friend code

"China Social Sciences Journal": You once said，Ancient China was once one bet365 refer a friend code richest and most powerful countries in the world，Today China has the ability to become the most advanced again、The richest、The most civilized country。What do you think is the reason for the emergence of many prosperous times in China？

bet365 refer a friend code:Ancient bet365 refer a friend code history is like a bright long river，Many dynasties have firmly established themselves as the most powerful countries in the world，Its prosperity is the envy of the world，More civilized and advanced than other countries at the same time。Take the Han Dynasty, one of the most glorious and powerful dynasties in ancient China, as an example，I think the following objective and quantifiable factors can be used to measure and prove ancient China’s leading position in the world。

The first indicator is population size，This is one bet365 refer a friend code most intuitive indicators to measure the prosperity of a country and its social development。If a certain social system does not work，The population living in this system will decrease or even die out。If a certain social system works，This system will be accompanied by population reproduction and population growth。This basically applies to any era。As early as 200 BC，China’s Han Dynasty was already the country with the largest population in the world，Has the largest human population in the world。The Roman Empire at its peak，No matter the territory or population size，They are all much smaller than the Han Dynasty。Alexander’s empire can be called a world-class empire，Although it existed for a short time, it has brilliant achievements，However, its population size is still not as large as that bet365 refer a friend code Han Dynasty。The Persian Empire was the first empire in world history that spanned Asia, Europe, and Africa，But it cannot rival the Han Dynasty in terms of population。

The second indicator is technological development，Including various types of technologies such as social production technology and daily life technology。As early as the Warring States Period，bet365 refer a friend code iron technology has a wide range of applications。In the Han Dynasty，Iron technology has been widely promoted and popularized in all fields of society，Far ahead of the world at that time，And this technology spread faster than the Mediterranean countries at the same time。One of the reasons is，The Mediterranean civilization at that time still relied on slavery as its economic basis，A large amount of land is occupied by the aristocracy，Land cannot be freely transferred and bought and sold，Therefore, there is no objective social soil to promote iron technology。In the Han Dynasty，The power of the nobles is already very weak，At the same time, the court allowed the transfer and sale of land，This means fair and free business competition，This competition drives landowners to pursue the improvement of advanced technologies such as iron production technology。This is an important factor in the rapid spread of iron technology in the Han Dynasty。

The third indicator is the basic economic level，That is, the level of material production。As early as the Spring and Autumn Period，China’s slavery economy began to gradually disintegrate with the development bet365 refer a friend code well-field system，The feudal economy was formally formed during the Warring States Period，At the same time, Europe was dominated by a relatively backward slave economy。In the Han Dynasty，China’s socioeconomic level is much higher than other countries in the world at the same time。In addition，In China，The time point for the emergence of commodity production was also earlier than that bet365 refer a friend code Mediterranean region。10th-12th century，Banknotes named Jiaozi began to be used as paper financial instruments in the Northern Song Dynasty，China became the first country in the world to use banknotes。In the 16th century，Almost all products have a relatively broad market in China。

The fourth indicator is the effectiveness of government mechanisms，That is, the effectiveness bet365 refer a friend code government (court)。In this regard，The Han Dynasty is obviously far superior to the Roman Empire。The Qin Dynasty unified the world，Adopt the county system，Marks the beginning bet365 refer a friend code establishment of bureaucracy。The Han Dynasty basically followed the government organizational structure bet365 refer a friend code Qin Dynasty，Due to the excellence and efficiency of its political mechanism，The territory bet365 refer a friend code Han Dynasty could expand to further areas，And gather more people under the same political unit under the administration bet365 refer a friend code imperial court。The consolidation bet365 refer a friend code bureaucracy in the Han Dynasty gave the country a complete centralized bureaucracy，Responsible for managing various regions bet365 refer a friend code country。The Roman Empire at the same time was mainly composed of alliances of local forces，Rome did not directly manage the entire empire through a bureaucracy，No direct control over specific local areas，This directly leads to the inefficiency of its government management mechanism。

　　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": Western traditional historical narrative view，bet365 refer a friend code has long been ahead of Western civilization，This advantage has been maintained until modern times，Until Western civilization, dominated by science and technology, began to colonize and expand around the world。To this，How do you interpret it？

bet365 refer a friend code:After Han Dynasty，A prosperous Kaiyuan era similar to the Tang Dynasty appeared again in Chinese history，In the centuries that followed，The advantages of bet365 refer a friend code on the world map have not disappeared。The mainstream view in the academic community，Until the 17th century, Western European society experienced the scientific revolution、Great changes occurred after major events such as the Enlightenment，The “halo” of bet365 refer a friend code’s long-standing advantages has only faded。18th century，European countries led by the United Kingdom set off an upsurge of industrial revolution，Science and technology progress brings unprecedented opportunities to European industrial development，The influence of bet365 refer a friend code around the world has begun to weaken。

Recently，In their research, some scholars have pushed back the time when European countries surpassed China in world history。For example，Kenneth Pomeranz pointed out in "The Great Divergence"，The "Great Divergence" that widened the gap between China and modern Western Europe occurred at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century。Other research data estimates，At least before the mid-19th century，bet365 refer a friend code has had a profound impact on the outlook on life and values ​​of many people in the world，The number of people around the world who have been influenced and shaped by bet365 refer a friend code is five times as many as any other identifiable civilization。

As everyone knows，13th-century Italian traveler Marco Polo’s assessment of China’s economic development、I was deeply shocked by the perfection of government agencies and the maturity of business mechanisms。When we shift our focus to the early 15th century，Another example that can be used to compare European civilization and bet365 refer a friend code is Zheng He’s voyages to the West, which can be called a miracle in the world’s maritime history，While spreading advanced bet365 refer a friend code to overseas countries，It kicked off the journey of mankind to the ocean。Zheng He led a huge fleet to the Western Ocean seven times，As far as the east coast of Africa。What’s amazing，The fleet has the ability to produce food，Almost completely self-sufficient，The Ming Dynasty shipbuilding technology used by the fleet is at least a hundred years more advanced than the shipbuilding technology of other countries in the world。In addition，The success of these huge fleets of up to 27,000 people is not only due to shipbuilding technology、Naval Power、A sign of superiority in navigation，More evidence that the Ming Dynasty had the huge social wealth to be able to create these technologies，As well as the efficiency of government mechanisms that can mobilize various navigation resources and achieve long-distance navigation。Except China，At that time, no other country in the world could achieve such peak navigation achievements。

People often compare Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Ocean with Columbus’s discovery bet365 refer a friend code New World。First，Columbus sailed much later，It was carried out about 80 years after Zheng He’s voyages to the West。Secondly，Columbus sailed a much shorter distance across the Atlantic。Again，In terms of navigation equipment，Zheng He’s fleet is far superior to Columbus’ fleet。Columbus’s fleet had three ships，The largest of them, the "Santa Maria", is only one-fifth the size of Zheng He's "Treasure Ship"，This data comparison is quite eye-catching。

mid-16th century，Out of ambition to invade Britain，The Spanish Empire formed a large fleet，The famous Armada，The fleet is entirely composed of soldiers。On the expedition bet365 refer a friend code Armada from Portugal to conquer and invade Britain，Due to inability to fight the disease、The voyage was interrupted due to bad weather and other reasons and ended in a tragic failure。In comparison，Zheng He’s fleet entered the Persian Gulf from China，Overcame various adverse factors during the voyage，Finally arrived at the east coast of Africa。So，To some extent，Zheng He’s fleet is unparalleled。

What’s more noteworthy is，With Columbus’ fleet、What is different about the Armada and other European fleets，The members of Zheng He’s fleet are mainly workers and craftsmen。This type is mainly composed of non-military personnel，Do not plunder wealth、Overseas Colonization、A fleet carrying out military missions has never appeared again in modern human history or even modern history。It can be said，Zheng He’s seven voyages to the West not only demonstrated the strong national power of the Ming Dynasty，More powerful proof of the peaceful nature of bet365 refer a friend code。

　　bet365 refer a friend code excellent traditional culture has important practical significance

"China Social Sciences Journal": Intellectuals are important inheritors of thought and culture，You have compared bet365 refer a friend code and Western intellectuals，What do you think is the difference between the two？

bet365 refer a friend code:If we look carefully，You will find that the thinking of many intellectual elites in the West is based on binary logical thinking of either/or。For example，Huntington proposed the theory of clash of civilizations after the Cold War, a watershed event in world history，And use this to predict the form of bet365 refer a friend code in the future world。This idea that the clash of civilizations will dominate global politics is in line with people’s general anxiety about the future world pattern after the Cold War，Having a wide impact on the international community because it satisfies the trends of a specific era。However，The laws of historical development and the development trend of human bet365 refer a friend code have proven the error of the theory of clash of civilizations。

The thinking of traditional bet365 refer a friend code intellectuals、Character、The temperament is very different from that of traditional Western intellectuals。Since ancient times，bet365 refer a friend code intellectuals have an eclectic sentiment，A spirit of harmony and impartiality，That is, the golden mean as mentioned by Mencius。Treat different cultural perspectives，bet365 refer a friend code intellectuals have always maintained an inclusive and open mind。

I think，This mentality can be traced back to the pre-Qin period when bet365 refer a friend code thought was flourishing。Everyone knows，The thoughts in the pre-Qin period were highly developed，There are many schools of thought、A grand occasion of a hundred schools of thought contending，Confucianism、Taoism、Mojia、Legalism and many other schools of thought and schools of thought are blooming。It is worth mentioning，The representatives of each school are more independent thinkers，Not just a member of a certain school。If you are the apprentice of a master of a certain school，You can also explore other schools of thought。The "Qi" in "Let a hundred flowers bloom" means homogeneity or unity，This quality is reflected in culture as the tendency of integration。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": China's excellent traditional culture has many important elements，Together we shape the outstanding characteristics of bet365 refer a friend code，How do you comment on this？

bet365 refer a friend code:I very much appreciate the efforts of the bet365 refer a friend code government in recent years to revitalize traditional culture，And firmly support President Xi Jinping’s decision-making in the cultural field。I think，From a holistic and long-term perspective，The inheritance and development of China’s excellent traditional culture will be of great benefit to China’s future and the direction of the world。

For decades，China’s economic growth rate is rare in the world，Created a miracle in human history，Also far exceeded the expectations of mainstream economists。American scholar、Nobel Prize winner in economics Gary Becker once proposed，Nothing taught in the classroom by University of Chicago economics professors could have predicted the astonishing rise of the bet365 refer a friend code economy。I think，This rise is inseparable from China’s deep traditional cultural foundation。

In fact，Considering cultural factors when forecasting economic growth，Prediction results can be more accurate。During the late 1960s to the 1990s，South Korea and Singapore have also achieved economic growth miracles，And has not experienced the large-scale social unrest that the West has experienced。Research findings，The common feature of the two countries is that they are deeply influenced by bet365 refer a friend code Confucian culture。However, economists often do not consider cultural factors when making predictions，They rarely realize the importance of culture for economic growth。

Today，The benevolence contained in traditional bet365 refer a friend code thought、Etiquette、Filial piety、kinship、Revere ancestors and other "sages' ways"，The self-cultivation advocated、Qijia、Governing the country、The political ideal of a peaceful world，Whether it is for China to achieve the goal of building a harmonious society，Or to achieve more peace in the world、Beautiful、A prosperous future，All have important practical significance。